list of evidences 10d Barrie - The Shroud of Turin Website

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A87) There is a class of particles ranging in color from red to orange that test as blood derivedresidues. They test positively for the presence of protein, hemin, bilirubin, and albumin; givepositive hemochromagen and cyanmethemoglobin responses; after chemical generation displaythe characteristic fluorescence of porphyrins (Adler 1999).A88) The blood traces are well transferred to the sheet in the sense that no smears are evident 67(Bucklin 1982, Ricci 1989).A89) The bloodstains were transposed to the linen fabric by a fibrinolysis process 68 (Brillante1983; G. Lavoie et al. 1983, 1983).A90) No potassium signals could be found in any of the “blood” area data 69 (Morris et al. 1980).67 -a) This fact suggests that the enveloped Man left the TS without external manipulation or body movements (Bucklin1982, Ricci 1989).-b) Vignon established the consistency of all the blood marks with those expected for a man who had been beaten andthen crucified. For example, the blood marks on the arms demonstrated that they were in an elevated and extendedposition at the time the wounds were bleeding - as blood does not flow contrary to gravity as the observed imagewould appear to indicate. Most importantly, he noted that the blood images were forensically consistent with those ofclotted blood and not a freshly flowing wound in that they appear thickened on the edges. As blood forms a scab itcontracts, thickening the edge of the scab and exuding serum onto the surface and edges of the contracting clot. Thisphenomenon is simply termed clot retraction (Adler 1999). According to Traudl Wally, the body went out from theshroud after approximately third or forty hours without external manipulation ( cf. the fibrinolysis, the intact clots ofblood, the uninjured textile garment) (Upinsky 1993, 1998).68 -a)The processes of redissolving and transposition of blood in a damp environment may occur after a period of atleast 3-4 hours in any case not more than 24-36 hours after death.-b) Fibrinolysis normally occurs as an active physiological process which leads to the breakdown of blood clots in theliving body. It is caused by the action of several enzymes.-c) The coagulation on the skin and the transposition on the cloth of blood has the following stages:I) Clot formation: it is a complex biological mechanism that changes liquid blood into a solid, soft, moist jelly-likesubstance in 5-10 minutes. The clot is formed because the fibrinogen, a substance dissolved in the blood, changes intoa solid substance, the fibrin, that traps in its meshes the red cells.II) Clot retraction: the clot retracts and exudes its liquid part, the serum (a clear yellow fluid) in 20-45 minutes.III) Clot drying: the clot loses its moisture and becomes hard and crust-like. The time in which this takes place isdependent on physical factors such as clot size, temperature, air currents, mo isture, etc. P. Barbet noted that the TSblood has the aspect of blood clots formed on the skin. Those blood clots have a pale internal zone, sharp and evidentedges and a pale halo of serum; are depressed in the centers, raised on the edges. Lavoie added that the clots did formon the body of a man who died in the position of crucifixion.IV) Clot redissolving and bloodstain formation: this process is responsible of the bloodstains formation on the TS. InBarbet’s opinion, it was sufficient a damp atmosphere to moisten the clots, but the fibrinolysis (fibrin’s liquefaction)played an important role in the transferring of the clots on the TS. The coagulating and fibrinolytic systems are in adynamic equilibrium between them. The first one forms the fibrin, the second one removes it. The phenomenon of thelysis must have happened in a relatively short time, from 3-4 hours after death and in any case not more than 24-36hours after death. The fibrinolytic phenomenon follows definite laws according to the period of contact. If this doesnot exceed a certain amount of hours the transfer does not take place, or takes place in a rudimentary manner; while, ifit exceeds that number of hours, the blood will smear the fabric (and therefore it will not form a transfer) because ofthe increased friability of the blood clots. This is one of the fundamental observations that confirm the undeniablerelationships between the fibrinolysis and the hematic stains on the TS. The TS shows that the fibrinolysis had startedand ceased at an unknown time, probably not more than 36-40 hours, because of the contact end between the body andthe TS, since the hematic traces are perfectly transferred and delineated.V) Clot redrying: finally the bloodstains, transposed on the cloth by means of the fibrinolysis process, dry on the TS(Barbet 1970, Brillante 1983, Brillante et al. 2002, Lavoie et al. 1983).-d) G. Lavoie stated: fibrinolysis would not occur in a dried clot. Blood flows from the body and clots. A while afterclotting, clot retraction takes place and serum is exuded from the clot. Depending on the ambient temperature and thetemperature of the skin of the body, (in a man such as you see on the shroud you would expect cold clammy skinbecause shock would ensue after such a beating) the clot remains moist for a time then physically dries. After the clotdries I would not expect it to remoisten even in a "damp cave". I experimented with this and found that even if Imoisten the clot with saline at different intervals of time, the clot after it dried would not transfer itself to cloth. It isonly the blood clots that remain moist after clotting takes place that can transfer their image to cloth by seeping intothe cloth. After the clot dries no transfer from body to cloth can take place. Timing is essential in such a transfer(Lavoie 2003).18
A91) In visibile reflected light the so-called scourge marks have the appearance of diffuse “blood”-red dumbbell shapes, but in fluorescence they show more sharply defined structure. Thescourges are resolved into fine scratches. Three, and in some cases four, parallel scratches can bedistinguished (Bucklin, 1982; Ricci 1989).A92) Some blood stains are comparable to transfers that would be expected to find if a person wasposed in the vertical position 70 (Lavoie et al. 1983, 1983, 2003).A93) The blood clots seen on the cloth were still moist and undisturbed on the body at the time ofburial (Lavoie et al. 1983, 1983, 2003).A94) The blood stain corresponding to the right side of the chest 6th ribs very clearly showsseparation of blood from a clear watery material 71 (Bucklin 1982).OTHERA95) Earthy material (composed of aragonite with strontium and iron) was found on the feet ofTS Man (Kohlbeck and Nitowski 1986, Nitowski 1986,1998). Earthy material was also found incorrespondence of the nose and the left knee (S. Pellicori).A96) Drops of wax were found 72 (Maloney 1989).A97) Natron (sodium carbonate) was found 73 (Riggi 1982).A98) The tests for Saponaria officinalis were negative on Raes samples. Since the Raes samplesare not representative of the main part of the cloth 74 (Rogers 2003; Jumper et al, 1984 ; Gilbertand Gilbert 1980), it is unknown whether S. officinalis can be detected on the Shroud.A99) There is no observed microscopic, chemical, or spectroscopic evidence for the presence ofany dry powder on the TS (Adler 1999).A100) In Enrie photographs of 1931, at the TS sides there are visible some rust signs probably dueto thumb tacks used for the previous sheet exhibition (Faraon 1998/99). These are also visible in69 Even if potassium signals were present, they would probably have remained undetected within the substantial noiselevel in the low-energy range of the x-ray fluorescence spectrum. This fact is in agreement with the fibrinolysisprocess: the potassium remains in the clots and the redissolved blood transposes to the cloth (Adler 1999).70 G. Lavoie has made a study of moist blood clot transfers to cloth. See for example (Lavoie 2000). Note also thatthere is some postmortem blood that flowed onto the cloth, for example the large one at the lower back as per Barbetwho first noted it. The blood flow at the lower back is totally distinct from the moist clot transfers which tell us thatthis man was dead in the vertical position before he was laid out for burial (Lavoie 2003).71 The largest blood stain on the burial cloth is on the right side of the chest. It covers the area of the 5th and 6th ribs.This stain very clearly shows separation of blood from a clear watery material. Some of the latter may be serum, butthere seems to be much more of it than can be explained by a simple process of serum release from a blood clot. Earlyinvestigators, including Barbet and Judica-Cordiglia, believed that the blood came from the right side of the heart andthat the water was fluid from the pericardial sac. It is well-known that the pericardial sac contains a very smallquantity of fluid, rarely more than 30 to 50 ml. This would hardly seem to be an adequate source to account for theamount of watery fluid on the Shroud. One of the theories of the origin of blood and water was presented by Sava. Hequotes the experience of physicians who treat severe chest injuries and the frequency of non-penetrating injuries to thechest producing accumu lation of bloody fluid in the pleural spaces around the lungs. Since red blood-cells gravitate tothe bottom of the cavity, there is accumulation of the lighter serum at the upper part of the chest cavity. Sava's conceptwas that the piercing of the chest resulted first in an outflow of the settled bloody portion of the effusion followed byrelease of a clear fluid as the level of fluid in the chest cavity was lowered (Bucklin 1982).72 The wax fluoresces brilliantly (Rogers 1978).73 Textile expert, Anna Maria Donadoni Roversi, stated the following: 1) During Phaeronic times, natron (sodiumcarbonate) was used to bleach linen. 2) During Roman times wood or grass ash (rich in potassium carbonate) wasused. AD, tallow ash was used. Saponaria officinalis was used to wash the linen after weaving, and it is still used inmuseums. Laviosa, Museum of Antiquities, stated that the Greeks and Romans added cotton for strength. TheEgyptians did not use any animal products in cloth until Coptic times, when they used wool (it paints better thanlinen). They still made the warp of linen (Rogers 1978, Rogers 2003).74 Tests for S. officinalis on Shroud samples were reported as "negative" in several STURP papers. The tests usedsought the pentose sugars that are part of the gypsogenin glycoside of S. officinalis. At the time the tests were run in1981, we did not know that the Raes (and radiocarbon) sample was chemically quite different from the main part ofthe Shroud's cloth, and we used Raes fibers for the tests. The tests were not valid for the main part of the cloth. Thebest evidence for Saponaria is the fluorescence spectrum. The aglycones of S. officinalis fluoresce, and the Gilbertsobserved background fluorescence from the Shroud (R. Rogers 2003; Jumper et al, 1984; Gilbert and Gilbert 1980).19
Page 1 and 2: EVIDENCES FOR TESTING HYPOTHESESABO
Page 3 and 4: -d) The body image is due to a chem
Page 5 and 6: A3) The TS weave is very tight; med
Page 7 and 8: Evans 1981; Gilbert and Gilbert 198
Page 9 and 10: A24) No painting pigments or media
Page 12 and 13: A45) The body image is non-directio
Page 14 and 15: A59) Although anatomical details ar
Page 16 and 17: A65) The image of the TS Man, appea
Page 20 and 21: 1978 photos and came from tacks use
Page 22 and 23: B10) Aloe and myrrh were found by m
Page 24 and 25: 5:6) The TS Man too presents in cor
Page 26 and 27: 3. ADLER A. D.: “Updating Recent
Page 28 and 29: 63. GUERRESCHI A: “New Elements R
Page 30: 135. SCHWALBE L. A. and R. N. ROGER

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