list of evidences 10d Barrie - The Shroud of Turin Website

qualitative microchemical tests for 17 different common metallic elements, finding only calciumand iron in Shroud fibers. His SEM x-ray analyses detected, as expected, many more elements astraces only 16 (Rogers 2003, Adler 1998).A20) Adler ran 22 types of microchemical spot tests for 16 different organic structures and/orfunctional groups. Results were compared with controls. Aldehyde and carboxylic acidfunctional groups were positively detected (Adler 1981). However, quantitative analyses werenot made. No other expected potentially-color-producing functional groups were found. Normallinen contains large amounts of hydroxyl functional groups and traces of aldehydes and carboxylicacids. The contribution of carbonyl groups to image color can not be quantified. Many possibledyes and pigments can be rejected as contributing to image color 17 (Rogers 1981)A21) Microchemical tests with iodine detected the presence of starch impurities on the surfaces oflinen fibers from the Shroud (Rogers 2002).A22) The lignin that can be seen at the growth nodes of the linen fibers of the Shroud does not givethe standard test for vanillin 18 (Rogers 2002).A23) There is no cementation signs among the fibers and no pigments on the body image 19(Pellicori and Evans, 1981).-b) The large amount of iron present on the cloth (along with Ca) are consistent with the retting process in common usein the preparation of linen throughout the ages (Jumper et al. 1984).16 -a) The 1978 x-ray-fluorescence-spectrometry analysis detected significant amounts of only calcium, strontium (anormal impurity in calcium minerals), and iron in the Shroud. Quantitative analyses were made of these elements.Adler ran 22 qualitative microchemical tests, finding only calcium and iron in Shroud fibers. His SEM x-ray analysesdetected, as expected, many more elements as traces only (Rogers 2003).-b) Relatively uniform concentrations of calcium and strontium (200+/-50 micrograms per square centimetre of calciumand 2.5+/-1.0 micrograms per square centimeter traces of strontium) were reported in all of their spectra by Morris etal. (Morris, et al., 1980). Adler (1998) confirmed the x-ray fluorescence results, and Riggi (1982) similarly observedsubstantial quantities of calcium in the samples that he vacuumed from the back side of the cloth. Heller and Adler(1981), and Adler (2002) have postulated that the calcium and strontium were absorbed into the linen during theretting process. The large amount of iron present on the cloth (along with Ca) are consistent with the retting process incommon use in the preparation of linen throughout the ages (Jumper et al. 1984).17 -a) The absence of the functional groups of normal dyes and stains argues against the body image being the result ofpainting with an applied stain or dye. Jumper et al. report that examination of medieval Venetian red and ochredemonstrated that these contaminants are omnipresent above the 1% level (Adler 1998).-b) The analyses prove that there are easily detectable structures other than aldehydes and acids (e.g., hydroxyl groupsand double bonds). Such structures absorb in the vacuum UV, the near IR and around 6 micrometers in the IR andwouldn't have been detected by the Gilberts (1980) and Pellicori (1980). The color is the result of complexconjugated double-bond systems that contain every degree of conjugation between a few and a very large number in amonotonic progression (as the complexity gets larger the number of structures with that complexity decreases: as thenumber decreases less visible light is absorbed) (Rogers 2003).18 -a) Vanillin is lost from lignin as a function of time and temperature. The lack of vanillin indicates an age greater thanthat found by radiocarbon analysis. Lignin in the Holland cloth gave a good test for vanillin: lignin in samples from aDead Sea scroll wrapping did not. Ray Rogers has measured chemical kinetics constants for the process: theArrhenius constants for the component reaction of lignin that results in a loss of vanillin are the following: E = 29,600cal/ mole, and Z = 3.7 X 10e11. Also the temperature must be considered, but some parts of the Shroud would notchange temperature at all in any reasonable time during the 1532 fire. Although Ray Rogers did many testsfor_vanillin on samples from many areas of the Shroud, he did not find any fiber from any point on the main part ofthe Shroud that could produce vanillin from its lignin. The best assumption is that all of the lignin had lost its vanillinas a result of slow aging. The Shroud was folded and stored in a wood-lined silver chased reliquary at the time of the1532 fire. The Shroud shows clear evidence for its thermal gradient around smoldering zones. The main part of thecloth was not heated to a chemically significant extent (Rogers 2003).-b) A very sensitive test for lignin uses phloroglucinol in concentrated hydrochloric acid to produce and react withvanillin from the lignin. The lignin visible on Shroud fibers did not give the test. The lignin deposits at the growthnodes on fibers from the Shroud's Medieval backing cloth (the "Holland cloth") showed clear positive tests. OtherMedieval samples gave a clear test. A sample from the wrappings of the Dead Sea scrolls did not give the test(Rogers 1978-1981; Rogers 2002) .-c) The Holland cloth shows much less lignin at growth nodes. The Holland cloth was bleached by a completelydifferent method than was the Shroud. (Rogers 1978).8