microleakage in class ii composite restorations ... - ePrints@USM

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iii- Quantitative Measurements of Sealing Effectiveness or Flow MeasurementsIn this method, the adhesively restored tooth is brought under pressure with waterfrom inside the dental pulp. The permeability or the water flow along the toothrestoration interface is then quantitatively determined through accurate measurement ofthe displacement of an air bubble within a water filled micropipette, using a computerdrivenoptical system.(de Almeida et al., (2003) studied three different methods to evaluate microleakageof packable composites in class II restorations. The results showed that Rhodamine Bdetected more microleakage than calcium (Ca) or methylene blue. These results weresupported by (Amarante de Camargo et al., (2006), who reported that the results of dyepenetration suggested that there was a difference between dyes and measurementmethods, and this should change the interpretation of microleakage tests.2.1.3.2 Fluorescent DyeDifferent techniques using different dye solutions were reported to studymicroleakage in the literature. Dyes used in dental research are provided either assolutions or particle suspensions of differing particle size, depending upon manufacturerand individual behavior of the dye.Fluorescent dye is one of the dyes used for microleakage test. It is a very powerfulinvestigative technique in microscopy (Watson, 1997). It is incorporated into adhesivesystem components, placed in pulp chamber and allowed to diffuse toward therestorative interface, as well as being used as visible tracer in microleakage test(D'Alpino et al., 2006c). Furthermore, fluorescent dyes are useful as tracers becausethey are detectable in dilute concentrations, inexpensive, and non-toxic, allowing use inclinical as well as laboratory investigations (D'Alpino et al., 2006c).16
Fluorescent dyes were used by many researchers.(Mohan and Kandaswamy, (2005)used Rhodamine B dye in investigation and evaluation of the resin-dentin interface.Likewise, (de Almeida et al., (2003) used Rhodamine B dye for microleakageevaluation of packable composites in Class II restorations. In the mean time, (D'Alpinoet al., (2006b) found that tow-photon laser microscopy which used fluorescent dyes asits investigative tool provides high quality, high resolution images and preciseassessment to the tooth-restoration interface.Although Watson, (1997) stated that microleakage studies performed with fluorescentdyes and examined using confocal microscopy may provide a more accurate descriptionof restorative failure, most studies that used fluorescing agents did not use confocalmicroscopy to test for microleakage. Instead, normal, low-resolution optical microscopywas used. For this type of study, the dyes such as Rhodamine B red dye are usedbecause they present a very visible, strong color, and not because of their fluorescence(D'Alpino et al., 2006a)However, it must be remembered not to overload the materials with dye as it can leadto quenching (an anomalous reduction in fluorescence intensity), and thus causemisleading results. In such conditions, the dye molecules may be located too close toone another. As a consequence, photons emitted from a dye molecule, followinginteraction with the excitation illumination are absorbed by closely neighbouringmolecules rather than emitted as fluorescent light. Therefore, dyes that can bind to toothsubstance or to the restorative materials are a potential source of error in leakage studiesbecause penetration studies in dentine also exhibit some dentine staining that should bedistinguished from the actual gap between the cavity wall and the restorative material.As such, material properties should be checked to ensure that the dye is not changingthe characteristics of the substances under investigation (Watson, 1997).17
Page 1 and 2: MICROLEAKAGE IN CLASS II COMPOSITE
Page 3 and 4: DEDICATIONTo my mother and my fathe
Page 5 and 6: TABLE OF CONTENTSPageDEDICATION ...
Page 7 and 8: 2.4.4 Confocal Laser Scanning Micro
Page 9 and 10: REFERENCES ........................
Page 11 and 12: LIST OF FIGURESPageFig. 2.1 Adhesiv
Page 13 and 14: KEBOCORAN MIKRO DALAM TAMPALAN KOMP
Page 15 and 16: MICROLEAKAGE IN CLASS II COMPOSITE
Page 17 and 18: CHAPTER ONEINTRODUCTION1.1 Backgrou
Page 19 and 20: data regarding microleakage of nano
Page 21 and 22: Malaysia, it is important to study
Page 23 and 24: CHAPTER TWOLITERATURE REVIEW2.1 Mic
Page 25 and 26: dental restoratives, and the macros
Page 27 and 28: plasticization, microcrack formatio
Page 29 and 30: duration of appropriate exposure. S
Page 31: microleakage when they were subject
Page 35 and 36: attached to the etched area and he
Page 37 and 38: However, (Tay and Pashley, (2005) s
Page 39 and 40: popularity. Although adhesives that

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