list of evidences 10d Barrie - The Shroud of Turin Website

EVIDENCES FOR TESTING HYPOTHESESABOUT THE BODY IMAGE FORMATION OFTHE TURIN SHROUDDRAFT 10M. Alonso, E. Carriera, E. Craig, P. Dayvault, R. Dinegar, K. Dietz, G. Fanti,H. Felzmann, B. Haroldsen, D. Fulbright, G. Glick, M. Guscin, P. Iacazio, G. Lavoie,F. Lattarulo, M. Latendresse, A. Malantrucco, P. Maloney, J. Marino, W. Meacham,R. Orareo, J. Petrovic, D. Porter, R. Rogers, D. Scavone, B. Schwortz, B. Sullivan,Van Haelst, T. Wally, A. Whanger, B. Wiech, U. Winkler, F. ZugibeShroudScience Group on Yahoo, August 2003SUMMARYThis paper is the first document that derives from a very wide discussion on the Yahoo ShroudScience Group and has the aim to present all the evidences detected on the Turin Shroud that can beuseful for a further discussion about the problem of the body image formation. It is well known thatmany hypotheses about the image formation have been done by many researchers, but, up to now,no one hypothesis, scientifically testable, contemporarily satisfies all the facts detected on theShroud. The only hypothesis that can explain all the facts refers to a miracle, but this is out of thescientific field.The Group has the aim to deeply consider, from a strictly scientific point of view, all the possiblehypotheses proposed or to improve some others in order to determine if some mechanism, more orless complicated, is able to explain all the many peculiarities of the Shroud.This aim is not simple because the Group has no access, for the moment, to the results of thenew tests on the Shroud made under the guidance of Prof. P. Savarino, scientific consultant of theCustodian Card. S. Poletto, in 2000 and during its “restoration” in 2002. In any case the Group hasre-analyzed many data also coming from tests done in 1978 by the STURP (Shroud of TUrinResearch Project) group and has collected considerable information that clarifies the complexaspects of this sheet; hopefully this information will be improved upon when the Turin databecomes available.In this document a list of facts, subdivided in three sections, is presented. The first sectiondescribes 101 unquestionable observations made on the Turin Shroud; the second one refers to 33facts that were evidenced by some researcher but that are not universally accepted; the third one,assuming a scenario that the Shroud is actually the burial cloth of Jesus of Nazareth, includes 19correspondences between the Scriptures not on a theological level, but describing some things thatmight have an impact on the future hypotheses to be discussed; some notes are also included toexplain some facts or to propose hypotheses.1

1) INTRODUCTIONThe Turin Shroud (TS) is believed by many to be the burial cloth of Jesus of Nazareth when hewas put in a tomb in Palestine about 2000 years ago,. It has generated considerable controversy butunlike other controversial subjects (e.g. flying sauces and ghosts), the TS exist as a material object.It can observed directly and objectively. The results of studies can be analyzed by scientificmethods (Schwalbe and Rogers 1982).The TS is a linen sheet about 4.4 m long and 1.1 m wide, in which the complete front and backbody images of a man are indelibly impressed. Of all religious relics it has generated the greatestinterest. The cloth is hand-made and each thread (diameter about 0.25 mm) is composed of 70-120linen fibers. Although not all scientists are unanimous, it has been shown by many scientists that thelinen sheet wrapped the corpse of a man who had been scourged, crowned with thorns, crucifiedwith nails, and stabbed by a lance in the side. Also impressed are many other marks due to blood,fire, water and folding, which have greatly damaged the double body image. Of greatest interest arethe wounds which, to forensic pathologists, appear to be unfakeable (Fanti and Moroni 2001).The "Shroud of Christ" appeared in 1353 in Lirey, France, under mysterious circumstances andwith no documentation whatever. In 1203, a soldier camping outside Constantinople with theCrusaders, who sacked the city the following year, noted that a church there exhibited every Fridaythe cloth in which Christ was buried, with the figure of his body. It is probable that this cloth andthe TS are the same. It seems that the TS was among the spoils of the Crusades, together with manyother relics brought back to Europe.I. Wilson (1998) identified the TS, folded four times to show only the face, with the Mandylion,a cloth said to have received the miraculous imprint of Christ’s face and to have been taken toEdessa in the first century A.D.. The tradition of this imprint “made without hands” developed firstin the Byzantine empire; a similar tradition arose in the 7th and 8th centuries in the West - that ofVeronica, who wiped the brow of Christ with her veil and found an imprint of his face remaining.Scientific interest in the TS developed after 1898, when S. Pia, who photographed it, noticed thatthe negative image on the TS looked like a photographic positive. Correlations with the anatomicalcharacteristics of a human body were also very high and not comparable with information availableto a hypothetical Medieval artist. In 1931, G. Enrie again photographed the TS at a very highresolution.The TS has a front image 1.95 m long and a back image 2.02 m long, separated from the formerby a non-image zone of 0.18 m.; the images show an adult male, nude, well proportioned andmuscular, with beard, mustache, and long hair.The TS has been radiocarbon-dated to 1260-1390 A.D. (Damon et al. 1989) but a great numberof scientists believe that the method used to take the sample and the reliability of radiocarbon datingis not satisfactory because the linen underwent many vicissitudes (e.g., fires, restorations, water,exposure to candle smoke and the breath of visitors). For example, some researchers have proposedthat the 1532 fire probably modified the quantity of radiocarbon in the TS, thus altering its dating,and others believe in the existence of a biological complex of fungi and bacteria covering thethreads of the TS in a patina (Moroni 1997, Garza Valdes 2001). Recently it was demonstrated thatthe 1988 sample is not representative of the whole TS (Adler 1999, Benford & Marino 2000,Rogers 2002).Many hypotheses and experimental tests have been carried out on linen fabrics to explain theformation of the body image, both in favor of authenticity, and vice versa. Examples are:-a) The body image is due to an energy source coming from the enveloped man, perhaps causedduring the Resurrection (Lindner 2002, Rinaudo 1998, Moran and Fanti 2002).-b) The body image was obtained by surface electrostatic discharges caused by an exogenouselectric field, plausibly of seismic origin (Scheuermann 1987, De Liso 2000, 2002, Lattarulo2003) .-c) The body image is due to a natural chemical reaction (Rogers 2002).2

-d) The body image is due to a chemical process similar to that which happens in leaves ofherbaria: the image originated through direct contact (De Salvo 1982, Volckringer 1991)-e) The body image is caused by the emanation of ammoniacal vapors (Vignon 1902).-f) The body image is a painting (McCrone 1980). Many techniques have been proposed, but thebest results were obtained using a modified carbon dust drawing technique (Craig and Bresee1994).-g) The body image was obtained from a warmed bas-relief (Pesce Delfino 2001)-h) The body image was obtained by rubbing a bas-relief with pigments or acids (Nickell 1997).-i) The body image was obtained by exposing linen in a “darkened room” using chemical agentsavailable in the Middle Ages (Allen 1998, Picknett and Prince 1994).Although good experimental results have been obtained, in the sense that, at first sight, theimage, generally limited to the face, is similar to that of the TS Man, until now no experimental testhas been able to reproduce all the qualities found in the image impressed on the TS.Some researches interested in the TS scientific problems grouped to discuss via Internet in theShroudScience Group on Yahoo. A first objective posed by them is that regarding the possibleexplanation of the body image formation. In order to deep the discussion in accordance with theScientific Method, all the scientists agreed to define a list of evidences of the TS upon which tobase their further debate. This paper presents the list of evidences, defined by the researchers, thatare supposed to be useful for future discussion.2) THE SCIENTIFIC METHODA summary of the major elements of Scientific Method in the context of Shroud studies follows(Rogers 2002).2.1) Identify and clearly state the goal.The goals of the different studies on the Shroud are not always clearly stated. There is a hugedifference among the following list of possible goals: 1) test whether the image was a hoax thatused known methods for producing an image; 2) estimate the probability that the Shroud is an"authentic" shroud; 3) prove that the cloth had been the shroud of Jesus of Nazareth; and 4) testwhether the Shroud proved the resurrection of Jesus.The goal of the future discussion could be to find if the TS is authentic, choosing from thefollowing alternatives:-a) The Turin Shroud is authentic in the sense that it enveloped a dead Hebrew man scourged,crowned with thorns, and crucified, who lived in Palestine about 2000 years ago. [Note 1: beingJesus of Nazareth is not recognizable from a strictly scientific point of view, so his name is notstated in Alternative (1). Note 2: being that the Resurrection evidences are not relative to theScience, this fact is not stated in alternative (1).]-b) The Turin Shroud is not authentic, but medieval: it could be a particular painting, the work ofa so-called “ingenious forger murderer” or the result of an ingenious artist.-c) The Turin Shroud is not authentic, and it is not medieval; here are therefore included all theother possibilities (for example: of extraterrestrial origin).2.2) Assemble all pertinent data.A damaging thing that a "scientist" can do during the development of a "scientific" study is toinclude speculations on an equal basis with tested facts and exclude observations he does not like.To avoid this, the main part of this paper is addressed to the listing of all the detected evidences thatseem to be useful for a further discussion of the body image formation mechanism.2.3) Hypothesize and innovate.3

An unproved statement that is intended for study and testing is called an "hypothesis." TheMethod of Multiple Working Hypotheses (Chamberlain 1987) encourages a scientist to state asmany credible explanations for an observation as possible. Unfortunately, few attempts have beenmade to do this.2.4) Test and confirm.The rigorous application of Scientific Method requires that all hypotheses be tested equally, andthey must be tested against the same comprehensive set of facts and observations. An important partof confirmation is prediction. Prediction enables confirmatory experimentation.2.5) Occam's Razor.In any contention, both sides can not be correct; however, both sides can be wrong. Competinghypotheses should be tested with Occam's Razor. We usually state it as, "The hypothesis thatincludes the smallest number of special assumptions has the highest probability of being closest tothe truth." For example a miracle is a "special assumption"; if one hypothesis demands a miracleand another can be supported by known science and observations, the miracle should be discarded.2.6) The fallacy of the non sequitur.After weak hypotheses have been eliminated according to known facts and laws of nature, youhope that at least one remains. Many writers who are supporting a miraculous position take thatstatement to mean something like the following: "If science can not explain the observation, it musthave had a miraculous origin". The fact that science has not yet found an explanation does notprove a miracle. Only if all the hypotheses have been eliminated can a miracle be supposed.3) LIST OF FACTSThe list is subdivided in the following way. There are three different types of evidences:- Type A refers to unquestionable observations made on the TS and they are numbered as Anwhere n is the evidence number;- Type B refers to facts that were evidenced by some researcher but that are not universallyaccepted and are numbered as Bn;- Assuming a scenario that the TS is actually the burial cloth of Jesus of Nazareth it makes sense,to include the Scriptures in this discussion, not on a theological level, but describing somethings that might have an impact on the TS; for this reason Type C refer to variouscorrespondences with what is described in the holy texts.In many cases, to explain an evidence too many words would be needed, but the list must bequite synthetic; for this reason some notes are included. It must be noted that while no hypothesesmust be included into the facts, some hypotheses can be accepted in the notes to explain some fact.3.1) Specific factsCHEMICAL-PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTIC OF THE LINEN THREADS AND FIBERSA1) The samples examined have the same herringbone 3:1 twill weave. Weft threads were foundto differ in diameter although the number of weft threads per centimeter were virtually identical(Raes 1976). There appears to be more variation in the diameter of warp yarns than weft(Rogers 1978, Iacazio 1998).A2) The yarn used to weave the Shroud was spun with a "Z twist." 1 (Curto 1976, Pastore 1988).1 Most ancient linen is spun with an "S" twist. Samples from the Museum of Egyptology in Turin showed the followingtwists: 1) AD 117-138 child's mummy, S twist; 2) 1500BC mummy, S twist; 3) AD 125 infant's mummy, Z twist(Rogers 1978-1981). The Z-direction is typical of the old Syrian-Palestinian area (Curto 1976).4

A3) The TS weave is very tight; medieval linens are much less dense and the Holland cloth ismuch less dense and whiter ( Rogers 1978).A4) Fibers from the Raes sample that was cut in 1973 are chemically and physically muchdifferent from those observed from the main part of the cloth 2 (Rogers 2002).A5) Cotton fibers were found in the samples and they were identified as Gossypium herbaceum, acommon Middle East variety (Raes 1976).A6) The sewing connecting the upper linen band of the TS is very particular and typical of veryold manufacture 3 (Flury Lemberg 2000, 2001).A7) Direct microscopy showed that the image color resides only on the topmost fibers at thehighest parts of the weave. Capillary flow of a colored or reactive liquid can not be the sole causefor image formation 4 (M. Evans 1978; Pellicori and Evans 1981).A8) Phase-contrast photomicrographs show that there is a very thin coating on the outside of allsuperficial linen fibers on Shroud samples. It is this thin impurity layer that is colored in imageformation 5 ( Zugibe and Rogers 1978).A9) All image color resides on the outer surfaces of the fibers. The entire outer surface of imagefibers is colored; if there is a "shadow effect" anywhere, Ray Rogers has not been able to observeit. The image-formation process did not penetrate or affect the cellulose of the 10-30-micrometerdiameterfibers 6 (Rogers 2002).A10) The medullas of colored image fibers are not colored (R. Rogers 2002). The cellulose ofimage fibers is not colored. The colored layer on image fibers can be stripped off or decolorizedchemically, leaving colorless linen fibers. The crystal structure of the cellulose of image fibershas not changed (scorches have). The cellulose was not involved in image-color production(Rogers 2002; Feller 1994).A11) The colored coating cannot be dissolved, bleached, or changed by standard chemical agents(except diimide and related reducing agents) (Rogers 2003). The image color can be decolorizedby reduction with diimide (hydrazine/hydrogen peroxide in boiling pyridine) or any otherreducing agent of equivalent reduction potential. The residue from reduction is colorless celluloselinen fibers 7 (Heller and Adler 1981).2 The radiocarbon sample was cut from an area adjoining the Raes sample. There is a strong probability that theradiocarbon sample was not representative of the main part of the cloth. A long discussion can be done about thispoint. R. Rogers, according to A. Adler, states that the 1988 sample was not representative of the whole Shroud(Rogers 2002). Before making further analysis, the knowledge of the image formation mechanism must be reached inorder to know possible ambient factors that could have interacted with the linen.3 Sewing like this was found in Masada (Israel) about 2000 years ago (Flury Lemberg 2000).4 -a) “When the threads are observed under the microscope, no penetration of any fluid into the fibers is visible, aswould be expected due to diffusion or capillarity effects in the case of a gas or a liquid in contact with the cloth”(E.Carreira 1998).-b) The degradation process of the linen surface placed in intimate contact with the body can be interpreted as the directresult of partial discharge (often referred to as electrostatic discharge, ESD) by-products(Lattarulo 1998).5 -a) The index of refraction of the coating is sufficiently different from the linen (cellulose) to be seen by phase contrastmicroscopy. Fibers from the interior of the Shroud and the back side have not been available for study (Rogers 2003).-b) E. Brooks of STURP took Hasselblad photographs (10/13/78) with black and white, contrast-enhanced film fromlongitudinal and side angles to test for asymmetries. These could also test for thin coatings on the image fibers. Noanomalies were observed (Rogers 2003; Miller 2003).6 -a) The coating has a crackled-finish surface. The colored coating can be pulled off of the fibers with adhesive (Hellerand Adler,1981; Rogers 2002). When the force necessary to pull adhesive tapes from the surface of the Shroud wasmeasured, it was found much easier to pull them from an image (or scorch) area than from a non-image area. It wasassumed that the image fibers were brittle. They were not. The ease of tape removal was a result of the stripping of thebrittle/crackled colored coating from the fibers" (Rogers 2003).-b) The solubility of the image color was tested in 25 types of solvents. It was not soluble in any solvent tested (Hellerand Adler 1981, Rogers 2002).-c) The chemical tests prove that:1) The structure of the image color can be reduced (placing it in a specific chemicalcategory), and 2) All of the image color was on the outer surfaces of image fibers (Rogers 2003).7 -a) 25 solvents of other types were tested during the STURP analysis of 1978, but all these solvents did not leave theimage colorless; the only solvent capable to decolorize the image was the diimide (Heller and Adler 1981).5

A12) The image was not painted. Reflectance spectra, chemical tests, laser-microprobe Ramanspectra, pyrolysis mass spectrometry, and x-ray fluorescence all show that the image is not paintedwith any iron pigment or other high-Z element or with any of the expected, historicallydocumentedpigments 8 (Schwalbe and Rogers, 1982; Morris et al. 1980; Heller and Adler 1981;Mottern 1979). Chemical tests showed that there is no protein painting medium or proteincontainingcoating in image areas 9 (Rogers 1978-1981; Heller and Adler 1981; Pellicori and-b) The results prove that:1) The structure of the image color can be reduced (placing it in a specific chemical category),and 2) All of the image color was on the outer surfaces of image fibers (Rogers 2003).8 -a) It was reported (Mottern et al. 1979) that they could detect about 7 micrograms of hematite per square centimeteron their low-energy x-ray-transmission radiographs. No trace of the image could be observed on the radiographs,setting an upper limit on the amount of pigment that could exist on the Shroud. Some water spots have a higherdensity and can be seen on the x rays The image was not painted with any iron pigment or other high-atomic -numberelement. (Rogers 2003).-b) In x-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) the fluorescence comes from elements in the sample rather than organicmolecules. In XRF, the sample is irradiated with energetic x rays that promote electrons in the inner orbits ofelements into higher energy states. When the electrons fall back to lower states, the elements fluoresce atcharacteristic frequencies in the x ray spectrum. The system used in Turin was capable of observing elements heavierthan atomic number 16, sulfur. It could detect and measure all of the expected pigments that would have been used inMedieval times or earlier. No inorganic pigments (including hematite) were responsible for the image. Your eye or acamera can not see an amount of pigment that is below a certain detection limit. Above another limit, the surfacebecomes saturated. The observation of shading requires differences in amounts of pigment. An image such as theShroud would require a range of concentrations to give the shading observed. Ron London made a series of hematitestains of different densities below 60 micrograms per square centimeter. Schwalbe and London made a calibrationcurve that compared amounts visible with amounts detected by the XRF. They found that about 2 micrograms persquare centimeter of hematite could be seen by the eye. Total measured iron-compound densities on the Shroud werebetween about 10 and 58 micrograms per square centimeter. The highest values were in blood areas. They measuredthe iron concentration of whole blood, and the amount in blood stains was consistent with the measurements (Rogers2003). There was no significant difference in the concentration of any iron compounds from the densest part of theface image into the background. When the face image is compared with the calibration curve, it can be seen that theconcentrations of hematite necessary to produce the shading observed with your eye would have been detected by theXRF measurements. This was confirmed by results obtained from x-ray radiographic measurements (and reflectancespectra) (Morris et al. 1980; Mottern et al.1979).9 -a) The image was not painted with a proteinaceous medium, and microbiological activity did not produce the image(Rogers 2002).-b) Raman spectroscopy is based on the fact (discovered 1928, Nobel Prize 1930) that when visible light is scattered,the scattered light undergoes shifts in wavelength. Those shifts can be used to identify chemical compositions. Alaser-microprobe Raman spectrometer, "MOLE," uses an intense, green argon laser with a beam that is only a fewmicrometers in diameter to "pump" samples. The resultant Raman frequencies, in the infrared range, are thenanalyzed by a spectrometer (Schwalbe and Rogers 1982; Rogers 2002).-c) Tapes from the Shroud were analyzed at McCrone Associates by Dr. Mark Anderson (McCrone 1980, 1980, 1981,1982, 1990, 1999, 2000). He looked at the red particulates on the tapes, and he reported (McCrone 1980) that they"bubbled up in the MOLE like an organic phase." They were not hematite and/or mercury sulfide (vermillion) asclaimed by McCrone. Sample 6DF showed yellow fibers but no trace of red particulates. McCrone never publishedthese results. Isolated image and control fibers were analyzed by Dr. Fran Adar (Instruments SA, J-Y OpticalSystems Division, Metuchen, NJ). It was easy for the microprobes to detect the Mylar backing on the sampling tapes,but no quantitatively significant Raman spectra could be obtained from any of the samples. The same spectra wereobtained from controls and image fibers. This would be expected, if nothing had been added to the cloth to producethe image color ( Schwalbe and Rogers 1982, R. Rogers 2002).-d) McCrone reported finding protein in image areas with an amido black reagent. The reagent was developed to detectegg white (glair) media on paintings, which are not porous. McCrone did not run any control samples. The reagentgives false positive results on uncoated linen, because excess reagent does not wash out.. All other tests for proteinrejected McCrone's claim. Adler and Heller ran tests with biuret/Lowry, coomassie blue, bromothymol blue, amidoblack, bromocresol green, and fluorescamine reagents. They included different kinds of controls, including samplesthat had been cleaned with a protease enzyme. Positive tests were obtained from fibers from blood-stain areas (asexpected): Negative tests were always obtained from the yellow image fibers. They determined that thefluorescamine test could detect 1 - 10 nanograms of protein. Rogers ran iodine-azide tests on control, image, andblood fibers. It bubbles vigorously in the presence of traces of sulfur, sulfides, and sulfoproteins (as in all naturalproteins). No proteins were detected in image areas. The image was not painted with any pigment in a protenaceousvehicle (Rogers 2003).6

Evans 1981; Gilbert and Gilbert 1980; Pellicori, 1980; Accetta and Baumgart, 1980; Miller andPellicori, 1981). Microchemical tests with iodine detected the presence of complex starchimpurities on the surfaces of linen fibers from the Shroud (Rogers 2003).A13) Photomicrographs and adhesive-tape samples show that the image is a result ofconcentrations of yellow fibers 10 (Pellicori and Evans 1981; Jumper et al. 1984; McCrone andSkirius 1980; Schwalbe and Rogers 1982; Rogers 2002).A14) Convex weft threads above warp threads of the texture usually show traces of the image;hollow, however, show such traces only rarely 11 (Scheuermann 1983)A15) The image-formation mechanism did not char the blood (Rogers 1978-1981). It was alsoobserved that the blood could be removed with proteolytic enzymes. The surface below the blooddid not show any trace of image color (Heller and Adler 1981).A16) The image formed at a relatively low temperature 12 (Rogers 1978-1981 and Feller 1994).A17) Capillary flow of a colored or reactive liquid can not be the sole cause for image formation 13(M. Evans 1978; Pellicori and Evans 1981).A18) Flakes of image color can be seen in other places where they fell off and stuck to the adhesive.The chemical properties of the coatings are the same as the image color on image fibers. All ofthe color is on the surfaces of the fibers 14 (Rogers 2002; Heller and Adler 1981).A19) The 1978 x-ray-fluorescence-spectrometry analysis detected significant uniform amounts ofcalcium and strontium concentrations (a normal impurity in calcium minerals), and iron in theShroud 15 (Morris, et al., 1980). Quantitative analyses were made of these elements. Adler ran 22-e) UV and visible spectrometry would not see significant differences among the carbohydrates (sugars, starches, or thecellulose of the linen). The -OH vibrational states of all of the carbohydrates and water are very broad and intense,and neither IR nor Raman spectrometry could distinguish among them. They could observe most painting-typeimpurities on the cloth (Rogers 1978-1981; Heller and Adler 1981).-f) Tapes from the Shroud were analyzed at McCrone Associates by Dr. Mark Anderson. He looked at the redparticulates on the tapes, and he reported that they "bubbled up in the MOLE like an organic phase." They were nothematite and/or mercury sulphide (vermillion) as claimed by McCrone (McCrone 1980). Sample 6DF showed yellowfibers but no trace of red particulates. McCrone never published these results. Isolated image and control fibers wereanalyzed by Dr. Fran Adar (Instruments SA, J-Y Optical Systems Division, Metuchen, NJ). It was easy for themicroprobes to detect the Mylar backing on the sampling tapes, but no quantitatively significant Raman spectra couldbe obtained from any of the samples. The same spectra were obtained from controls and image fibers. This would beexpected, if nothing had been added to the cloth to produce the image color ( Schwalbe and Rogers 1982, R. Rogers2002).-g) Microbiological activity did not produce the image.10 See for example Mark Evans microphotograph ME-29, 36x (1978) of the nose.11 It can be seen on the TS that the surface effect (i.e. the change of fibers of the threads turned towards the body) isparticularly strong on the convex thread lines, while concave zones (hollows) show these traces rarely even if thedifference in distance is only one of the thickness of a thread (Scheuermann 1983).12 About the term low temperature. In chemistry rates of reactions are modeled according to some form of the Arrheniusequation. The dividing line between low and high is the temperature regime within which significant pyrolysisproducts appear within the required amounts of time from the color-producing reactant, whatever it may be. Time canbe traded for higher temperature in many cases; however, phase transitions provide limits (Rogers 2003).13 “When the threads are observed under the microscope, no penetration of any fluid into the fibers is visible, as wouldbe expected due to diffusion or capillarity effects in the case of a gas or a liquid in contact with the cloth”(E. Carreira1998).14 –a) Chemical characteristics detected by STURP are also reported in (Morris et al. 1980, page 45). For example itwas found an high proportion of calcium (Rogers 2003).-b) “When we measured the force necessary to pull adhesive tapes from the surface of the Shroud, we found it wasmuch easier to pull them from an image (or scorch) area. We jumped to the conclusion that the image fibers werebrittle. They were not. The ease of tape removal was a result of the stripping of the brittle/crackled colored coatingfrom the fibers” (Rogers 2003).15 -a) The large quantity of calcium is 200+/-50 micrograms per square centimetre and traces of strontium are 2.5+/ -1.0micrograms per square centimeter (Adler 1998). Riggi (1982) similarly observed substantial quantities of calcium inthe samples that he vacuumed from the back side of the cloth. Heller and Adler (1981) have postulated that thecalcium and strontium were absorbed into the linen during the retting process.7

qualitative microchemical tests for 17 different common metallic elements, finding only calciumand iron in Shroud fibers. His SEM x-ray analyses detected, as expected, many more elements astraces only 16 (Rogers 2003, Adler 1998).A20) Adler ran 22 types of microchemical spot tests for 16 different organic structures and/orfunctional groups. Results were compared with controls. Aldehyde and carboxylic acidfunctional groups were positively detected (Adler 1981). However, quantitative analyses werenot made. No other expected potentially-color-producing functional groups were found. Normallinen contains large amounts of hydroxyl functional groups and traces of aldehydes and carboxylicacids. The contribution of carbonyl groups to image color can not be quantified. Many possibledyes and pigments can be rejected as contributing to image color 17 (Rogers 1981)A21) Microchemical tests with iodine detected the presence of starch impurities on the surfaces oflinen fibers from the Shroud (Rogers 2002).A22) The lignin that can be seen at the growth nodes of the linen fibers of the Shroud does not givethe standard test for vanillin 18 (Rogers 2002).A23) There is no cementation signs among the fibers and no pigments on the body image 19(Pellicori and Evans, 1981).-b) The large amount of iron present on the cloth (along with Ca) are consistent with the retting process in common usein the preparation of linen throughout the ages (Jumper et al. 1984).16 -a) The 1978 x-ray-fluorescence-spectrometry analysis detected significant amounts of only calcium, strontium (anormal impurity in calcium minerals), and iron in the Shroud. Quantitative analyses were made of these elements.Adler ran 22 qualitative microchemical tests, finding only calcium and iron in Shroud fibers. His SEM x-ray analysesdetected, as expected, many more elements as traces only (Rogers 2003).-b) Relatively uniform concentrations of calcium and strontium (200+/-50 micrograms per square centimetre of calciumand 2.5+/-1.0 micrograms per square centimeter traces of strontium) were reported in all of their spectra by Morris etal. (Morris, et al., 1980). Adler (1998) confirmed the x-ray fluorescence results, and Riggi (1982) similarly observedsubstantial quantities of calcium in the samples that he vacuumed from the back side of the cloth. Heller and Adler(1981), and Adler (2002) have postulated that the calcium and strontium were absorbed into the linen during theretting process. The large amount of iron present on the cloth (along with Ca) are consistent with the retting process incommon use in the preparation of linen throughout the ages (Jumper et al. 1984).17 -a) The absence of the functional groups of normal dyes and stains argues against the body image being the result ofpainting with an applied stain or dye. Jumper et al. report that examination of medieval Venetian red and ochredemonstrated that these contaminants are omnipresent above the 1% level (Adler 1998).-b) The analyses prove that there are easily detectable structures other than aldehydes and acids (e.g., hydroxyl groupsand double bonds). Such structures absorb in the vacuum UV, the near IR and around 6 micrometers in the IR andwouldn't have been detected by the Gilberts (1980) and Pellicori (1980). The color is the result of complexconjugated double-bond systems that contain every degree of conjugation between a few and a very large number in amonotonic progression (as the complexity gets larger the number of structures with that complexity decreases: as thenumber decreases less visible light is absorbed) (Rogers 2003).18 -a) Vanillin is lost from lignin as a function of time and temperature. The lack of vanillin indicates an age greater thanthat found by radiocarbon analysis. Lignin in the Holland cloth gave a good test for vanillin: lignin in samples from aDead Sea scroll wrapping did not. Ray Rogers has measured chemical kinetics constants for the process: theArrhenius constants for the component reaction of lignin that results in a loss of vanillin are the following: E = 29,600cal/ mole, and Z = 3.7 X 10e11. Also the temperature must be considered, but some parts of the Shroud would notchange temperature at all in any reasonable time during the 1532 fire. Although Ray Rogers did many testsfor_vanillin on samples from many areas of the Shroud, he did not find any fiber from any point on the main part ofthe Shroud that could produce vanillin from its lignin. The best assumption is that all of the lignin had lost its vanillinas a result of slow aging. The Shroud was folded and stored in a wood-lined silver chased reliquary at the time of the1532 fire. The Shroud shows clear evidence for its thermal gradient around smoldering zones. The main part of thecloth was not heated to a chemically significant extent (Rogers 2003).-b) A very sensitive test for lignin uses phloroglucinol in concentrated hydrochloric acid to produce and react withvanillin from the lignin. The lignin visible on Shroud fibers did not give the test. The lignin deposits at the growthnodes on fibers from the Shroud's Medieval backing cloth (the "Holland cloth") showed clear positive tests. OtherMedieval samples gave a clear test. A sample from the wrappings of the Dead Sea scrolls did not give the test(Rogers 1978-1981; Rogers 2002) .-c) The Holland cloth shows much less lignin at growth nodes. The Holland cloth was bleached by a completelydifferent method than was the Shroud. (Rogers 1978).8

A24) No painting pigments or media scorched in image areas or were rendered water soluble atthe time of the AD 1532 fire 20 (Rogers 1977-1978-1981/2002; Schwalbe and Rogers 1982).A25) The absence of fluorescent pyrolysis products in image areas indicates image formation at arelatively low temperature, near ambient, and it proves that pyrolysis products from the reliquarydid not permeate the cloth 21 (Rogers 2002).OPTICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BODY IMAGEA26) The color density of any specific image area depends on the batch of yarn that was used in itsweave. The cloth shows bands of slightly different colors of yarn. These bands of color are bestobserved in ultraviolet photographs 22 (Miller and Pellicori, 1981; Rogers 2002).A27) There is a correspondence (even if not complete) between cloth bands of slightly differentcolors of yarn of the front side and that of the back side (G. Ghiberti 2002; Fanti 2003).A28) The TS linen has a lustrous finish 23 (Rogers, 1978-1981).A29) The color of the image-areas has a discontinuous distribution on the entire facing surface 24(Pellicori and Evans, 1981).A30) All the colored fibers are uniformly colored, i.e. an exposed fiber is either colored or notcolored 25 (Adler 1996, 1999).A31) The colored fibers in non-image (background) areas show the same type of superficial coloras image fibers, their spectra are the same, and the cellulose in them is not colored 26 (Gilbert andGilbert 1980; Rogers 2002).19 A minimal quantity of pigment, certainly not responsible for the body image, was found, perhaps due to the contactwith painted copies or with glasses cleaned with old detergents (Fanti 2003).20 The Shroud was folded and stored in a wood-lined silver chased reliquary at the time of the 1532 fire. The Shroudshows clear evidence for its thermal gradient around smoldering zones. The main part of the cloth was not heated to achemically significant extent. Historically, water was poured on the reliquary to put out the fire. Water stains canclearly be seen around scorches. The stains around the scorches are dark. We can hypothesize that the water pickedup soluble pyrolysis products in solution and transported them through the cloth. One main product, furfural, issoluble and it polymerizes into a very dark coating with time. Several pyrolysis products of cellulose are organicacids. Several possible pigments during or before Medieval times were sulfides. They would have been convertedinto a mixture of organic salts, most of which would have been soluble in water. No such deposits were observed(Rogers 2003).21 If the image had been formed by a scorching-type, high-temperature reaction, some pyrolysis products of linen,including furfural, might still be present. The detection of pyrolysis products would have been conclusive evidencefor a high-temperature image-formation mechanism; however, the absence of such products would prove nothing.Rogers got no test with Bial's reagent. Negative results were also obtained with Seliwanoff's test for furfural. It givesa bright-red color with furfural, but furfural polymerizes over time to form a dense, dark polymer that does not givethe test. No furfural could be found in image areas; however, this is not conclusive proof that the image is not ascorch. The absence of fluorescent pyrolysis products in image areas is mu ch more conclusive, and it proves thatpyrolysis products from the reliquary did not permeate the cloth (Rogers and Smith 1970; Feigl and Anger 1966;Heller and Adler 1981; Rogers 1978-1981; Rogers 2002).22 The bands are due to the fact that different lots of thread will show different degrees of degradation. The yellownessof the Shroud has been defined in the uv-visible spectra and has been published (Gilbert and Gilbert 1980; Pellicori1980).23 -a) It (Shroud linen) is different from the finish on the Holland cloth and Medieval samples (Rogers 2003).-b) Reflectance and fluorescence of all old linens, including the Shroud and image, are very similar. No dyes orpigments were added to the cloth (Gilbert and Gilbert 1980; Rogers 2003).24 Microscopic observation of the bridge of the nose showed discontinuous distribution of light gold-colored fibers. Allwere on the top of the yarn (Rogers 1978; Evans 1978).25 One of the most puzzling things we noticed in 1978 was the fact that all of the colored image fibers were colored toabout the same intensity (optical density) The depth of color at any place on the image was a result of the “number” ofcolored fibers in the area rather than differences in the color of fibers. We called it the "half-tone effect," because itlooked like the pictures that are printed in newspapers (composed of many little dots - no continuous tone) (Rogers2003).26 –a) According to E. Carreira, the spectral signature of the yellowish image is similar, but not identical to that of theburns caused on the cloth by the 1532 fire (Accetta and Baumgart 1980).9

A32) All the image shows a uniform straw yellow coloration yielding less than 2% variation inthe absorbance of the individual colored body image fibers 27 (Adler 2000, 2002).A33) The image does not fluoresce in the visible under ultraviolet illumination. The non-imagearea fluoresces with a maximum at about 435 nanometers. A redder fluorescence can be observedaround the burn holes from the AD 1532 fire 28 (Pellicori and Evans 1981).A34) In the ultraviolet emission and absorption photographs the background cloth shows a lightgreenish yellow emission not typical of other known linen cloth and perhaps suggesting thepresence of some type of thin coating of a fluorophore on the original linen 29 (Adler 2002).A35) The image of the dorsal side of the body shows fairly the same color density and distributionas the ventral, and it does not penetrate the cloth any more deeply than the image of the ventralside of the body. All of the chemical and microscopic properties of dorsal and ventral imagefibers are identical 30 (Jumper et al., 1984).A36) IR photograph of the face made by G.B. Judica Cordiglia indicates that the image has alower concentration of chemical compounds that absorb strongly in the near IR (-OH, carbonyl,carboxyl, amides, etc.). It also indicates that the product of image formation does not efficientlyabsorb near IR 31 (R. Rogers, Judica Cordiglia 1974).A37) A clearly discernible emission image was visible in the 8-14 micrometers infrared rangewhile the surface was being illuminated with two 1,500-watt lamps. No IR image was visible at auniform room temperature, and no image was visible in the 3-5-micrometer range (the IR rangewhere -OH groups absorb intensely) 32 (Accetta and Baumgart 1980).BODY IMAGEA38) Nothing remotely similar to the TS image has ever been reported, nor has any laboratoryexperiment succeeded in reproducing by contact anything comparable (E. Carreira 1998).A39) The body image is very faint: reflected optical densities (or luminance) are typically less than0.1 in the visible range 33 (Jumper et al. 1984; Schwalbe et al. 1981).A40) When their lengths are measured, the dorsal image is longer than the ventral image. Theimprint on a sheet of a man having the head tilted forwards, his knees slightly bent, and his feetextended, has very similar characteristics 34 (Craig 2003; Cagnazzo 1997-98; Fanti et al. 2000).-b) The color in non-image fibers (background) areas can be due to aging and/or other ambient factors such as fire orreactions with any amines that came into contact with the cloth (e.g., air pollution, etc.) (Fanti 2003, Rogers 2003).27 This is confirmed by a densitometric study of the photo image(Adler 2002).28 Intensely fluorescent pyrolysis products are obtained by heating linen in confinement. The fluorescence is much lesswhen the linen is heated in open air. Fluorescent products and other condensable or reactive products from theburning cloth or the reliquary did not migrate a significant distance into the unburned part of the cloth, and they couldnot have affected the apparent age of the cloth. The white cloth used to cover the display board for the showing (1978)was fluorescent. Rudy Dichtel reported many intensely fluorescent short fibers on the surface of the Shroud (Rogers1978).29 -a) This emission was actually measured by Gilbert and Gilbert, and it peaks in the blue at about 435 nanometers. Theemission spectrum could help identify the chemical structure(s) responsible for the fluorescence. The radiocarbonsample area does not show the same fluorescence (Gilbert and Gilbert 1980; R. Rogers 2002).-b) Mottern suggested that the background fluorescence of the TS might be due to the presence of pectic substances notremoved by primitive retting methods (Adler 1999).30 The entire image must have formed by the same mechanis m. Thermography proved that the emittance of the imagewas the same in all areas. Spectra and photography confirmed this observation. (Rogers 2003).31 That was to be expected, if the image involved dehydration (loss of -OH groups).Ray Rogers has some doubts about Adler's and Heller's assumption that oxidation was an important component ofimage formation; he thinks that the photograph proves that the kinds of functional groups that are produced inoxidation do not predominate on the image surface (Rogers 2003).32 They viewed the image in the IR both at 3-5 micrometers and 8-14 micrometers; in the 3-5 micrometers range nodiscernible image was evidenced (Accetta and Baumgart 1980).33 -a) the evenness of the image along the body and the three-dimensional information indicate an even temperaturealong the body and its liveliness (Hoare 1994).-b) statement (a) refers to a temperature dependant body image formation mechanism that is not yet well defined andconfirmed (Fanti 2003).10

A45) The body image is non-directional in the sense that there are no shadows, cast shadows,highlights, and reflected lights in or on the body image 36 (Moran and Fanti 2002; Craig 2003).A46) The body image shows no evidence of image saturation, that is, the 3-D reconstructionshows no plateaus (Jackson 1977, 1982, 1984). In other words, the image formation did not “go tocompletion”. Image formation did not produce the maximum number of conjugated carbon-carbondouble bonds 37 (Rogers 2003, Gilbert and Gilbert 1980: fig. 8 and 10).A47) The body image is well resolved. The resolution is of 4 +/-2 mm (for example the lips on theface); instead the resolution of the bloodstains is at least ten times better (for example thescratches in the scourge wounds) 38 (Jackson 1982, 1984; Moran and Fanti 2002; Alonso 2003;Fanti 2003; Rogers 2003).A48) The body image does not have well defined contours 39 (Jackson 1982, 1984; Moran andFanti 2002).A49) Side images surrounding the front and back body images are missing. No image appearsbetween the two body image heads as would be consistent with this point 40 (Adler 1999; Moranand Fanti 2002).A50) The maximum luminance level of the front and back images (face excluded) are compatiblewithin an uncertainty of 5% 41 (Moran and Fanti 2002).36 -a) The body image seems to be "front illuminated" and then no shadowing appears. Observing the face, someonestates that the light came from the top because some apparent shadows seems to be visible in correspondence of theeyes, but a more accurate analysis shows the contrary (Moran and Fanti 2002, Fanti and Marinelli 2003).-b) Non-directional also applies to the discussion on whether or not the image was painted (which should have showndirectional brush strokes) (Craig 2003).37 -a) This indicates mild reaction conditions (Rogers 2003, Gilbert and Gilbert 1980: fig. 8 and 10).-b) Experimental details about Fanti’s hypothesis of a possible corona discharge effect must be tested because a coronadischarge in the correct range could produce sufficiently mild heating to cause the observed results. Unfortunately, R.Rogers can not logically suggest how a corona discharge would have occurred around a body in a tomb (Rogers2003).-c) Corona discharge phenomena can occur in some particular ambient conditions; for example, in concomitance ofearthquakes, radon is emitted from the ground and it can ionize the surrounding atmosphere (Lattarulo 1998).38 -a) Resolution is defined (Image technology) as: “The ability of an imaging system to differentiate between closelyspaced objects”; resolving power is “usually expressed as the maximum number of light per dark line-pairs permillimeter which can be observed”. In the case of the ST, the resolution must be referred to the particular image underconsideration on the photograph of the sheet, in the hypothesis that the photographic resolution is much better than theothers considered. The following definition is accepted in this case: “The resolution is the size of the smallest detailthat an imaging system (eye-brian or computer) is able to perceive as separate and distinct in a photograph of the ST”(Fanti 2003).-b) To measure the resolving power, a calibration-grid is necessary that obviously was not present during the bodyimage formation. Therefore the resolution of the TS body image can be evaluated by analyzing some details. Forexample, the separation line (effectively it is not a line but a spot) between the lips has a thickness of 3+/-1 mm, butthe finger’s nails are not visible, nor are the lines separating them from the skin, perhaps depending on the body imageformation mechanism (Fanti 2003).-c) Especially when observed in a contrast-enhanced or ultraviolet-fluorescence view, the image on the Shroud seems toshow the expected features of a human body (Rogers 2003).-d) For the blood stains the resolution is 0.2+/-0.1 mm and it is near to that of the photograph. This fact shows thedifferent formation mechanis m of the blood stains from that of the body image (Fanti 2003).39 There are no outlines in the body image areas and the image demonstrates continuous tone with no evidence of brushstrokes. In correspondence of an image edge, the rate of change of luminance level is relatively very low: contoursare shaded also along a distance of more than 1 cm. As a result, the body image is visible if an observer is at about 2m or greater distance from the TS (lateral-neuron -inhibition phenomenon see for example Grobstein 1997) (Moranand Fanti 2002, Fanti 2003, Rogers 2003).40 “Although we do not have any confirmed explanation for this property, it has been used to test a number of artisticrendition methods and they have all failed to meet this criterion (Adler 1999).41 -a) Luminance is defined in Physics as the measure of a brightness of a surface (Fanti 2003).-b) This means that the back image is not influenced by the body weight (Moran and Fanti 2002, Fanti and Marinelli2003).-c) If a 3-D correlation, ruled by the Beer law, between body and sheet is supposed, the mean luminance level of theback image is 18% +/-5% higher than that of the front face (head excluded) (Fanti 2003).12

A51) The maximum luminance level of the head image (front) is 10 % and more higher than thatof the whole body image 42 (Moran and Fanti 2002).A52) The thermograms did not show the lower jaw of the image (there was just a blank areathere) 43 (Rogers 2003).A53) The Fourier transform of the body image shows a nearly continuous spectrum incorrespondence to the spatial frequencies up to 80 [1/m] 44 (Fanti and Marinelli 1999; Maggiolo2002/03).A54) The body image indicates the absence of brush strokes (Craig 2003).A55) A background color that visually resembles a lighter version of the color on the front of thecloth is visible on the back surface of the cloth. An indistinct rendition of the image of the hairmay appear to the naked eye on the back of the cloth 45 (Ghiberti 2002; Maggiolo 2002/03).A56) An image color is visible on some areas (face and perhaps hands) of the back surface of thecloth corresponding to the front image if a proper image processing and enhancement is used 46(Ghiberti 2002; Maggiolo 2002/03).A57) No image color is visible on the back surface in correspondence of the dorsal image 47(Ghiberti 2002; Maggiolo 2002/03).A58) Image details corresponding to narrow hollows or grooves are represented faintly on the TS(e.g. eye sockets), small convex “hills” (e.g. eyeballs) however are very clearly represented 48(Scheuermann 1983).-d) ) Thermography is used to measure very small differences in surface temperature. It was used to observe theShroud. When the surface of the Shroud was illuminated with floodlamps, the temperature span from black to whiteareas was about 1.75ºC. Under those conditions there was good resolution of the image in the 8-14 micrometerwavelength region. All of the image seemed to be the same. Their final conclusion was the following: "With dueregard to the limits of instrument resolution and sensitivity, it is the authors' opinion that no significant anomaliesexist." Whatever process produced the image, identical surfaces were produced in both the front and back images. Itwas also obvious that paints were not mixed to produce shading (Accetta and Baumgart 1980; Rogers 2003).42 If a 3-D correlation, ruled by the Beer law, between body and sheet is supposed, the mean luminance level of the headimage (front) is 47 % +/-5% higher than that of the back body image. This fact can lead to a hypothesis of an extraenergy coming out of the head (Moran and Fanti 2002, Fanti and Marinelli 2003); in a hypothesis of a diffusionmechanism the face is the darkest part of the image because it is surrounded by hair, a barrier for gas diffusion(Rogers 2003).43 If the linen's thermal diffusivity was higher in that area, it would not have emitted as much energy_(Rogers 2003).44 If a 2-D Fourier transform of the face is done, the "sticks" relative to frequencies higher than 80 [1/m] are deleted andthan the inverse Fourier transform is made, as a result, no appreciable variations in the body image will be found(even if the herringbone pattern disappears) This evaluation is made considering the photograph of the face.Maximum frequencies are lower in correspondence of other details of the body image (hands excluded) (Fanti 2003).45 -a) According to Ghiberti, on the back side of the cloth is visible an image color in the region of the hair (Rogers2003, Fanti 2003).-b) According to Jackson’s postulate that states the presence of a frontal body image on the back side of the TS but theabsence of a dorsal body image on the back side (Jackson 1990), an image of the face and perhaps hands (frontalimage) but no dorsal images were found on the back side of the TS (Maggiolo 2003; Fanti and Marinelli 2003; Fanti2003).46 -a) A proper image processing, based on the correction of the color bands and on the filtering by means of the Fouriertransform, G. Fanti and R. Maggiolo detected some face areas relative to nose, eyes, moustaches(http://www.shroud.com/group/facereverse.jpg) that correspond to the front image. A template matching applied tothe nose area furnished a correlation coefficient higher than 0.7. This needs confirmation and analysis of the coloredfibers (Maggiolo 2003; Fanti and Marinelli 2003; Fanti 2003).-b) This observation is extremely important for testing image-formation hypotheses, requiring rigorous confirmation.Additional hypotheses should be developed to explain the difference in background color between front and back(Rogers 2003).-c) The zones of color on the back correspond to zones on the front; a first verification can be made in reference to the“3” blood stain on the front of the face ((Maggiolo 2003; Fanti 2003).47 -a) Observation of back surface of the Shroud showed that no image could be seen at the foot end of the cloth (Rogers1978 and Riggi 1982).-b) With the same image processing (see note 46), G. Fanti and R. Maggiolo detected no image areas corresponding tothe dorsal image.13

A59) Although anatomical details are generally in close agreement with standard human-bodymeasurements, some measurements made on the Shroud image (such as hands, calves and torso)do not agree with anthropological standards. Similar image distortions are obtained if the imprintof a body image on a sheet is s obtained by contact of a body who has hands, calves and torsowrapped by the sheet 49 (Ercoline et al. 1982; Simionato 1998/99; Fanti and Faraon 2000; Fantiand Marinelli 2001; Rogers 2003).A60) The very high stiffness of the body is well evident on the back image: the anatomicalcontours of the back image demonstrate minimal surface flattening 50 (Bucklin 1982; Basso et al.2000).48 As a consequence, the body image shows an excessive distance between eyes sockets and eyeball if a 3-Dreconstruction is processed (Scheuermann 1983).49 -a) frequently these are named “cylindrical distortions” in reference of the wrapping of a sheet on a quasi-cylindricalsurface like that of calves and torso (Fanti and Faraon 2000, Fanti and Marinelli 2001).-b)The distortions seem to be consistent with a draping cloth over body, and explained by a vertical mapping process(Ercoline et al. 1982).-c) Some distortions in the anatomy are present because the artist had some difficulty drawing the hands, shoulders andcalves (Craig 2003).50 –a) Many forensic doctors connect this stiffness to rigor mortis. For example: “The general appearance of the bodyindicates stiffness suggesting that rigor mortis is present” (Bucklin 1982).-b) A simple experimental test can show what it is stated: if you put a body (without rigor mortis) on a glass table andyou look at it from the bottom, you see the buttock imprint very flattened and enlarged as well as the legs and theback. The result is very different from the TS body image (Fanti 2003).-c) It was not a man in coma; the bloodstains have well defined contours without any sign of sliding between cloth andcorpse, so it is now not explainable how a man exiting the TS can leave imprints such as those. The separated bloodthat came out from the side wound is typical of a dead man. It must be verified if a corpse (probably dead of infarctfollowed by emo -pericardium) could have lost that amount of blood (Malantrucco 1992; Fanti 2003).-d) If the TS Man had been alive this cloth would have been covered with blood. A beating heart means a constantsupply of blood to open wounds that would continue to ooze--therefore you would have a lot of blood. You wouldnot be able to see the distinct transfers of moist blood clots to cloth that are presently visible (Lavoie 2003).-c) The statement is based on the fact that the images of the soft tissues of the back and buttocks do not demonstrate thepatterns of flattening that one would normally see on a supine dead body. Some researchers have assumed that thiscan only be attributed to rigor mortis. There can be other explanations. For instance, an illustrator could have simplyreproduced the normal contours of these areas with relatively good accuracy. In conclusion there is absolutely noevidence of rigor mortis (Craig 2003).-d) On examining closely the blood marks of the lower back, these blood marks have a watery bloody look and are notthe darker more uniform blood marks of the blood clot transfers seen over the rest of the body (excluding the scourgemarks). It is believed by myself and Bob Bucklin, MD (medical examiner now deceased) that the man of the shroudlikely died of congestive heart failure, the last stage of shock. Therefore we believe that the lungs of the man of theshroud were full of fluid which goes along with the bloody-watery fluid marks that we see at the lower backside.Keeping this in mind it would be very reasonable to understand that when the man of the shroud was placed from avertical position of crucifixion to that of a supine position that 125 to 250 cc (half a cup to one cup of fluid) of chestfluid drained from the open chest wound onto the cloth. Finally and most important: The blood clot transfers seen onthe shroud indicate that the blood stopped flowing from the major wounds while the man was still in the position ofcrucifixion. There is no indication of further bleeding from the major wounds of the body once he was placed on thecloth other than the spill from the open chest wound as noted by the lower backside watery blood flow. For one topostulate life one would have to show that he were bleeding from all major wounds once laid out on the cloth and thatis just not the case. In summary this man died in the position of crucifixion and was not in coma but dead when placedon this cloth (Lavoie 2003).-g) The normal blood volume of adults is between 4000 & 6000cc depending on size and gender. The well-developed5' 10"" Man of the Shroud probably had a normal blood volume of 5200-5500cc. About 40% of this volume was redblood cells and 60% was serum and white cells. This 40% is called the hematocrit. Both components are essential tocontinued health and cardiovascular function (Glick 2003).-h) Remember the scourging and destruction of skin pointed out by Dr. Bucklin. The skin, the largest organ in the bodyplays a huge role in homeostasis. As an excretory organ it is second only to the kidney. When there is not sufficientblood volume for the kidneys to work the skin still can. It can put out all the urea, amines, and ammonia that Ray andothers have found. But about 60% of the skin of the Man of the Shroud was seriously traumatized and was exudingprecious serum just as a burn would. Burns over 40% are always considered a threat to life in burn units (Area is onlyone consideration as depth of tissue destruction must be considered as well). Fluid and precious serum pour outthrough skin destruction. One of the reason serious motorcyclists wear heavy leather outfits is to protect against "road14

A61) The body image shows no evidences of putrefaction signs, in particular around the lips 51(Bucklin 1982; Moran and Fanti 2002). There is no evidence for tissue breakdown (formation ofliquid decomposition products of a body). Body fluids (other than blood or its part as serum) didnot percolate into the cloth 52 (Rogers 2003).A62) No image formed under the blood stains 53 (Heller and Adler 1981; Schwalbe and Rogers1982; Brillante et al. 2002).A63) The image of the TS Man appears with long hair 54 (Fanti and Faraon 2000).A64) The image of the TS Man, appears as if he was scourged 55 (Bucklin 1982, Ricci 1989).rash", the excoriation that can occur when a rider spins out and is thrown off his/her bike. Long experience has shownthat extensive "road rash", which appears trivial to the "macho man", can be fatal due to loss of fluid, electrolytes andserum proteins. The Man of the Shroud lost considerable blood volume from his skin lesions (Glick 2003).-i) 200 cc (the amount that at least soaks the cloth thoroughly in the area described, and it could be more or less) of fluidspilling from a chest wound is not much fluid when considering the pathophysiology that brought this man to hisdeath. In order to understand the state of this man when placed on this cloth we must not look just at one blood markbut all of them in their entirety (Lavoie 2003).-l) A considerable amount of blood came out of the body while laying in the grave, especially from the side wound andthe nail wounds. The blood from the side wound covered an area of about 80cm x 15 cm. This indicates bloodpressure and liveliness of the body (Gruber, Kersten 1998).-m) Hypothesis (l) is not accepted by experts and forensic doctors (Lavoie 2003, Zugibe 2003)51 -a) This implies that the man was enveloped in the sheet for no more than about 40 hours; the lack of liquid in imageformation indicates that the body was quite dry (Bucklin 1982; Moran and Fanti 2002).-b) The artist purposely did not add any products of putrefaction to the drawing (Craig 2003).52 –a) STURP looked for evidence of any liquid that could have been involved with image formation. There are nomeniscus lines in image areas. There appeared to be no capillary flow of liquids. Sweat includes the normal sebaceoussecretions of the skin. The largest normal component of sebum is free organic acids and their esters. One component,squalene, is very fluorescent. None of these were detected. (Human sebum is composed of the following chemicaltypes: 1) Free fatty acids (28.3%); 2) Combined fatty acids, e.g., triglycerides, waxes, and other esters (34.6%); 3)Unsaponifiable matter (30.1%), including squalene (fluorescent), hydrocarbons, wax alcohols, cholesterol,dihydrocholesterol, lathosterol, other sterols, isocholesterol, and alkane-1,2-diols (about 2% of this category)). Allproteins produced by the body contain sulfoproteins. There is a very sensitive test for them (the iodine-azide test).There is no protein in any image area (as expected, there is in a blood area) (Rogers 2003).-b) Pyrolysis mass spectrometry combines a high-vacuum heating chamber with a mass spectrometer (M S). Materialsthat are heated in the absence of air (oxygen) tend to produce pyrolysis products that are characteristic of the sample.A MS electrically charges the products and accelerates them through magnetic and/or electrically charged sectors: theproducts are thrown into different paths depending on their mass to charge ratio. Pyrolysis -MS analyses run at theNSF Center of Excellence is Mass Spectrometry at the University of Nebraska did not detect any nitrogen-containingcontaminants. This seemed to rule out glair (egg white) as well as any significant microbiological deposits,confirming the microchemical tests. It did not detect any of the sulfide pigments that were used in antiquity, e.g.,orpiment, realgar, mosaic gold, and cinnabar (vermillion, mercury sulfide, HgS). The method was sufficientlysensitive to detect traces of the low-molecular-weight fractions (oligimers) of the polyethylene bag that Prof. Gonellahad used to wrap the Raes threads at parts per billion. It did not detect any unexpected pyrolysis fragments thatindicated any Shroud materials other than carbohydrates (Schwalbe and Rogers 1982, Rogers 2003).-c) Ray Rogers doesn’t think sweat played any important part in image formation (Rogers 2003).53 -a) This strongly suggests that the blood was on the cloth before the image formed (Rogers 2003).-b) The observation needs additional confirmation. It is being contested by J. Jackson, who claims two different kindsof blood spots. Clarification is important, because the lack of image below the blood strongly suggests that all of theblood was on the cloth before the image formed (Rogers 2003).-c) Jackson claims that some blood stains were not made by contact but when the cloth fell through the volumepreviously occupied by the body (Jackson 1990).-d) Jackson probably refers to the blood stains that are out of the body image in correspondence of the elbow (frontimage) and of the right foot (back image). It is possible that the foot stains formed when the Man was put on thetomb -bed and that the elbow stains formed by normal contact. In this last case the body image is not evident becauseof the supposed verticality of the energy source and the partial wrapping of the sheet (Fanti and Marinelli 2001).54 –a) The front image shows hairs that that go down to the shoulders (Fanti 2003).-b) A ponytail is probably visible on the back image. For this purpose see for example (Fanti and Marinelli 2001, fig. 12B and C).55 -a) The many scourging marks visible on the TS are very particular and not easy to reproduce (Ricci 1989).-b) There are visible many scourge marks. G. Ricci counted 121 (Ricci 1989). “The marks are difficult to count but theynumber al least 100” (Bucklin, 1982).15

A65) The image of the TS Man, appears as if he was crowned with thorns (Bucklin 1982, Ricci1989).A66) The image of the TS Man, appears as if he was crucified 56 (Bucklin 1982, Ricci 1989).A67) Four fingers in the image of the hands are elongated but the thumbs are not (Bucklin 1982,Ricci 1989).A68) The tibio-femural anthropometric index of the image of the TS Man is 83% 57 (Fanti et al.1999).A69) The image of the TS Man demonstrates no evidence of maiming or disfigurement (Bucklin1982, Ricci 1989).A70) No broken bones are evident on the body image 58 (Bucklin 1982, Ricci 1989).A71) On the face over the right cheek there is a swelling 59 (R. Bucklin 1982).A72) There is a very slight deviation of the nose and at the tip of the nose is an area ofdiscoloration consistent with a bruise 60 (R. Bucklin 1982).A73) Detailed photographs and microscopic studies of the cloth in the nose image area showscratches and dirt (R. Bucklin 1982).BLOOD AND BODY FLUIDSA74) Many red stains appear on and outside of the body image. Adler and Heller affirmed that thered stains were human blood because they found both the heme porphyrin ring of blood and theglobulin in flakes of blood from the sampling tapes (Adler and Heller 1980, 1981). Baima Bolloneindependently confirmed this statement 61 (Baima Bollone et al. 1981, 1982).56 About the hypothesis of a man in coma, if a victim's feet were nailed to a cross using such a nail, within a couple ofhours, the feet would be massively swollen and exquisitely painful. Over a couple of days, the feet would be somassively swollen and infected, He would not be able to walk on it for many weeks (Zugibe 2003).57 The tibio-femoral index, one of the most significant for a body, results from a study (Fanti et al. 1999) in which theindex, calculated for the TS Man of the Shroud (equal to 83% ±3%) is compatible with the mean one quoted inbibliography; the tibio-femoral index measured on three different copies of the Shroud (respectively equal to 115%,105%, 103% ±4%) showed the incompatibility of the images painted by artists who at that time did not have enoughanatomic knowledge. This index is very close to that of the actual Semitic race (83.66%).+26) (Fanti et al 1999).58 The shoulders may have been dislocated. The nasal septum may have been broken, but it is not a bone, it is a cartilage(Fanti and Marinelli 2003).59 There is also partial closure of the right eye (Bucklin 1982).60 These scratches and dirt are consistent with the nose having made contact with the ground, most likely as the result ofa fall. (Bucklin 1982).61 –a) Walter McCrone concluded that the red stains were not blood, but this conclusion was derived solely from opticalmicroscope observations and a wide array of literature explained why his point of view should not be considered valid(see for example David Ford, 2000). In 1978 analyses were performed independently by J. H. Heller and A. D. Adlerin USA (1980) and by P. Baima Bollone in Italy (1981). Heller and Adler chose to use the conversion of the suspectedheme group to a porphyrin, detectable by its characteristic Soret excitable red fluorescence, as a very specific test (theSoret band has a very strong absorption due to the heme porphyrin at four hundred and ten nanometers). Theyobtained positive results. In addition to the heme derivative, Heller and Adler found on the TS bile pigments andserum type proteins (albumin), indication that on the cloth there is whole blood and not just heme protein; they foundalso serum haloes at the margins of blood clots and concluded that the TS was in contact with a wounded humanbody. A solution of proteolytic enzymes completely dis solved the red particulate coating the fibrils, leaving noparticulate residues. This further indicates that this particulate is blood. This protease treatment also removes thegolden yellow coating of the serum coated fibrils, corroborating its identification as serum. Interestingly, fibrils freedof their coatings using this technique closely resemble the non-image fibrils when viewed under phase contrastmicroscopy. This is a strong indication that the blood and the serum coated the fibrils before the image formation and“protected” the fibrils when the image was forming. Heller and Adler rejected, with exhaustive explications, themicroscopic evaluation of the TS samples provided by W. C. McCrone, who claimed that the body image is due to aniron oxide earth pigment bound with an age yellowed animal protein binder that had been painted onto the cloth andthat the blood marks are a mixture of iron oxide pigments and vermillion in this same binder. McCrone insisted withhis objections, but had again a complete rebuttal by David Ford, who demonstrated also the contradictions ofMcCrone about the size, shape and color of iron oxide, mercury sulfide and TS particles. Baima Bollone demonstratedthat on the TS there is blood. These results are convincing that the red stains are human bloodstains (Brillante at al.2002).16

A75) At least two types of blood stains can be observed on the TS: a) the blood exudated fromclotted wounds and transferred to the cloth by its being in contact with a wounded human malebody consistent with the historic descriptions given for the Crucifixion of Christ (A. Adler 1999),such as scourging and crown of thorns wounds or wrists wounds; b) the blood that was directlypoured on the TS such as feet wounds or side wound with blood separation in a dense part and aserous part 62 . (Brillante et al, 2002).A76) In the image of the back of the head there are blood stains that seem to be partially maskedby some objects posed between the head and the TS 63 (Scheuermann 1984).A77) Proposed mineral composition simulating blood are not consistent with the variousmeasured chemical and physical parameters (Adler 1999).A78) Microscopic observation of red flecks of what appeared to be blood on the surface of theShroud near sample 3EB showed specular reflection: it went onto the surface as a liquid 64(Rogers 78).A79) Many blood traces visible on the frontal image are also visible on the back image in the sameposition: this means that the blood was absorbed by the sheet. Blood traces of the back image aresmaller in size showing that the Man was enveloped on the TS touching its frontal side (Fanti2003).A80) In correspondence of the left elbow, there is a blood stain where no body image exists 65 (E.Carreira, 1998).A81) The wrist wound, that can be referred to as the hand nail used for the crucifixion, does notcorrespond to the traditional iconography of the nail put in the palm of the hand (Fanti andMarinelli 2003).A82) Blood spots are much more visible by transmitted light than by reflected light. The bloodsaturated the cloth. It is not simply a superficial image of blood or a painting (Rogers 1978).A83) The blood does not fluoresce in ultraviolet illumination (no porphyria and no fluorescentpigments) (Rogers 1978).A84) That these are clotted wound exudates is clearly seen in the UV photographs where everysingle blood wound shows a distinct serum clot retraction ring (Adler 1999).A85) The blood can be removed with a proteolytic enzyme (Adler 1999).A86) The blood from the large flow on the back darkened (scorched) at an adjoining scorch 66(Rogers 1978).–b) The blood stains on the TS are of two different types and that must be taken into account for any reproduction of theTS: 1) the blood that came out when the man was still alive such as scourging and crown of thorns wounds or wristswounds; 2) the blood that came out after the death such as feet wounds or side wound with blood separation in a densepart and a serous part (Brillante et al. 2002).-c) Dr. V. Tryon of UTHSC at S. Antonio, using a blood globule from Riggi samples cloned the betaglobin genesegmentfrom chromosome 11 and proved that there was ancient blood on the Shroud and that this blood was of a male(Garza Valdes 2001).62 From an estimate of G. Lavoie, to thoroughly wet down cloth comparable to the size of the lower backside bloodmark it would take between 125 to 250 cc of water (Lavoie 2003).63 "Non-image" areas with partly very distinct contours and interruptions seem to extend into the trace of blood". Mightit not have been created by parts of plants (e.g. leaves) which had been placed between the head and the Shroud?(Scheuermann 1984).64 a) Many red flecks can be seen adhering to fibers inside the yarn. An intense red spot 224 mm from 3EB, in thecenter of the back blood flow, shows very obvious encrustation and flow into the yarn. Light-gold zones could alsobe observed that test for protein and are almost certainly blood serum. They were continuously distributed throughparts of the yarn, looking like they soaked into the cloth. (Rogers 1978).-b) Observation of back surface of the Shroud showed that blood had soaked through the cloth as a liquid (specularreflection and meniscus marks) from the foot wound. No image could be seen at the foot end of the cloth (Rogers1978).65 The left elbow zone in which a blood stain is visible, requires a lateral contact with the cloth (E. Carreira 1998).66 The scorched blood does not give an iodine-azide test for proteins. This was expected, because heat evolveshydrogen sulfide from sulfur-containing organic compounds. Blood from other areas gives the test (Rogers 1978).17

A87) There is a class of particles ranging in color from red to orange that test as blood derivedresidues. They test positively for the presence of protein, hemin, bilirubin, and albumin; givepositive hemochromagen and cyanmethemoglobin responses; after chemical generation displaythe characteristic fluorescence of porphyrins (Adler 1999).A88) The blood traces are well transferred to the sheet in the sense that no smears are evident 67(Bucklin 1982, Ricci 1989).A89) The bloodstains were transposed to the linen fabric by a fibrinolysis process 68 (Brillante1983; G. Lavoie et al. 1983, 1983).A90) No potassium signals could be found in any of the “blood” area data 69 (Morris et al. 1980).67 -a) This fact suggests that the enveloped Man left the TS without external manipulation or body movements (Bucklin1982, Ricci 1989).-b) Vignon established the consistency of all the blood marks with those expected for a man who had been beaten andthen crucified. For example, the blood marks on the arms demonstrated that they were in an elevated and extendedposition at the time the wounds were bleeding - as blood does not flow contrary to gravity as the observed imagewould appear to indicate. Most importantly, he noted that the blood images were forensically consistent with those ofclotted blood and not a freshly flowing wound in that they appear thickened on the edges. As blood forms a scab itcontracts, thickening the edge of the scab and exuding serum onto the surface and edges of the contracting clot. Thisphenomenon is simply termed clot retraction (Adler 1999). According to Traudl Wally, the body went out from theshroud after approximately third or forty hours without external manipulation ( cf. the fibrinolysis, the intact clots ofblood, the uninjured textile garment) (Upinsky 1993, 1998).68 -a)The processes of redissolving and transposition of blood in a damp environment may occur after a period of atleast 3-4 hours in any case not more than 24-36 hours after death.-b) Fibrinolysis normally occurs as an active physiological process which leads to the breakdown of blood clots in theliving body. It is caused by the action of several enzymes.-c) The coagulation on the skin and the transposition on the cloth of blood has the following stages:I) Clot formation: it is a complex biological mechanism that changes liquid blood into a solid, soft, moist jelly-likesubstance in 5-10 minutes. The clot is formed because the fibrinogen, a substance dissolved in the blood, changes intoa solid substance, the fibrin, that traps in its meshes the red cells.II) Clot retraction: the clot retracts and exudes its liquid part, the serum (a clear yellow fluid) in 20-45 minutes.III) Clot drying: the clot loses its moisture and becomes hard and crust-like. The time in which this takes place isdependent on physical factors such as clot size, temperature, air currents, mo isture, etc. P. Barbet noted that the TSblood has the aspect of blood clots formed on the skin. Those blood clots have a pale internal zone, sharp and evidentedges and a pale halo of serum; are depressed in the centers, raised on the edges. Lavoie added that the clots did formon the body of a man who died in the position of crucifixion.IV) Clot redissolving and bloodstain formation: this process is responsible of the bloodstains formation on the TS. InBarbet’s opinion, it was sufficient a damp atmosphere to moisten the clots, but the fibrinolysis (fibrin’s liquefaction)played an important role in the transferring of the clots on the TS. The coagulating and fibrinolytic systems are in adynamic equilibrium between them. The first one forms the fibrin, the second one removes it. The phenomenon of thelysis must have happened in a relatively short time, from 3-4 hours after death and in any case not more than 24-36hours after death. The fibrinolytic phenomenon follows definite laws according to the period of contact. If this doesnot exceed a certain amount of hours the transfer does not take place, or takes place in a rudimentary manner; while, ifit exceeds that number of hours, the blood will smear the fabric (and therefore it will not form a transfer) because ofthe increased friability of the blood clots. This is one of the fundamental observations that confirm the undeniablerelationships between the fibrinolysis and the hematic stains on the TS. The TS shows that the fibrinolysis had startedand ceased at an unknown time, probably not more than 36-40 hours, because of the contact end between the body andthe TS, since the hematic traces are perfectly transferred and delineated.V) Clot redrying: finally the bloodstains, transposed on the cloth by means of the fibrinolysis process, dry on the TS(Barbet 1970, Brillante 1983, Brillante et al. 2002, Lavoie et al. 1983).-d) G. Lavoie stated: fibrinolysis would not occur in a dried clot. Blood flows from the body and clots. A while afterclotting, clot retraction takes place and serum is exuded from the clot. Depending on the ambient temperature and thetemperature of the skin of the body, (in a man such as you see on the shroud you would expect cold clammy skinbecause shock would ensue after such a beating) the clot remains moist for a time then physically dries. After the clotdries I would not expect it to remoisten even in a "damp cave". I experimented with this and found that even if Imoisten the clot with saline at different intervals of time, the clot after it dried would not transfer itself to cloth. It isonly the blood clots that remain moist after clotting takes place that can transfer their image to cloth by seeping intothe cloth. After the clot dries no transfer from body to cloth can take place. Timing is essential in such a transfer(Lavoie 2003).18

A91) In visibile reflected light the so-called scourge marks have the appearance of diffuse “blood”-red dumbbell shapes, but in fluorescence they show more sharply defined structure. Thescourges are resolved into fine scratches. Three, and in some cases four, parallel scratches can bedistinguished (Bucklin, 1982; Ricci 1989).A92) Some blood stains are comparable to transfers that would be expected to find if a person wasposed in the vertical position 70 (Lavoie et al. 1983, 1983, 2003).A93) The blood clots seen on the cloth were still moist and undisturbed on the body at the time ofburial (Lavoie et al. 1983, 1983, 2003).A94) The blood stain corresponding to the right side of the chest 6th ribs very clearly showsseparation of blood from a clear watery material 71 (Bucklin 1982).OTHERA95) Earthy material (composed of aragonite with strontium and iron) was found on the feet ofTS Man (Kohlbeck and Nitowski 1986, Nitowski 1986,1998). Earthy material was also found incorrespondence of the nose and the left knee (S. Pellicori).A96) Drops of wax were found 72 (Maloney 1989).A97) Natron (sodium carbonate) was found 73 (Riggi 1982).A98) The tests for Saponaria officinalis were negative on Raes samples. Since the Raes samplesare not representative of the main part of the cloth 74 (Rogers 2003; Jumper et al, 1984 ; Gilbertand Gilbert 1980), it is unknown whether S. officinalis can be detected on the Shroud.A99) There is no observed microscopic, chemical, or spectroscopic evidence for the presence ofany dry powder on the TS (Adler 1999).A100) In Enrie photographs of 1931, at the TS sides there are visible some rust signs probably dueto thumb tacks used for the previous sheet exhibition (Faraon 1998/99). These are also visible in69 Even if potassium signals were present, they would probably have remained undetected within the substantial noiselevel in the low-energy range of the x-ray fluorescence spectrum. This fact is in agreement with the fibrinolysisprocess: the potassium remains in the clots and the redissolved blood transposes to the cloth (Adler 1999).70 G. Lavoie has made a study of moist blood clot transfers to cloth. See for example (Lavoie 2000). Note also thatthere is some postmortem blood that flowed onto the cloth, for example the large one at the lower back as per Barbetwho first noted it. The blood flow at the lower back is totally distinct from the moist clot transfers which tell us thatthis man was dead in the vertical position before he was laid out for burial (Lavoie 2003).71 The largest blood stain on the burial cloth is on the right side of the chest. It covers the area of the 5th and 6th ribs.This stain very clearly shows separation of blood from a clear watery material. Some of the latter may be serum, butthere seems to be much more of it than can be explained by a simple process of serum release from a blood clot. Earlyinvestigators, including Barbet and Judica-Cordiglia, believed that the blood came from the right side of the heart andthat the water was fluid from the pericardial sac. It is well-known that the pericardial sac contains a very smallquantity of fluid, rarely more than 30 to 50 ml. This would hardly seem to be an adequate source to account for theamount of watery fluid on the Shroud. One of the theories of the origin of blood and water was presented by Sava. Hequotes the experience of physicians who treat severe chest injuries and the frequency of non-penetrating injuries to thechest producing accumu lation of bloody fluid in the pleural spaces around the lungs. Since red blood-cells gravitate tothe bottom of the cavity, there is accumulation of the lighter serum at the upper part of the chest cavity. Sava's conceptwas that the piercing of the chest resulted first in an outflow of the settled bloody portion of the effusion followed byrelease of a clear fluid as the level of fluid in the chest cavity was lowered (Bucklin 1982).72 The wax fluoresces brilliantly (Rogers 1978).73 Textile expert, Anna Maria Donadoni Roversi, stated the following: 1) During Phaeronic times, natron (sodiumcarbonate) was used to bleach linen. 2) During Roman times wood or grass ash (rich in potassium carbonate) wasused. AD, tallow ash was used. Saponaria officinalis was used to wash the linen after weaving, and it is still used inmuseums. Laviosa, Museum of Antiquities, stated that the Greeks and Romans added cotton for strength. TheEgyptians did not use any animal products in cloth until Coptic times, when they used wool (it paints better thanlinen). They still made the warp of linen (Rogers 1978, Rogers 2003).74 Tests for S. officinalis on Shroud samples were reported as "negative" in several STURP papers. The tests usedsought the pentose sugars that are part of the gypsogenin glycoside of S. officinalis. At the time the tests were run in1981, we did not know that the Raes (and radiocarbon) sample was chemically quite different from the main part ofthe Shroud's cloth, and we used Raes fibers for the tests. The tests were not valid for the main part of the cloth. Thebest evidence for Saponaria is the fluorescence spectrum. The aglycones of S. officinalis fluoresce, and the Gilbertsobserved background fluorescence from the Shroud (R. Rogers 2003; Jumper et al, 1984; Gilbert and Gilbert 1980).19

1978 photos and came from tacks used during the 5 week 1978 exhibition. STURP Groupwitnessed the removal of the tacks and discovered the resulting rust stains (Schwortz 2003).A101) Some little black spots appear out of the body image (for example one is near the head,between the hairs and the water stain); they are also visible, in the same position, on the back sideof the TS 75 (Maggiolo 2002/03, Fanti 2003, Rogers 2003).3.2) Evidences to be confirmedBODY IMAGEB1) The chiaroscuro effect is caused by a different number of yellowed fibers per unit of surface, sothat this is an image with ‘areal’ and not ‘chromatic’ density (Moran and Fanti 2002, Fanti andMarinelli 2003).B2) The frontal image is doubly superficial 76 (Maggiolo 2002/03; Fanti and Marinelli 2003).B3) Some body image characteristics can be referred to the hypothesized effect of a man thatbecame mechanically transparent and radiated a burst of energy (Jackson 1977, 1984).B4) The TS face shows a sad but majestic serenity (Moroni 1997).OTHERB5) Pollen grains relative to the zones of Palestine, Edessa, Constantinople and Europe werefound 77 (Frei 1979, 1983; Danin et al. 1999).B6) From the vacuumed samples from the back side of the cloth, pollen grains with incrustationssoluble in water were found (Riggi 2003).B7) The enveloped body was a corpse 78 (Bucklin 1982, Lavoie 1983, Brillante 2002, BaimaBollone 2000).B8) The human blood is of AB group 79 (Baima Bollone et al. 1981, 1982).B9) The radiocarbon dating of 1988 states that the TS linen has an age of 1260-1390 80 (Damon etal. 1989).75 It is important to study if these spots are due to ink drops or other material; also for the TS dating purpose (Fanti2003, Rogers 2003).76 This statement is derived considering fact A7, coupled with facts A55-A56-A57.77 -a) Although this fact was confirmed (Maloney 1989, Meacham 1983 and Whangher 2003), R. Rogers has somedoubts about the statistics and the analysis done (Rogers 2003).-b) A statistical analysis of the pollen was made by Uri Baruch. The most frequent species of pollens are ofentomophilous origin (pollination from insects) and not of anemophilous origin (pollination from wind). Veryfrequent pollens species are typical of the Palestine zone and the most frequent (according to Baruch) specie is theGundelia Tournefortii also typical of Palestine. The Atraphaxis spinosa grows not in Palestine or Europe but at Urfa(ex Edessa in Turkey) and the Epidemium pubigerum grows at Istanbul (formerly Costantinople in Turkey). 13species are relative to halophytes plants (they grow in zones rich of salts) and are typical of the Dead Sea (Fanti 2003).78 This fact is confirmed (Lavoie 2003).79 -a) Baima Bollone found that the human blood is of AB group (Baima Bollone 1982).-b) The blood should have been subjected to formaldehyde during the 1532 fire, which would have denatured it (Rogers2003).80 -a) The sample used for radiocarbon analysis (age determination) came from an anomalous section of the Shroud'scloth. The Holland cloth provides an authentic, documented sample of Medieval linen from the time suggested bythe radiocarbon analyses. Its chemical composition is significantly different from the Shroud, as follows: 1) Theultraviolet fluorescence of the sampling area is much less than the surrounding cloth (proving a chemical difference).2) There is much less lignin left on the linen fibers (proving a different bleaching method). 3) Yarn segments show aheavy, yellow-brown, water-soluble, gum coating (probably gum Arabic) that is the vehicle for Madder root dye andassociated mordant(s) (probably hydrous aluminum oxide). 4) SEM x-ray analyses of fibers from the area (Adler)showed twice the aluminum concentration of normal Shroud fibers. This is almost certainly due to the mo rdantconcentration in the area. 5) There is appreciable cotton in the adjoining Raes sample, but there is almost none in themain part of the Shroud. 6) The lignin in the Raes area (presumably in the radiocarbon sample) gives a chemical testfor lignin: the Shroud fibers do not. 7) An end-to-end splice was found in a yarn segment from the Raes sample: nosimilar features have been observed in the Shroud.20

The combined evidence from chemistry, cotton content, technology, photography, ultraviolet fluorescence, and residuallignin proves that the material of the main part of the Shroud is significantly different from the radiocarbon samplingarea. The validity of the radiocarbon sample must be questioned with regard to dating the production of the main partof the cloth. A rigorous application of Scientific Method would demand a confirmation of the date with a betterselection of samples (Van Haelst 1997, Adler, 2000; Raes 1976; Rogers 2002, Brunati 2003).-b) About the possible reweaving done in the l6 th century it is stated that “There is no doubt that the Shroud does notcontain any reweaving” (Flury Lemberg 2003) and this is also confirmed by others (Alonso 2003).-c) Adler noted that "...a great deal of variability was evidenced in the radiocarbon samples. Some of the patchyencrustations (see Rogers 2002 for details on composition) were so thick as to mask the underlying carbon of fibers..." His Table 1, p. 97 (Adler 2002) shows that warp yarns in the radiocarbon area contain at least ten (10) times theamount of aluminum as found in the rest of the cloth (Adler 1999).-d) Rogers emphasizes that the radiocarbon sample does not have any of the diagnostic chemical properties of theShroud! It is different cloth. The high concentration of aluminum confirms his identification of Madder root dye andmordants (hydrous aluminum oxide) on the yarn of the radiocarbon area and the Raes sample (Rogers 2003).-e) If part of the Shroud were woven out of gold wire, the fact it was different from the rest of the cloth would beobvious. The situation is almost that bad, and Fury-Lemberg's claims are all based on visual examination. Thechemical properties of the area from which the radiocarbon sample was cut were not considered or tested, and theultraviolet photographs from 1978 were not consulted. The radiocarbon area is outstandingly different from the restof the cloth. That is a fact: it has nothing to do with whether or not certain terminology applies or what Flury-Lemberg either knows or does not know about Medieval textile technology. No assumptions about technology needbe made to prove that the area in question is anomalous. Without adequate testing, she was fooled. That lack ofcareful characterization of the sample has made a laughing stock of the Shroud. Most of the world has all of the"proof" it needs to label the Shroud as a Medieval hoax, and her book certainly seems to confirm those beliefs.Chemical tests prove that the low-fluorescence part of the Shroud in the area where the radiocarbon sample was cuthad the following characteristics: 1) It did not fluoresce; i.e., its chemical composition was different. There isabsolutely no question about that statement. 2) The yarn was coated with a gum that contained both dyes andmordants (common technology through millennia for dyeing linen). It had been colored for a purpose. Most of theadded color appears on the outer surface of the yarn in that area. Photomicrographs document this fact. None of themain part of the cloth had any of the same gum-dye-mordant coating. 3) The linen had been bleached by a differenttechnique than the main part of the cloth: it shows very little lignin at growth nodes. 4) The lignin in the anomalousarea gives the microchemical test for vanillin, a component of lignin that decreases with time. The lignin in the mainpart of the Shroud does not give the test (nor does lignin from Dead Sea Scroll wrappings). The anomalous area has adifferent age than the Shroud. 5) As Raes observed, there is cotton in the yarn of the anomalous part of the cloth. It iseasy to find inside the segments of yarn. The only cotton that is found on the main part of the cloth is a superficialimpurity. 6) SEM analyses by Adler proved that fibers from the anomalous area have twice (2X) the concentration ofaluminum as other areas. Aluminum is used as a mordant for the ancient Madder root dye that exists in the anomalousarea. Microscopic views, documented with photomicrographs, prove the presence of Madder dye on hydrousaluminum oxide mordant. 7) Madder root dye is largely alizarin and purpurin. These can easily be detected in theanomalous area. No other area of the Shroud is coated with Madder root dye. Alizarin has been used for over acentury as an acid-base indicator in chemistry: its properties are known in detail, and its presence in the area has beendocumented with photomicrographs. 8) The hydrous-aluminum-oxide mordant is instantly soluble in hydrochloricacid. The color of fibers from the anomalous area changes instantly when treated with the acid, and the colorsobtained depend on the pH of the solution (as expected from the dyes). 9) The gum coating on the outside of the yarnis soluble in water. It can be observed under a microscope, and the soluble gum is redeposited when the water isallowed to evaporate. The gum is not a biogenic polymer, and it does not give any test for proteins. The gum quicklyhydrolyzes in acid, and it hydrolyzes somewhat more slowly in sodium hydroxide solution. It gives the color test withiodine that is common to plant gums like gum Arabic (bright yellow). There is nothing like that on the rest of thecloth. Such gums were items of commerce for millennia, it was not a natural impurity on linen, and it was used tostain/dye the yarn. Photomicrographs are available to document these observations. 10) Careful microscopic viewingof yarn segments from the Raes sample showed a unique, end-to-end splice (photomicrograph available). The mainpart of the cloth was woven using overlaps of yarn when one batch of yarn ran out and another was added to continueweaving. Photographs of the Shroud show the method, and historical documents discuss it. The "bands of differentcolor" seen in the Shroudcorrespond to areas that were woven from different batches of yarn. The bands also show different concentrations oflignin (each batch of yarn was bleached separately) (Rogers 2003).-f) The C-14 area was anomalous and contained a patch (Marino and Benford 2000, Benford and Marino 2002). It hasalready been established that the C-14 area is chemically different from the main part of the Shroud. Directinformation on the chemical composition of the anomalous area is much more convincing than ‘expert opinions’ thatare based on simple viewing (Rogers 2003).21

B10) Aloe and myrrh were found by microscopic analysis 81 (Baima Bollone 1983 and Nitowski1986).B11) There is a coin (dilepton lituus) on the right eye (Filas 1982; Barbesino and Moroni 1997).B12) There is a coin (lepton simpulum) on the left eyebrow (Balossino 1997; Barbesino andMoroni 1997).B13) The TS is like a funerary sheet (Persili 1998).B14) There are some analogies between the TS and the Oviedo Sudarium (Whanger and Whanger1986).B15) There are various writings around the Face (Marion 1998).B16) There are many flowers traces on the TS (Danin 1999, Whanger 2000).B17) It can be stated that human DNA comes from Riggi’s blood samples from the TS. Thisbecause three gene segments were cloned and studied (Garza Valdes 2001).B18) From the DNA analysis, made from the TS blood at S.Antonio University U.S.A., results thatsome genetic characteristics are relative to the Semitic race (for example hairs) (Riggi 2003).B19) The TS Man dies because of an infarct followed by emopericardium (Malantrucco 1992).B20) The TS Face was used as prototype of many coins from the VII to the XIII century (Moroni1986).B21) Some teeth are visible on the image (Whanger 2000, Accetta 2001).B22) The skull is visible (Whanger 2000).B23) Finger bones are visible and in particular a hidden thumb (Whanger 2000, Accetta 2001).B24) A sponge is visible (Whanger 2000).B25) A large nail with two crossed smaller nails are visible (Whanger 2000).B26) A shaft and head of spear are visible (Whanger 2000).B27) A crown of thorns with stalks and flowers is visible (Whanger 2000).B28) Some water stains are older than the 1532 fire because they refer to a different folding of theTS (Guerreschi and Salcito 2002).B29) Several wood tubules were found from an oak from Riggi’s samples 82 (Garza Valdes 2001).B30) A bioplastic coating was found around the linen fibers (Garza Valdes 2001).B31) Traces of saliva are visible 83 (Scheuermann 1983).B32) Traces of tears may be visible on the body image under the right eye (Guerreschi 2000).B33) An ecchymosis, on the left shoulder-blade level, and a wound on the right shoulder thatadded to the wounds of the scourge is evident; in such areas the wounds caused by the scourgeappear enlarged probably by the pressure of the patibulum 84 (Ricci 1989).3.3) Analogies between the TS Man and Christ, from the Old and the New TestamentC1) “And no sign shall be given to it except the sign of the prophet Jonah.” (Mat 16:4). “And allflesh shall see the salvation of God.” (Luk 3:6). “And I am with you always, even to the end of the81 -a) E. Nitowsky and P.L. Baima Bollone found aloe and myrrh by microscopic analysis done respectively on somesticky tapes or linen treads. See for example Dr. Eugenia Nitowski reports (Nitowski 1986, Figures 86a, 87).-b) Ray Rogers has some doubts about this finding because no chemical analysis confirmed this statement. Chemicaland instrumental tests run by STURP should have detected the chemical components of both aloes and myrrh: theydid not. The evidence seen indicates "I think I see." (Rogers 2003).82 The wood tubules coming from a tape sample of the occipital region can be connected to the Patibulum (GarzaValdes 2001).83 The negative of the image of the TS shows diverging light traces that emerge from both of the corners of the mouth:they seem to be traces of saliva. They can have prevented a representation of the body image (Scheuermann 1983).84 The dimensions of the patibulum of Disma (the good robber), (a relic kept in S. Croce in Gerusalemme in Rome) witha side of 13 cm, correspond to those of the ecchymoses on the right shoulder and on the left shoulder-blade of the TSMan. In the area of the ecchymoses, the wounds due to the flagrum don’t seem to be lacerated by the rubbing with thewood: Mathew and Mark report that one let Jesus wear his dress. TS Man presents on the shoulders excoriationsimputable to the transport of the horizontal part of the cross (patibulum) (Ricci 1989).22

age” (Mat 28:20) The TS shows a sign promised by Jesus: like Jonah “who remained for threedays in the stomach of the big fish”, the Man of the TS remained for three days inside thesepulcher (Rodante 1987).C2) “A woman came to him with an alabaster jar of very expensive perfume, which she poured onhis head as he was reclining at the table.” (Matthew 26:7); “When she poured this perfume on mybody, she did it to prepare me for burial.” (Matthew 26:12). Less than 48 hours before hiscrucifixion, the hair of Jesus was anointed with a very valuable oil and this fact must beconsidered for an hypothesis about the TS image formation. (Scheuermann 1984).C3) “Then Pilate took Jesus and scourged Him.”(Joh 19:1). “I offered my back to those who beatMe, /my cheeks to those who pulled out my beard; /I did not hide my face /from mocking andspitting” (Isa 50:6).The whole body of the MTS is cruelly scourged, except for the breast where,hitting, one could cause death. The scourging was given like punishment apart, more abundant(120 strokes) than the normal (39 strokes) as a prelude to crucifixion (Zanoinotto 1984).C4) “Then they struck Him on the head with a reed and spat on Him” (Mar 15:19) “And theystruck Him with their hands” (Joh 19:3). The TS Man was hit on his face: for instance varioustumefactions and the breakage of the nasal septum are evident (Fanti and Marinelli 1998).C5) “And the soldiers twisted a crown of thorns and put it on His head” (Joh 19:2). “When theyhad twisted a crown of thorns, they put it on His head” (Mat 27:29 etc). The TS Man was crownedwith thorns. The head presents many wounds caused by sharp bodies (Fanti and Marinelli 1998).C6) “And He, bearing His cross, went out to… (the) Golgotha” (Joh 19:17) the TS Man presentson the shoulders excoriations imputable to the transport of the horizontal part of the cross(patibulum) (Ricci 1989).C7) “Now as they came out, they found a man of Cyrene, Simon by name. Him they compelled tobear His cross” (Mat 27:32). The TS Man fell repeatedly to the ground; this is demonstrated by thedust particles on the nose and on the left knee. Likely he was however helped in the transport ofthe cross (Fanti and Marinelli 1998).C8) “My throat is dry” (Psa 69:3), “And for my thirst they gave me vinegar to drink” (Psa 69:21).From the forensic medicine analysis it results that the MTS died dehydrated (Intrigillo 1998).C9) “Where (on the Golgotha) they crucified Him” (Joh 19:17). “They pierced My hands and Myfeet. I can count all My bones” (Psa 22:16-17) “You have taken by lawless hands, have crucified,and put to death” (Act 2:23) The TS Man too was crucified (Fanti and Marinelli 1998).C10) “Reproach has broken my heart” (Psa 69,20). "And Jesus cried out again with a loud voice,and yielded up His spirit” (Mat 27:50) “Because for Your sake I have borne reproach; Shame hascovered my face” (Psa 69:8). “My heart is like wax; It has melted within Me” (Psa 22:14). Thehemopericardium, diagnosed to the TS Man like consequence of the infarct, causes a violentdilatation of the pericardic pleura with consequent shooting pain from the back breast-bone andimmediate death 85 (Malantrucco 1992).C11) "And saw that He was already dead, they did not break His legs" (Joh 19:33).”Nor shall youbreak one of its bones” (Exo 12,46). On the contrary of many Roman crucifixions, it results thatthey didn’t break the TS Man legs (Fanti and Marinelli 1998).C12) “But one of the soldiers pierced His side with a spear” (Joh 19:34), “But He was woundedfor our transgressions” (Isa 53,5). “then they will look on Me whom they pierced” (Zec 12:10).The TS Man too was pierced in the side after his death 86 (Zaninotto 1989).C13) “And immediately blood and water came out” (Joh 19:34). “Flowing from under thethreshold of the temple toward the east, for the front of the temple faced east” (Eze 47:1). “This isHe who came by water and blood Jesus Christ; not only by water, but by water and blood” (1Joh85 The hemopericardium is the terminal moment of a myocardic infarct and it is caused by spasms in coronaric branchesunder the push of violent psychophysic stresses.86 In correspondence of the right side of the chest one notices an ellipsis shaped wound with the major axis of 4 cm andthe minor one of 1 cm. The borders of the TS Man side wound are enlarged, precise and linear, typical of a strokegiven after the death (Zaninotto 1989).23

5:6) The TS Man too presents in correspondence of the side a blood and serum flow (Malantrucco1992).C14) “And Nicodemus, who at first came to Jesus by night, also came, bringing a mixture ofmyrrh and aloes, about a hundred pounds” (Joh 19:39). “Then they took the body of Jesus, andbound it in strips of linen with the spices, as the custom of the Jews is to bury” (Joh 19:40). Someresearchers states that the TS body was buried with aromas such as aloe and myrrh because on thecloth they found their traces 87 (Baima Bollone 1983).C15) “When Joseph had taken the body, he wrapped it in a clean linen cloth (or shroud), and laidit in his new tomb” (Mat 27:59-60). The TS Man too was wrapped in a new and expensive sheet,bought by a wealthy person 88 (Fanti and Marinelli 1998).C16)“Nor will You allow Your Holy One to see corruption” (Act 2:27). “For You will not leave mysoul in Sheol, Nor will You allow Your Holy One to see corruption”(Psa 16:10). The TS doesn’tshow signs of putrefaction (Fanti and Marinelli 1998).C17) “You shall let none of it (the Lamb) remain until morning, and what remains of it untilmorning you shall burn with fire. It is the Lord’s Passover” (Exo 12:10). Some researcher statesthat the TS presents a double sign: the disappearence and the burning, if one refers to the radianthypothesis (Rinaudo 1998).C18) “Then the other disciple, who came to the tomb first, went in also; and he saw and believed.For as yet they did not know the Scripture, that He must rise again from the dead 89 .” (Joh 20:8-9).“David, foreseeing this, spoke concerning the resurrection of the Christ” (Act 2:31). Onehypothesis states that the TS Man became mechanically transparent with respect to the sheet andshed a flash of energy that would be the cause of the body image formation (Jackson 1990).Perhaps the particular shape of the TS seen by John induced him to believe in Christ’sResurrection 90 .C19) “After that, He appeared to more than five hundred of the brothers at the same time, mostof whom are still living, though some have fallen asleep.” (1. Cor. 15:6) Paul has written this letterin the year 53-55. The time is too short (eyewitnesses) that all this might be an invention withouthistorical nucleus (Felzmann 2003).4) CONCLUSIONSThe first goal posed by the researches of ShroudScience Group on Yahoo has been reached: a listof evidences of the TS upon which to base their further debate on the body image formationproblem has been defined.As it appears from the notes posed to explain some facts, not all the researches are in fullagreement about all the points treated, and this will be the matter of a future discussion on the87 Interesting is that a large quantity of aloe and myrrh (about 30 kg) was used. Aloe and myrrh are already known atthis time as medical plants, especially for wounds of the skin (Felzmann 2003).88 It is important that a shroud is mentioned in the NT, bought by Joseph or Arimathea, a rich man. So there was ashroud in which Jesus was laid (Felzmann 2003).89 Most significant is the literary translation from Greek (Persili 1988): ”the other disciple (John), faster than Peter, runsahead and reaches first the sepulchre and, stooped, sees the lying bands (weakened, empty, but not tampered with)and the sudarium, that was on his head, not lying with the bands, but on the contrary wrapped (remained in thewrapping position, lifted, but not supported in its inside, because empty) in a unique position (extraordinary,exceptional because against the law of gravity). Similar is another translation (Zaninotto 1989) who continues:”Therefore Simon Peter, who was behind following him, arrives too and went into the sepulchre; and observes that theclothes are lying (because emptied) and that the sudarium, that was on his head, is not lying together with the clothes,but out (separated from them) it is still wrapped on a sole place (that of the head). Then John too went in and saw andbelieved” (Gv 20,4-9).90 As John was an eye-witness of the cruxifiction and burial, it seems likely that the gospel of John is historically themost accurate (Felzmann 2003).24

image formation hypotheses, but notwithstanding this, some most probable hypotheses can beformulated at the end of this paper.About the cause of image formation, the image was not painted by adding pigments and/ormedia to the cloth; the color was not produced by changes in the cellulose: it was a result ofreactions involving small amounts of impurities on the surface of the linen fibers.Many hypotheses have been presented and some natural hypotheses are under test, buthypotheses involving the Resurrection of Jesus of Nazareth can not be rejected. Among them themost probable are those correlated to surface electrostatic discharges caused by an electric field, anatural chemical reaction and an energy source coming from the enveloped Man.For the moment no hypothesis, able to scientifically explain all the peculiar facts detected on theTS exists. For this reason the further aim of the Group is that of deeply discussing the differenthypotheses posed. Up to now many hypotheses were done, but most of them fail when some factsas the following are considered together: -a) The image color resides only on the topmost fibers atthe highest parts of the weave (A7); -b) The medullas of colored image fibers are not colored (A10);-c) The image formed at a relatively low temperature (A16); -d) The color of the image-areas has adiscontinuous distribution (A29); -e) The body image appears on the TS as a photographic negative(A42); -f) The luminance distribution of both the frontal and dorsal images can be interpreted asrepresenting clearances between a three-dimensional surface of the body and a covering cloth(A43); -g) Side images surrounding the front and back body images are missing (A49); -h) Animage color is visible on some areas (face and perhaps hands) of the back surface of the cloth(A56); -i) No image formed under the blood stains (A62); -l) At least two types of blood can beobserved on the TS (A75); -m) blood wound shows a distinct serum clot retraction ring (A84).About the time needed for image formation, each hypothetical image-formation mechanism willhave different time limits; however, the production of a color on a colorless cloth absolutelyrequires chemical reactions. Colors are the results of the interactions between light and chemicalstructures.Almost all the researchers agree with the fact that the TS enveloped a man; the characteristic ofthe TS Man completely agree with what it is written in both the Old and New Testament aboutJesus of Nazareth: he was scourged, crowned with thorns, and he died on the cross.Still, many are the open problems that must be considered; among them there are those about thecomplete explanation of the blood stains, those about the TS enveloping of the Man, in particular incorrespondence of the face and the hands, those about the dating of the TS, those about the pollenstatistics, those regarding the possible presence of many objects imaged on the TS and many others.About the 1988 dating, the chemical evidence makes it highly probable that the radiocarbonsample was invalid. The technology and chemical composition of the cloth make it extremelyprobable that it is older than indicated by the radiocarbon age determination. The Holland cloth wasa good, documented example of Medieval linen, and it has little in common either structurally orchemically with the Shroud. A few simple photomicrographs would have shown that the areachosen was anomalous. The fact that there is absolutely no danger of autocatalytic decompositionas a result of the 1532 fire damage must be considered for the conservation of the TS.Obviously these problems and many others will be more easy to solve if the Turin people will beopen to furnishing new data to the Shroud Science Group and to any researcher interested indeepening the study about the most important relic of Christianity.REFERENCES1. ACCETTA A.: “Nuclear Radiation and the Shroud: Head Image”, Dallas International Conference on theShroud of Turin, Dallas, Texas, U.S.A., 25-28 October 2001.2. ACCETTA J. S. and BAUMGART J. S., "Infrared reflectance spectroscopy and thermographic investigationsof the Shroud of Turin," Applied Optics 19, 1921-1929 (1980).25

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