10.07.2015 Views

prediktivnost kvaliteta izvoğenja nožnih tehnika u karate sportu na ...

prediktivnost kvaliteta izvoğenja nožnih tehnika u karate sportu na ...

prediktivnost kvaliteta izvoğenja nožnih tehnika u karate sportu na ...

SHOW MORE
SHOW LESS

Create successful ePaper yourself

Turn your PDF publications into a flip-book with our unique Google optimized e-Paper software.

Gu`vica, M.: PREDIKTIVNOST KVALITETA IZVO\ENJA NOŽNIH TEHNIKA... Zbornik radova 2011, 94–104applied fighting. From the standpoint of movement andsituation structure, it belongs to polystructural sports field,where the activity is taking place in variable conditions. Itsstructure consists of complexes of simple and complex movementsdomi<strong>na</strong>ted by transformation from situation to situation,that is, from action to action (attack-defense-counterattack).Domi<strong>na</strong>nt techniques that achieve points are hits(Jovanovic, 1992), and therefore it is necessary to, duringtheir performance, satisfy the basic elements of performance,such as: good form, correct posture, expression of powerand speed, timeliness, accuracy and exactness of distance.Performing the hits is often examined depending on the taskvariables and performance variables. When we think of hitsas tasks, then one refers to the instructions that include theexecution of a stroke at a certain speed and precision, thenon to perform at a certain time on a certain length anddefined trajectory. When it comes to performance, it refersto the mechanical requirements of performance, power,speed and length of stroke. Of course, the hit performanceis caused by the functioning efficiency of cortical and subcorticalareas of the central nervous system, as well asmechanisms for energy regulation and regulation of movement.Therefore the hit should not be seen only through itsexter<strong>na</strong>l form, but also through other, inter<strong>na</strong>l components,such are tonic and energy components. As the sport combattakes place under conditions of constant changing of dy<strong>na</strong>micsituation, it is necessary for Karateka to reach theutility of techniques. The high level of techniques utilityincludes a high level of technical performance, which is oneof the important factors of a successful conducting the sportcombat. Since kicking techniques, by its structure, belongto more complex techniques than punching techniques, theyare, nevertheless, very close to the <strong>na</strong>tural forms of movement.We know that the <strong>na</strong>tural body movements (bioticmotor skills) allow the formation of more complex motorprograms, and if their level and volume are higher, it is possibleto adopt other, specific motor skills easier and faster.Therefore, given the similarity of kicks with <strong>na</strong>tural forms ofmovement, it is very interesting to explore to which extentare some motor skills, which are genetically predisposed,and some morphological features relevant to the adoptio<strong>na</strong>nd implementation of the basic kicks.Motor learning and motor know-howIf one takes into account the phylogenetic and ontogeneticdevelopment of man, it can be concluded that most derivativeforms of movement, in fact, are an upgrade of encoded,genetically transmitted motion. Man inherits the physicalconstitution, certain movements and gene for intelligence,upon which intellectual ability and memory abilities rely.Once almost unthinkable, but today very much achievablemotor forms suggest that the adoption and development ofspecific motor programs is not possible to bring to an endof the absolute limit, if it exists at all. Thus, motor learningrefers to the process of forming a motor skill that can bedefined as the ability of smooth and harmonious executionof a motor task. Since there is descriptive definitions almostas much as the authors themselves, this time, on the basisof them, with the aim of saving in space, will be establishedconclusion that motor learning is a very complex process ofupgrading, with participation from all the features and characteristicsof the individual, such as representative-imagi<strong>na</strong>tive,logical-cognitive, emotio<strong>na</strong>l, willing, functio<strong>na</strong>l andmotor skills. It is a systematized and continuous process ofmima praktično primijenjenih borenja. Sa stanovi{ta kretanjai strukture situacija, spada u polistrukturne sportskegrane, gdje se aktivnost odvija u varijabilnim uslovima.Njegovu strukturu čine kompleksi jednostavnih i složenihkretanja kojim dominiraju transformacije iz situacije u situaciju,odnosno iz akcije u akciju (<strong>na</strong>pad-odbra<strong>na</strong>-kontra<strong>na</strong>pad).Domi<strong>na</strong>ntne tehnike kojima se postižu poeni jesu udarci(Jovanović, 1992), pa je zato potrebno da se, prilikom njihovogizvođenja, zadovolje osnovni elementi izvođenja, kao{to su: dobra forma, korektan stav, ispoljenost s<strong>na</strong>ge i brzine,pravovremenost, preciznost i korektnost distance. Izvođenjeudaraca <strong>na</strong>jče{će posmatramo u zavisnosti od varijabli zadatakai varijabli izvođenja. Kada udarce posmatramo kaozadatak, onda se misli <strong>na</strong> instrukcije koje podrazumijevajuizvođenje udarca određenom brzinom, precizno{ću, zatimda se on izvede u određenom vremenu, <strong>na</strong> određenoj dužinii definisanom trajektorijom. Kada je pak u pitanju izvođenje,tada se misli <strong>na</strong> mehaničke uslove izvođenja, s<strong>na</strong>gu, brzinui dužinu udarca. Naravno, izvođenje udarca uslovljeno jeefikasno{ću funkcionisanja kortikalnih i supkortikalnih zo<strong>na</strong>centralnog nervnog sistema, kao i mehanizmima za energetskuregulaciju i regulaciju kretanja. Zato udarac ne treba posmatratisamo preko njegove vanjske forme, već i prekodrugih, untura{njih kompone<strong>na</strong>ta, kao {to su tonične i energetskekomponente. Kako se sportska borba odvija u uslovimaneprestanog mijenjanja di<strong>na</strong>mičke situacije, neophodnoje da karatista dostigne utilitarnost <strong>tehnika</strong>. Visoknivo utilitarnosti <strong>tehnika</strong> podrazumijeva i visok nivo tehničkogizvođenja, {to je jedan od z<strong>na</strong>čajnih faktora uspje{nog vođenjasportske borbe. Po{to tehnike udaraca nogom, po svojojstrukturi, spadaju u tehnike složenije od <strong>tehnika</strong> udaracarukom, one su, ipak, veoma bliske prirodnim oblicima kretanja.Z<strong>na</strong>mo da prirodni oblici kretanja (biotička motoričkaz<strong>na</strong>nja) omogućavaju formiranje složenijih motoričkih programa,i ukoliko je njihov nivo i obim veći, moguće je lak{ei brže usvajanje drugih, specifičnih motoričkih z<strong>na</strong>nja. Zatoje, s obzirom <strong>na</strong> sličnost udaraca nogom sa prirodnimoblicima kretanja, veoma interesantno istražiti u kojoj mjerisu neke motoričke sposobnosti, koje su genetski determinisane,i neke morfolo{ke karakteristike z<strong>na</strong>čajne za usvajanjei izvođenje osnovnih udaraca nogom.Motori~ko u~enje i motori~ka z<strong>na</strong>njaAko se uzme u obzir filogenetski i ontogenetski razvoj čovjeka,može se zaključiti da je veći<strong>na</strong> izvedenih formi kretanja, usu{tini, <strong>na</strong>dgradnja kodiranih, genetski prenosivih kretanja.Čovjek <strong>na</strong>sljeđuje fizičku konstituciju, određene pokrete igen za inteligenciju, od kojih zavise intelektualne sposobnostii sposobnosti pamćenja. Nekad gotovo nezamislive, ada<strong>na</strong>s i te kako ostvarive motoričke forme <strong>na</strong>vode <strong>na</strong> pomisaoda usvajanje i usavr{avanje određenih motoričkihprograma i nije moguće dovesti do kraja apsolutne granice,ako o<strong>na</strong> uop{te postoji. Dakle, motoričko učenje se odnosi<strong>na</strong> proces formiranja motoričke vje{tine koju možemodefinisati kao sposobnost tečnog i harmoničnog izvođenjanekog motoričkog zadatka. Kako opisnih definicija imagotovo koliko i samih autora, ovom prilikom će, <strong>na</strong> osnovunjih, a s ciljem u{tede u prostoru, biti formiran zaključak daje motoričko učenje veoma složeni proces <strong>na</strong>dgradnje, ukome učestvuju sve funkcije i svojstva pojedinca, kao {to su:predstavno-imagi<strong>na</strong>tiv<strong>na</strong>, logičko-saz<strong>na</strong>j<strong>na</strong>, emocio<strong>na</strong>l<strong>na</strong>,volj<strong>na</strong>, kao i funkcio<strong>na</strong>lne i motoričke sposobnosti. To jesistematizovani i trajni proces usvajanja motornih programaSHORT SCIENTIFIC PAPERKRATKI NAUČNI ČLANAK95


Gu`vica, M.: QUALITY PREDICTABILITY OF PERFORMING LEG TECHNIQUES... Proceedings 2011, 94–104SHORT SCIENTIFIC PAPERKRATKI NAUČNI ČLANAKadoption of motor programs and experiences, their adjustmentto perso<strong>na</strong>l abilities and conversion to perso<strong>na</strong>l property.In essence, learning comes down to acquisition,transfer and adoption of knowledge.Motor learning begins when the teacher announces thetopic, explain the principles of the new curriculum anddemonstrates the task. It is done with the help of cognitiveprocesses - observing and imitating, with a verbal description,creating a visual representation of the movement (Buccinoand Riga, 2006) claim that motor learning is facilitated whenindividual creates a notion of motor movement). After verbalexpla<strong>na</strong>tion and demonstration follows the realization ofcognitive and practical activity, that is, training and repetitionof elements (technique), with timely correction and elimi<strong>na</strong>tionof important errors in a short time, thus elimi<strong>na</strong>tingunnecessary movements and excessive muscle strain. Afterremoving errors and elimi<strong>na</strong>ting unnecessary muscle strain,the individual elements are becoming interconnected,therefore building more complex motor program. Withgreater and frequent number of repetitions motor programsare becoming increasingly automated and are less underconstant control of consciousness, which allows the transferof motor know-how into a habit, where motion ma<strong>na</strong>gementis automated. Automated movement and high durabilityensure efficiency in different, very complex circumstances,allowing to direct attention and thinking at the conditionsin which the movement is performed. However, althoughautomaticity seems to look like reflex activity, it is under thecontrol of consciousness, which allows the introduction ofnecessary corrections. Hence, perhaps, the claim from Koprivica(2002), although contrary to previous belief, thatthere is no complete automation of even the simplest ofmovements and especially of complex ones. The last stepin learning is to obtain feedback, whether exerciser comesby it alone or with others, while the most important onesare still those that come from the teacher. Wherever possible,new knowledge and skills coalesce with previouslyacquired knowledge and skills and thereby strengthen andimprove, establishing inter<strong>na</strong>l connection.When it comes to motor know-how, it refers to the possibilityof efficient and smooth execution of purposeful motorstructures of movement, that is, previously established motoralgorithms. Specific motor know-how is a know-howacquired over a period of training and development, theyinclude adaptation of morphological, motor and functio<strong>na</strong>labilities, and represent the basis for the successful operation(Anon, 1999?). So, to make this possible it is necessary forexerciser to, along with the appropriate skills and characteristicsdepending on the complexity of the techniques, providean optimal number of iterations. Ilic (1999) points to researchby Jaric and Korkos (1993) on the termi<strong>na</strong>l moves whereresults show that even after the 1500 attempts the plateauof motor learning has not been reached. The same author(see Schmidt et al. 1989) points out that during the processof learning termi<strong>na</strong>l movements and after 4,000 of repetitionserrors occur, indicating that achieving automaticity, that is,stabilization of motor program represents a complex andlengthy process. However, he (Ilic, 1999) says that in manycases research has shown that 450 is the optimal number ofattempts in which the move is sufficiently learned. Of course,besides large number of repetitions, the eficiency of adoptingand acquiring motor skills depends on the method oflearning that should be in accordance with practitioner’sabilities and characteristics. If the differences among athletesare taken into account, it is clear that they are, in the sametime period, also acquire motor knowledge on various levels.The lowest, first level of adoption of technology refersi iskustava, njihovo pode{avanje ličnim sposobnostima ipreobraćanje u ličnu svojinu. U su{tini, učenje se svodi <strong>na</strong>sticanje, transfer i usvajanje z<strong>na</strong>nja.Motoričko učenje počinje tako {to <strong>na</strong>stavnik <strong>na</strong>javi temu,objasni zakonitosti novog gradiva i demonstrira zadatak. Onose odvija uz uče{će kognitivnih procesa - posmatranjem iopo<strong>na</strong>{anjem, uz verbalni opis, stvarajući tako vizuelnupredstavu o pokretu (Buccino i Rigio, 2006) koji tvrde da jemotoričko učenje olak{ano kada pojedi<strong>na</strong>c stvori motoričkupredstavu pokreta). Nakon verbalnog obja{njenja i demonstracije,slijedi realizacija misaone i praktične aktivnosti,odnosno po<strong>na</strong>vljanje i uvježbavanje eleme<strong>na</strong>ta (tehnike),uz pravovremenu korekciju i otklanjanje bitnih gre{aka ukratkom vremenu, elimini{ući tako nepotrebne pokrete isuvi{<strong>na</strong> mi{ić<strong>na</strong> <strong>na</strong>prezanja. Po otklanjanju gre{aka i eliminisanjusuvi{nih mi{ićnih <strong>na</strong>prezanja, pojedi<strong>na</strong>čni elementi semeđusobno povezuju, gradeći tako složeniji motoričkiprogram. Većim i učestalijim brojem po<strong>na</strong>vljanja motoričkiprogrami se sve vi{e automatizuju i sve manje su pod stalnomkontrolom svijesti, {to omogućava prelazak motoričkogumijenja u <strong>na</strong>viku, pri čemu je upravljanje kretanjem automatizovano.Automatizovano kretanje i visoka postojanostobezbjeđuju efikasnost u različitim, veoma složenim okolnostima,omogućavajući da se pažnja i mi{ljenje usmjereisključivo <strong>na</strong> uslove u kojima se kretanje izvodi. Međutim,iako automatizam izgleda kao refleks<strong>na</strong> aktivnost, on je podkontrolom svijesti, {to omogućava uno{enje neophodnihkorekcija. Odatle, vjerovatno, i tvrdnja Koprivice (2002),iako suprot<strong>na</strong> dosada{njem vjerovanju, da ne postoji potpu<strong>na</strong>automatizacija, čak ni <strong>na</strong>jjednostavnijih pokreta, aposebno ne složenijih. Posljednji korak u učenju jeste dobijanjepovratnih informacija, bilo da vježbač do njih dolazisam ili uz pomoć drugih, pri čemu su, ipak, <strong>na</strong>jvažnije onekoje dolaze od strane <strong>na</strong>stavnika. Gdje god je moguće, novaz<strong>na</strong>nja i vje{tine se sjedinjavaju s ranije usvojenim z<strong>na</strong>njimai vje{ti<strong>na</strong>ma, i <strong>na</strong> taj <strong>na</strong>čin učvr{ćuju i usavr{avaju, uspostavljajućiunutra{nju vezu.Kada su u pitanju motorička z<strong>na</strong>nja, misli se <strong>na</strong> mogućnostefikasnog i nesmetanog izvođenja svrsishodnih motoričkihstruktura kretanja, odnosno ranije formiranih motoričkihalgoritama. Specifič<strong>na</strong> motorička z<strong>na</strong>nja su z<strong>na</strong>nja steče<strong>na</strong>kroz period obučavanja i usavr{avanja, podrazumijevajuadaptaciju morfolo{kih, motoričkih i funkcio<strong>na</strong>lnih sposobnosti,i predstavljaju osnov za uspje{no djelovanje (Anon,1999?). Dakle, kako bi ovo bilo moguće potrebno je davježbač, pored odgovarajućih sposobnosti i karakteristika, uzavisnosti od složenosti tehnike, obezbjedi i optimalan brojpo<strong>na</strong>vljanja. Ilić (1999) ukazuje <strong>na</strong> istraživanja koja su proveliJarić i Korkos (1993) <strong>na</strong> termi<strong>na</strong>lnim pokretima, a čijirezultati pokazuju da ni <strong>na</strong>kon 1.500 poku{aja nije dostignutplato motoričkog učenja. Isti autor (vidi Schmidt i sar., 1989)<strong>na</strong>gla{ava da se u toku procesa učenja termi<strong>na</strong>lnih pokretai <strong>na</strong>kon 4.000 po<strong>na</strong>vljanja pojavljuju gre{ke, {to ukazuje dadostizanje automatizma, odnosno stabilizovanje motornogprograma predstavlja složen i dugotrajan proces. Ipak, on(Ilić, 1999) kaže da su u velikom broju slučajeva istraživanjapokazala da 450 poku{aja predstavlja optimalan broj prikome se pokret u dovoljnoj mjeri <strong>na</strong>uči. Naravno, poredvelikog broja po<strong>na</strong>vljanja, efikasnost usvajanja i sticanjamotoričkih z<strong>na</strong>nja zavisi i od metoda učenja koje treba dasu u skladu sa vježbačevim sposobnostima i karakteristikama.Ukoliko se uzmu u obzir različitosti među vježbačima, jasnoje da oni, u istom vremenskom periodu, i motorička z<strong>na</strong>njausvajaju <strong>na</strong> različitim nivoima. Najniži, prvi nivo usvojenosttehnike odnosi se <strong>na</strong> nemogućnost njene izvedbe <strong>na</strong> nivou96


Gu`vica, M.: PREDIKTIVNOST KVALITETA IZVO\ENJA NOŽNIH TEHNIKA... Zbornik radova 2011, 94–104to the impossibility of its performance at the level of theinformation given, although there is notion of her performance.The practitioner has the symbolic, but not motorinformation. The second level refers to the stage of roughcoordi<strong>na</strong>tion, where the least of interferences prevent theperformance of technique and cause a significant deviationfrom its ideal performance, while energy and time consumptionis much larger than the optimum. The third level is alittle higher than this, some parts of techniques are performedcorrectly, while remaining have a significant deviation fromideal trajectories. The technique is performed with agreater degree of certainty and more ratio<strong>na</strong>l expenditureof time and energy. The next, higher level of techniqueacquisition involves performance with a small, slight deviationsfrom the ideal trajectory and inter<strong>na</strong>l structure , whilethe highest level of adoption of the technique is the one thatruns without deviation from the ideal trajectory and with thecorresponding inter<strong>na</strong>l structure.In most of previously published research it has been determinedthat the adoption efficiency of <strong>karate</strong> techniques,depends on the motor abilities and morphological characteristicsof the practitioner to a large extent. In light of this,the problem of this research is focused on quality of kicksperformance.The subject of this investigation is to determine the level ofadoption connection kicking techniques as basic elementsof <strong>karate</strong> sport combat, with some of the motor skills (geneticallydetermined) and morphological characteristics ofstudents of the Police College from Banja Luka.The goal of the research is in causality with the issue andsubject of work, which refers to obtaining information aboutthe connection between explosive power of knee extensorand speed, then body height, length of lower limbs and bodyweight with the quality of performance kicks. This a<strong>na</strong>lysisshould show whether the mentioned motor abilities andmorphological characteristics significantly affect the qualityof kicks acquisition, so that the obtained results can be usedduring the training of future athletes.Based on the subject and goal of the research it is possibleto set up the hypothess that motor abilities combined andmorphological characteristics will have significant predictabilityon quality of kicks straight ahead and U-ahead.MethodsSample of respondentsSample was composed of first year students of Police Collegein Banja Luka (N=76), aged between 19 and 21 years. Allsubjects were clinically healthy, with no visible physical disabilitiesor morphological aberrations. Students who havehad previous knowledge compatible with the elements ofthe sport of <strong>karate</strong>, were not included in this study.Sample of variablesFor the realization of this work it was taken eight variables,from which five motor and three morphological variables aspredictor variables, whike the kicks have been taken ascriterion. From the area of morphological variables weretaken: height (TV), body weight (TT) and leg length (DUZNOG),while the motor variables consisted of: foot tapping (TAPNOG),standing long jump (SKDALJ), standing high jump (ABALAK),20 meters run with a flying start (TR20LET) and 20 metersrun from a standing start (TR20VIS), as predictor variables.dobijene informacije, iako postoji predstava o njenomizvođenju. Vježbač ima simboličku, ali ne i motoričku informaciju.Drugi nivo odnosi se <strong>na</strong> stadijum grube koordi<strong>na</strong>cije,gdje i <strong>na</strong>jmanje smetnje onemogućavaju izvođenjetehnike i uslovljavaju z<strong>na</strong>čajno odstupanje od njenog idealnogizvođenja, a utro{ak energije i vreme<strong>na</strong> je z<strong>na</strong>tno većiod optimalnog. Treći nivo je ne{to vi{i od ovoga, pojedinisegmenti tehnike se izvode pravilno, dok preostali imajuz<strong>na</strong>t<strong>na</strong> odstupanja od idealnih trajektorija. Tehnika se izvodisa većim stepenom sigurnosti i racio<strong>na</strong>lnijim utro{komvreme<strong>na</strong> i energije. Slijedeći, vi{i nivo usvojenosti podrazumijevaizvođenje tehnike sa malim, nez<strong>na</strong>tnim odstupanjimaod idealne trajektorije i unutra{nje strukture , dok je <strong>na</strong>jvi{istepen usvojenosti tehnike o<strong>na</strong>j koji se izvodi bez odstupanjaod idealnih trajektorija i sa odgovarajućom unutra{njomstrukturom.U većem broju ranije objavljenih istraživanja utvrđeno je daefikasnost usvajanja <strong>karate</strong> <strong>tehnika</strong>, u z<strong>na</strong>čajnoj mjeri, zavisiod motoričkih sposobnosti i morfolo{kih karakteristikavježbača. U tom svjetlu i problem ovog istraživanja je usmjeren<strong>na</strong> kvalitet izvođenja udaraca nogom.Predmet istraživanja odnosi se <strong>na</strong> utvrđivanje veza nivoausvojenosti <strong>tehnika</strong> udaraca nogom, kao osnovnih eleme<strong>na</strong>tasportske <strong>karate</strong> borbe, sa nekim motoričkim sposobnostima(genetski determinisanim) i morfolo{kim karakteristikamastude<strong>na</strong>ta Visoke {kole unutra{njih poslova iz BanjeLuke.Cilj istraživanja je u kauzalnosti sa problemom i predmetomrada, a odnosi se <strong>na</strong> dobijanje podataka o povezanostieksplozivne s<strong>na</strong>ge opružača nogu i brzine, zatim tjelesnevisine, dužine donjih ekstremiteta i tjelesne težine sa kvalitetomizvođenja udaraca nogom. Ova a<strong>na</strong>liza treba da pokažeda li pomenute motoričke sposobnosti i morfolo{ke karakteristike,z<strong>na</strong>čajno utiču <strong>na</strong> kvalitet usvojenosti nožnihudaraca, kako bi se dobijeni rezultati mogli primijeniti uperiodu edukacije budućih sporta{a.Na osnovu predmeta i ciljeva istraživanja moguće je postavitihipotezu da će udružene motoričke sposobnosti imorfolo{ke karakteristike imati z<strong>na</strong>čajnu <strong>prediktivnost</strong> <strong>na</strong>kvalitet izvođenja udaraca nogom pravo i polukružno <strong>na</strong>prijed.MetodeUzorak ispitanikaUzorak ispitanika su sačinjavali studenti 1. godine Visoke{kole unutra{njih poslova u Banjoj Luci (N=76), starostiizmeđu 19 i 21 godine. Svi ispitanici su bili klinički zdravi,bez vidljivih telesnih nedostataka ili morfolo{kih aberacija.Studenti koji su imali ranija z<strong>na</strong>nja kompatibil<strong>na</strong> sa elementimaiz sportskog <strong>karate</strong>a, ovim istraživanjem nisu biliobuhvaćeni.Uzorak varijabliZa realizaciju ovoga rada uzeto je osam varijabli, od čegapet motoričkih i tri morfolo{ke kao prediktorske varijable,dok su za kriterijumske varijable uzeti udarci nogom. Izprostora morfolo{kih varijabli uzete su: tjeles<strong>na</strong> visi<strong>na</strong> (TV),tjeles<strong>na</strong> teži<strong>na</strong> (TT) i duži<strong>na</strong> noge (DUZNOG), dok sumotoričke varijable činili: taping nogom (TAPNOG); skokudalj s mjesta (SKDALJ); skok uvis s mjesta (ABALAK); trčanje20 metara letećim startom (TR20LET) i trčanje 20 metara izvisokog starta (TR20VIS), kao prediktorske varijable. Kriterijumskevarijable predstavljali su specifični testovi: udaracSHORT SCIENTIFIC PAPERKRATKI NAUČNI ČLANAK97


Gu`vica, M.: QUALITY PREDICTABILITY OF PERFORMING LEG TECHNIQUES... Proceedings 2011, 94–104Criterion variables were the specific tests: kick straight ahead(MG) and kick U-ahead (MWG).Research description and mesurement methodnogom pravo <strong>na</strong>prijed (MG) i udarac nogom polukružno<strong>na</strong>prijed (MWG).Opis istra`ivanja i <strong>na</strong>~in mjerenjaSHORT SCIENTIFIC PAPERKRATKI NAUČNI ČLANAKThe research, which included measurement of motor andmorphological variables, was done in two days. Measurementsof motor abilities were conducted in the gym<strong>na</strong>siumand on the athletic stadium in the afternoon at a temperatureabout 25 ° Celsius, while the morphological observationswere made in the morning. The subjects came in sportsequipment (shorts, T-shirts and sneakers) in groups of 19.Measurements were conducted by examiners who are trainedfor it. Tests were arranged so that after a test done the impactof fatigue resulting from the previous test is completely removed.The results were read at the end of the test or whilethe respondent was on the instrument. The person whoregistered results, for the sake of control, was loudly repeatingthe results.In order to conduct observations motor skills were used:jogging track, a stopwatch with 1/10th of a second, mats, achair, wooden structure for foot tapping, springboard andmeasuring tape. For the measurement of body weight andbody height was used the Martin Anthropometer with thepossibility of reading .1 cm and medical scales with a decimalscale reading of .1 kg.Total education of kicking techniques lasted for 6 hours,after which the expert assessment of the three examinersdetermined the achieved level of technique performance.Techniques were performed after respondents’ warm up,without contact with the target surface (as an open kineticchain). Punches were taken out of a combat stance andguard, so that the respondent was facing flank towards theexaminers. Each subject performed hits twice, both attemptswere assessed with grades 5 through 10, and for the fi<strong>na</strong>la<strong>na</strong>lysis was used the better result.Statistical data a<strong>na</strong>lysisData obtained by survey were a<strong>na</strong>lyzed by appropriatestatistical procedure and their mathematical processing wasimplemented on a PC Pentium 4, using the SPSS (version19.00) statistical software. Correlation between the observedvariables was determined by regression a<strong>na</strong>lysis. Using theresidual variance the standard error of multiple regressionwas calculated, while by quantifying the previously explained(regression) share in total variability was calculated the multipledetermi<strong>na</strong>tion coefficien. To test the significance of theregression relationship between the variables it was used thea<strong>na</strong>lysis of multiple regression variance, and by applying theT-test the statistical significance of regression coefficients wastested (information about individual influance of the independentvariables on the dependent variable were determined).Istraživanje je obuhvatilo mjerenje motoričkih i morfološkihvarijabli koje je realizovano u dva da<strong>na</strong>. Mjerenja motoričkihsposobnosti sprovede<strong>na</strong> su u sportskoj sali i <strong>na</strong> atletskomstadionu u popodnevnim časovima pri temperaturi cca 25°Celzijusijevih, dok su morfolo{ka mjerenja urađe<strong>na</strong> u prijepodnevnimčasovima. Ispitanici su dolazili u sportskojopremi (gaćice, majice i patike) u grupama po 19. Mjerenjesu obavili ispitivači koji su za to edukovani. Testovi su biliraspoređeni tako da se <strong>na</strong>kon urađenog testa sasvim ukloniuticaj zamora <strong>na</strong>stalog pri prethodnom testu. Rezultati sučitani po zavr{etku testa ili dok je ispitanik <strong>na</strong> instrumentu.Osoba koja je upisivala rezultate, radi kontrole, glasno jepo<strong>na</strong>vljala rezultate.Kako bi se sprovela mjerenja motoričkih sposobnosti, kori{ćenoje: staza za trčanje, {toperica sa 1/10 sekundi; strunjače;stolica; drve<strong>na</strong> konstrukcija za taping nogom; odskoč<strong>na</strong>daska i mjer<strong>na</strong> traka. Za mjerenje tjelesne težine i tjelesnevisine kori{ćen je antropometar po Martinu sa mogućno{ćučitanja od 0,1 cm i medicinska decimal<strong>na</strong> vaga sa mogućno{ćučitanja od 0,1 kg.Ukup<strong>na</strong> edukacija <strong>tehnika</strong> udaraca nogama trajala je 6časova, <strong>na</strong>kon čega je ekspertskom ocjenom tri ispitivačautvrđen dostignuti nivo <strong>kvaliteta</strong> izvođenja <strong>tehnika</strong>. Tehnikesu izvođene <strong>na</strong>kon zagrijavanja ispitanika, i to bez kontaktasa ciljnom povr{inom (kao otvoreni kinetički la<strong>na</strong>c). Udarcisu izvođeni iz borbenog stava i garda, tako da je ispitanikbio okrenut bokom prema ispitivačima. Svaki ispitanik jeudarce izvodio po dva puta, ocjenjiva<strong>na</strong> su oba poku{ajaocje<strong>na</strong>ma od 5 do 10, a za ko<strong>na</strong>čnu obradu kori{ćen je boljirezultat.Statisti~ka odbrada podatakaPodaci dobijeni istraživanjem obrađeni su odgovarajućomstatističkom procedurom, a njihovo matematičko procesiranjerealizovano je <strong>na</strong> PC raču<strong>na</strong>ru Pentijum 4, uz kori{ćenjeaplikacionog statističkog programa SPSS (verzija 19,00).Povezanost između posmatranih varijabli određe<strong>na</strong> je regresionoma<strong>na</strong>lizom. Preko rezidualne varijanse izraču<strong>na</strong>taje standard<strong>na</strong> gre{ka multiple regresije, dok je kvantifikovanjemudjela obja{njenog (regresionog) u ukupnom (totalnom)varijabilitetu izraču<strong>na</strong>t koeficijent vi{estruke determi<strong>na</strong>cije.Za testiranje z<strong>na</strong>čajnosti regresione veze između promjenljivihkori{će<strong>na</strong> je a<strong>na</strong>liza varijanse multiple regresije, a primjenomT-testa testira<strong>na</strong> je statistička z<strong>na</strong>čajnost regresionih koeficije<strong>na</strong>ta(određene su informacije o pojedi<strong>na</strong>čnom djelovanjunezavisnih varijabli <strong>na</strong> zavisnu varijablu).Interpretation ofthe result and discussionTable 1 shows the results of descriptive a<strong>na</strong>lysis of expertratings for both hits. The table shows that the students showeda relatively low level of kicks forward performance quality(MG and MWG). The calculated mean value of the qualityof kicks performance (score of 6.6 for MG, and for the MWG,6.26) indicates a significant deviation from the predictedquality of the performance, which corresponds to the secondlevel of technology adoption where the least interferencehinders their performance and cause a significant deviationInterpretacijarezultata sa diskusijomU Tabeli 1 prikazani su rezultati deskriptivne a<strong>na</strong>lize ekspertskihocje<strong>na</strong> za oba udarca. Iz tabele je vidljivo da su studentipokazali relativno nizak nivo <strong>kvaliteta</strong> izvođenja udaracanogom <strong>na</strong>prijed (MG i MWG). Izraču<strong>na</strong>ta srednja vrijednost<strong>kvaliteta</strong> izvođenja udaraca (ocje<strong>na</strong> 6,6 za MG, a za MWG,6,26) ukazuje <strong>na</strong> z<strong>na</strong>tno odstupanje od predviđenog<strong>kvaliteta</strong> izvođenja, {to odgovara drugom nivou usvojenosti<strong>tehnika</strong>, gdje i <strong>na</strong>jmanje smetnje onemogućavaju njihovoizvođenje i uslovljavaju z<strong>na</strong>čajno odstupanje od ide-98


Gu`vica, M.: PREDIKTIVNOST KVALITETA IZVO\ENJA NOŽNIH TEHNIKA... Zbornik radova 2011, 94–104from ideal. Although being <strong>na</strong>tural movements, experiencehas shown that structuring of motor program, such as kicking,however, representss a lengthy and complex process. If theseexperiences are ma<strong>na</strong>ged, and having in mind the timeavailable for learning and perfecting, it is reaso<strong>na</strong>ble to expectthese results. Limited training time caused a small numberof successful attempts, so the minimum quota of 450 attemptswas not reached, which are thought to represent the optimalnumber at which the movement is sufficiently learned. Thenext cause is probably the lack of imagi<strong>na</strong>tion, that is, thei<strong>na</strong>bility of complete hit “experience” as a prerequisite forsuccessful attempts. Onwards, to this could be attributed acommon methodology of learning and training. Namely,although the practical application of the techniques wasdemonstrated and explained, in this phase of training itspractical application was not provided (contact with a partnerin its real implementation), but only acquisition of basicprinciples of hit performance. Further, relatively low valuesfor standard deviation were obtained(1.01 and 1.02), andsince it comes to a measure of variation, it is possible toconclude that the differences in technique performancebetween subjects are relatively small and that the group isquite homogeneous. The expla<strong>na</strong>tion of this phenomenoncan be seen in the fact that all the students were subjectedto tests of motor and even other skills and characteristics, inorder to enter the study.Tabela 1: Deskriptivni pokazatelji zavisnopromjenljivih i nezavisnopromjenljivihTable 1: Descriptive indicators of dependent variables and independent variablesalnog. Iako su u pitanju prirodni pokreti, iskustva supokazala da strukturiranje motornog progama, kao {to suudarci nogom, ipak, predstavlja dugotrajan i složeni proces.Ako se rukovodi ovim iskustvima i ako se ima u vidu raspoloživovrijeme učenja i usavr{avanja, realno je očekivati ovakverezultate. Ograničeno vrijeme obučavanja uslovilo je i malibroj uspje{nih poku{aja, tako da nije dostignuta minimal<strong>na</strong>kvota od 450 poku{aja, za koje se misli da predstavlja optimalanbroj pri kome se pokret u dovoljnoj mjeri <strong>na</strong>uči.Sljedeći uzrok je, vjerovatno, nedostatak imagi<strong>na</strong>cije,odnosno nemogućnost potpunog „doživljaja“ udarca, kaopreduslova za uspje{ne poku{aje. Nadalje. ovome bi semogla pripisati i uobičaje<strong>na</strong> metodika učenja i uvježbavanja.Naime, iako je demonstrira<strong>na</strong> i obja{nje<strong>na</strong> praktič<strong>na</strong> primje<strong>na</strong>tehnike, u ovoj fazi obuke nije predviđe<strong>na</strong> njegovapraktič<strong>na</strong> primje<strong>na</strong> (kontakt sa partnerom u njegovoj realnojizvedbi), već samo usvajanje osnovnih principa izvođenjaudarca. Dalje, dobijene su relativno niske vrijednosti standardnedevijacije (1,01 i 1,02), a s obzirom <strong>na</strong> to da je upitanju mjera varijacije, moguće je zaključiti da su razlike uizvođenju <strong>tehnika</strong> između ispitanika relativno male i da jegrupa dosta ujed<strong>na</strong>če<strong>na</strong>. Obja{njenje ove pojave se vidi utome {to su svi studenti bili podvrgnuti testovima motoričkih,pa i drugih sposobnosti i karakteristika, kako bi mogli upisatistudij.In table 2 there are values of Pearson’s coefficient shown incorrelation with both criteria variables. This shows strength(level) of correlation connection. In order to save space, thisoccasion will observe only numeric (in) consistency betweencriteria and predictor variables. The table shows correlationconnection to be moving form positive to negative values.Positive values for MG are moving from 0.012 (absence ofany connection) for TAPNOG to 0.245 for SKDALJ (pourconnection), while negative values are moving from -0.002for TV variable, to -0.390 (almost the line of significant connection)for TR20LET variable. However, the weak andVariables N M SDMG 76 6.59 1.01MWG 76 6.26 1.02SKDALJ 76 241.13 17.11ABALAK 76 50.32 9.28TAPNOG 76 39.58 4.24TR20LET 76 2.56 .23TR20VIS 76 3.34 .24TT 76 79.48 10.27TV 76 179.34 6.07DUZNOG 76 105.00 3.91Legend/Legenda: N - Number of respondent (Broj ispitanika); M – Mean (Aritmetička sredin);SD – Standard deviation (Standard<strong>na</strong> devijacija); MG – Kick right forward (Udarac nogompravo <strong>na</strong>prijed); MWG – Kick forward (Udarac nogom polukružno <strong>na</strong>prijed); SKDALJ –Long jump (Skok udalj); ABALAK, - High jump (Skok u vis); TAPNOG – Foot taping (Tapingnogom); TR20LET – Running twenty meters, flying start (Trčanje 20 metara iz visokog starta);TR20VIS – Running twenty meters from high start (Trčanje dvadeset metara, letećistart); TT – Body weight (Tjeles<strong>na</strong> te`i<strong>na</strong>); TV – Body height (Tjeles<strong>na</strong> visi<strong>na</strong>); DUZNOG– Leg length (Du`i<strong>na</strong> noge).U Tabeli 2 prikazane su vrijednosti Pirsonovog koeficijentakorelacije za obje kriterijumske varijable, koji ukazuje <strong>na</strong>jačinu (stepen) korelacionih veza. Zbog uštede u prostoru,ovom prilikom posmatraće se samo numerička (ne)saglasnostizmeđu kriterijumskih i prediktorskih varijabli. Iz tabele jevidljivo da se korelacione veze kreću od pozitivnih, pa donegativnih vrijednosti. Pozitivne vrijednosti za MG kreću seod 0,012 (izosta<strong>na</strong>k bilo kave veze) za TAPNOG do 0,245za SKDALJ (slaba povezanost), dok se negativne vrijednostikreću u rasponu od -0,002 za varijablu TV, do -0,390 (skorogranica z<strong>na</strong>čajne veze) za varijablu TR20LET. Ipak, slaba,negativ<strong>na</strong> veza evidentira<strong>na</strong> je sa brzinom, dok rezultati kojiSHORT SCIENTIFIC PAPERKRATKI NAUČNI ČLANAK99


Gu`vica, M.: QUALITY PREDICTABILITY OF PERFORMING LEG TECHNIQUES... Proceedings 2011, 94–104negative connection is evident in speed, while results givenfor TAPNOG, TT, and DUZNOG are pointing the absenceof any consistency with criteria variable. Regarding the ukick MWG, positive values are moving from .014 for TAPNOGto .243 for SKDALJ. Negative values are evident for variableTR20LET (-.388) and TR20VIS (-.362). Therefore, with u kickforward, as well as kick forward, with small deviation, thesimilar consistency of predictor variables to criteria variablesare shown. The question is raised why is there such pourconnection of criteria variables to explosive force of legextensor if it is very well known that in hierarchy of abilitythe explosive force is on the top. The answer to this questionlies, before all, in different angles of force that take part ingiven moves, but in high irradiation of moves as well, meaningin relatively weak adoption of techniques. Furthermore,the pour connection was evident in body weight as well,which was expected having in mind that body weight contributesthe absolute power of kick. When it comes to speedand its negative correlation to criteria variable (the lowerresult represents better time) it can be said that negativecorrelation of speed to criteria variable is also expected,having in mind that this as well as motor ability are veryimportant for kick performance impact. Unfortu<strong>na</strong>tely, dueto lack of movement adoption, the respondents in desire toperform the kick as fast as possible made significant deviationto foreseen trajectory of movement. This has made negativeimpact on fi<strong>na</strong>l numbers, so in this case the evident correlationwas below the level of expected.Tabela 2: Koeficijenti korelacije zavisnopromjenljivih i nezavisnopromjenljivihTable 2: Coefficients of correlation of dependent variables and independent variablesThe table 3 shows in what extent the regression plane featuresrelation between dependent variables (MG and MWB) andindependent joint variables, meaning with what degree ofprobability it is possible to use regression model for predictionof dependent variables. Given Coefficient of multipledetermi<strong>na</strong>tion whose value is R 2 =.270 shows that 27% oftotal variability of dependent variable (MG) and 29% ofdependent variable (MWG) can be explained with the influenceof independent joint variables, while remaining 73%or 71% of variability is under influence of unidentified factors.Considering that gained value is significantly lower thanvalue R 2 =.5 it is possible to conclude that there is no staticsignificant connection of dependent variable to joint indesudobijeni za TAPNOG, TT i DUZNOG ukazuju <strong>na</strong> odsustvobilo kakve saglasnosti sa kriterijumskom varijablom. Kadaje u pitanju polukružni udarac MWG, pozitivne vrijednostise kreću od 0,014 za TAPNOG, do 0,243 za SKDALJ, anegativne vrijednosti su evidentirane za varijable TR20LET(-0,388) i TR20VIS (-0,362). Dakle, i kod udarca nogompolukružno <strong>na</strong>prijed, kao i kod udarca nogom pravo, uzmala odstupanja, dobije<strong>na</strong> je slič<strong>na</strong> saglasnost prediktorskihvarijabli sa kriterijumskom varijablom. Postavlja se pitanjezašto je dobije<strong>na</strong> ovako slaba povezanost kriterijumskihvarijabli sa eksplozivnom s<strong>na</strong>gom opružača nogu, kada sez<strong>na</strong> da je u hijerarhiji sposobnosti eksploziv<strong>na</strong> s<strong>na</strong>ga <strong>na</strong>samom vrhu? Odgovor <strong>na</strong> to pitanje treba potražiti, prijesvega, u različitim uglovima djelovanja sila koje učestvuju uzadanim kretnjama, ali i visokoj iradijaciji pokreta, odnosnou relativno slaboj usvojenosti <strong>tehnika</strong>. Nadalje, slaba vezaevidentira<strong>na</strong> je i sa tjelesnom težinom, {to je i očekivano sobzirom <strong>na</strong> to da tjeles<strong>na</strong> teži<strong>na</strong> doprinosi apsolutnoj s<strong>na</strong>ziudaraca. Kada je u pitanju brzi<strong>na</strong> i nje<strong>na</strong> negativ<strong>na</strong> korelacijasa kriterijumskom varijablom (manji rezultat predstavljabolje vrijeme), može se reći da je negativ<strong>na</strong> korelacijabrzine s kriterijumskom varijablom takođe očekiva<strong>na</strong>, sobzirom <strong>na</strong> to da je i o<strong>na</strong>, kao i motorička sposobnost, odvelikog z<strong>na</strong>čaja za izvođenje udaraca. Nažalost, zbog nedovoljneusvojenosti pokreta, ispitanici su u želji da pokretizvedu {to brže, pravili z<strong>na</strong>t<strong>na</strong> odstupanja od predviđenetrajektorije kretanja, {to je negativno uticalo <strong>na</strong> ko<strong>na</strong>čnuocjenu, tako da je i u ovom slučaju dobije<strong>na</strong> korelacija ispodnivoa očekivanog.SHORT SCIENTIFIC PAPERKRATKI NAUČNI ČLANAKMGMWGSKDALJ .245 .243ABALAK .170 .173TAPNOG .012 .014TR20LET -.390 -.388TR20VIS -.362 -.301TT .140 .235TV -.002 .073DUZNOG .050 .136Legend/Legenda: MG – Kick right forward (Udarac nogom pravo <strong>na</strong>prijed); MWG – Kick forward(Udarac nogom polukružno <strong>na</strong>prijed); SKDALJ – Long jump (Skok udalj); ABALAK, - Highjump (Skok u vis); TAPNOG – Foot taping (Taping nogom); TR20LET – Running twentymeters, flying start (Trčanje 20 metara iz visokog starta); TR20VIS – Running twenty metersfrom high start (Trčanje dvadeset metara, leteći start); TT – Body weight (Tjeles<strong>na</strong> te`i<strong>na</strong>);TV – Body height (Tjeles<strong>na</strong> visi<strong>na</strong>); DUZNOG – Leg length (Du`i<strong>na</strong> noge).Koliko regresio<strong>na</strong> ravan vjerno odslikava relacije izmeđuzavisnopromjenljivih (MG i MWG) i nezavisnih udruženihvarijabli, tj. sa kojim stepenom vjerovatnoće je mogućekoristiti dobijeni regresioni model za predikciju zavisnihvarijabli, vidljivo je u Tabeli 3. Dobijeni Koeficijent vi{estrukedetermi<strong>na</strong>cije čija je vrijednost R 2 =0,270 pokazuje da se27% ukupnog varijabiliteta zavisnopromjenljive (MG) i 29%zavisnopromjenljive (MWG) može objasniti uticajem nezavisnihudruženih varijabli, dok je preostalih 73%, odnosno71% varijabiliteta pod uticajem neidentifikovanih faktora. Sobzirom <strong>na</strong> to da je dobije<strong>na</strong> vrijednost z<strong>na</strong>tno manja odvrijednosti R 2 =0,5 moguće je zaključiti da ne postoji statističkiz<strong>na</strong>čaj<strong>na</strong> povezanost zavisne varijable sa udruženim neza-100


Gu`vica, M.: PREDIKTIVNOST KVALITETA IZVO\ENJA NOŽNIH TEHNIKA... Zbornik radova 2011, 94–104pendent variables. However, if all factors important forlearning and perfecting the kick are taken in considerationit can be concluded that the percentage of prediction is veryrespectable. In further procedure aiming to elimi<strong>na</strong>te eventuallacks of coefficient of multiple determi<strong>na</strong>tion this coefficientis corrected. This process has given somewhat lowervalues of corrected coefficients of multiple determi<strong>na</strong>tion(R 2 = .182 for MG and .205 for MWG). The conclusioncstays that there is no statistically significant connection ofjoint variables to dependent variable.Tabela 3: Regresio<strong>na</strong> a<strong>na</strong>liza kriterijumskih varijabli i udruženih prediktorskih varijabliTable 3: Regression a<strong>na</strong>lysis of criteria variables and joint predictor variablesFurther statistic procedure (a<strong>na</strong>lysis of variance of multipleregressions) shows the results in table 4 that are given forboth criteria variables that point that values of explained(regression) variability lower that values of unexplained(residual). The value of F test for kick forward (MG) is 3.092,while obtained level of significance is p=.00; for U kickforward (MWG) is 3.416 while obtained level of significanceis p=.00. Therefore, the obtained results in both cases pointthat there is statistically significant difference between explainedand unexplained part of total variance of multipleregression. Meaning that the explained variability is statisticallynotably lower than unexplained variability and thisconfirms the information given by coefficient of determi<strong>na</strong>tion.Model R R 2 R 2 cSEMG .519 .270 .182 .915MWG .538 .290 .205 .914The Table 5 shows values of standardized regression coefficients(Beta) being information on individual influence ofindependent variables to dependent variables MG and MWG.It is obvious that significant prediction or contribution to thequality of kick forward (MG) has only the body weight. Thebody weight contributes the expla<strong>na</strong>tion of the kick forwardthe most when variance explained by other variables in themodel is taken out (Beta=.45). While statistically significant(partial) contribution in U kick forward (MWG) have twovariables TR20LET (Beta=.31) and TT (Beta=.50).Whenkick forward (MG) is observed the table shows that morphovisnimvarijablama. Međutim, ako se uzmu u obzir svi faktorikoji su z<strong>na</strong>čajni za učenje i usavr{avanje udaraca, tadamožemo zaključiti da je proce<strong>na</strong>t predikcije veoma respektabilan.U daljoj proceduri, s ciljem otklanjanja eventualnihnedostataka koeficijenta multiple determi<strong>na</strong>cije, vr{e<strong>na</strong> jenjegova korekcija. Tom prilikom dobijene su ne{to manjevrijednosti korigovanih koeficije<strong>na</strong>ta multiple determi<strong>na</strong>cije(R 2 = 0,182 za MG i 0,205 za MWG), te zaključak da necpostoji statistički z<strong>na</strong>čaj<strong>na</strong> povezanost udruženih varijabli sazavisnom varijablom ostaje isti.Legend/Legenda: R - Multiple correlation coefficient (Koeficijent multiple korelacije); R 2 - Determi<strong>na</strong>tioncoefficient (Koeficijent determi<strong>na</strong>cije); R 2 - Corrected determi<strong>na</strong>tion coefficientc(Korigovani koeficijent determi<strong>na</strong>cije); SE - Standard error (Standard<strong>na</strong> gre{ka).Tabela 4: Statistička z<strong>na</strong>čajnost regresione veze ANOVATable 4: Statistic significance of regression connection ANOVADaljom statističkom procedurom (a<strong>na</strong>lizom varijanse multipleregresije), dobijeni su rezultati (Tabela 4) za objekriterijumske varijable, koji ukazuju da su vrijednostiobja{njenog (regresionog) varijabiliteta manje od vrijednostineobja{njenog (rezidualnog). Vrijednost F testa zaudarac nogom <strong>na</strong>prijed (MG) iznosi 3,092, a ostvareni nivoz<strong>na</strong>čajnosti p=0,005, dok za udarac nogom polukružno<strong>na</strong>prijed (MWG) iznosi 3,416, a dobijeni nivo z<strong>na</strong>čajnostip=0,002. Dakle, dobijeni rezultati, u oba slučaja, ukazujuda između obja{njenog i neobja{njenog dijela ukupne varijansemultiple regresije postoji statistički z<strong>na</strong>čaj<strong>na</strong> razlika,odnosno, da je obja{njeni varijabilitet statistički z<strong>na</strong>čajnomanji od neobja{njenog varijabiliteta, čime je i potvrđe<strong>na</strong>informacija koju je dao koeficijent determi<strong>na</strong>cije.ModelMGMWGSum ofsquersdfMeansquareRegresion 20.722 8 2.590 3.092 .005Residual 56.133 67 .838Total 76.855 75Regresion 22.813 8 2.852 3.416 .002Residual 55.924 67 .835Total 78.737 75FpSHORT SCIENTIFIC PAPERKRATKI NAUČNI ČLANAKLegend/Legenda: Sum of Squares – Suma kvadrata; df – Freedom degrees (Stepeni slobode); MeanSquare – Prosječni kvadrat; F – F-test (F-test); p – Probibality (Vjerovatno}a).Vrijednosti standardizovanih regresionih koeficije<strong>na</strong>ta (Beta),odnosno informacije o pojedi<strong>na</strong>čnom uticaju nezavisnihvarijabli <strong>na</strong> zavisne varijable MG i MWG prikazane su uTabeli 5. Iz tabele je vidljivo da z<strong>na</strong>čajnu predikciju,odnosno doprinos kvalitetu izvođenju udarca nogom <strong>na</strong>prijed(MG) ima samo tjeles<strong>na</strong> teži<strong>na</strong> koja, kada se oduzmevarijansa koju obja{njavaju sve ostale promjenljive u modelu,<strong>na</strong>jvi{e doprinosi njegovom obja{njenju (Beta=0,45),dok statistički z<strong>na</strong>čajan (parcijalni) doprinos u izvođenjupolukružnog udarca nogom (MWG) imaju dvije varijable, ito: TR20LET (Beta=0,31) i TT (Beta=0,50). Kada se posma-101


Gu`vica, M.: QUALITY PREDICTABILITY OF PERFORMING LEG TECHNIQUES... Proceedings 2011, 94–104SHORT SCIENTIFIC PAPERKRATKI NAUČNI ČLANAKlogic characteristics TT and TV contributes more to thepredictions of quality of performance than motor abilitiestests such as explosive power and speed (SKDALJ and TR-20LET). Obtained beta coefficients referring to body weight(TT) and explosive power of leg extensor (SKDALJ) indicatepositive prediction of kick performance quality. Other coefficientswith negative sign indicate negative prediction.Obtained results given by variables with positive sign pointto the conclusion that these variables contribute to the qualityof kick technique. Those variables with negative signrepresent interfering factor in performance of mentionedtechniques. The question here comes up: Why does bodyweight have positive contribution to the quality of kickperformance when it is well known that body weight usuallyis interfering factor? The answer possibly lies in the factthat the study sample was made of students who had specialphysical training class four times a week which has probablyinfluenced their total body composition. So it would berealistic to presume that in their case the muscle tissue makesthe most of the body weight. Since the force that musclecan develop mostly depends on its physiological cross-section(in maximum voluntarily activation in isometric regime ofcontraction and in its mid length the active component ofthe muscle develops the force 50 N/cm 2 (Jaric 1997) it isjustified to claim that the respondents with greater bodyweight have shown greater force which is significant factorfor performance of kick techniques. Contrary the body weighthas shown to be interfering factor in kick performance. Theexpla<strong>na</strong>tion of this appearance can be seen in possible insufficiencyof muscle set involved in the movement. Themuscle set with certain number of respondents have conditionedvery slow technique performance which resulted inimpossible ‘leading’ of limb all the way. Alongside earlierascertainment of insufficient adoption of technique and itsmoderate (slow) performance (while the movement wassupposed to be performed in maximum speed) it was expectedto obtain the greater level of variability meaning thatthe precision of the kick was absent. On the other side, dueto pour technique adoption certain number of respondentswho tried to complete the kick in shortest time, it was noticedthat the technique was taking on characteristics of swing andtherefore, especially in kick forward, the resultant of theforces involved in the kick instead of domi<strong>na</strong>nt normalcomponent has had domi<strong>na</strong>nt tangential component. Thiskind of technique performance caused significant deviationfrom the given model: lowered support base surface, liftingthe center of gravity of the body up, lowered angle ofsafety of balance and leaning the body backward. Shortly,we could conclude that the cause for this was wide irradiationin nerve system that led to shortness of muscle adaptationobserved for stabilization and leg leading on longer pathand given trajectory of movement, which is again the consequenceof small number of repetitions and successfullyimplemented attempts. When it comes to U kick forward(MWG) in order of magnitude, the prediction contributionis rated as followed: TT, TV, TR20LET, and SKDALJ. Othervariables have almost no contribution to the expla<strong>na</strong>tion.Having in mind that the results are almost identical to thosepreviously presented the expla<strong>na</strong>tion of this appearance isthe same. What is especially interesting is that the secondtest for estimate of explosive power of leg extensor (ABALAK)has the least contribution to the expla<strong>na</strong>tion of the dependentvariable. This was somewhat expected considering the differentangles of different angles of the leg extensor muscleforces applied to the movement. Specifically, the kickstechniques and generally ratio<strong>na</strong>l movement in <strong>karate</strong> involvestra udarac nogom <strong>na</strong>prijed (MG), iz tabele je vidljivo damorfolo{ke karakteristike TT i TV vi{e doprinose predikciji<strong>kvaliteta</strong> izvođenja od testova motoričkih sposobnosti:eksplozivne s<strong>na</strong>ge i brzine (SKDALJ i TR20LET). Dobijenibeta koeficijenti, koji se odnose <strong>na</strong> tjelesnu težinu (TT) ieksplozivnu s<strong>na</strong>gu opružača nogu (SKDALJ), ukazuju <strong>na</strong>pozitivnu predikciju <strong>kvaliteta</strong> izvođenja udarca, dok ostalikoeficijenti sa negativnim predz<strong>na</strong>kom ukazuju <strong>na</strong> negativnupredikciju. Dobijeni rezultati varijabli sa pozitivnim predz<strong>na</strong>komupućuju <strong>na</strong> zaključak da one doprinose kvalitetuizvođenja <strong>tehnika</strong> udaraca, dok one sa negativnim predz<strong>na</strong>kompredstavljaju ometajući faktor u izvođenju pomenutih<strong>tehnika</strong>. I ovdje se može postaviti pitanje, za{to tjeles<strong>na</strong>teži<strong>na</strong> ima pozitivan doprinos kvalitetu izvođenja udarca,kada se z<strong>na</strong> da o<strong>na</strong> uglavnom djeluje kao ometajući faktor?Odgovor je moguće potražiti u činjenici da su uzoraksačinjavali studenti koji su imali četiri časa nedjeljno <strong>na</strong>staveiz specijalnog fizičkog obrazovanja, {to je vjerovatno, uticalo<strong>na</strong> njihovu tjelesnu kompoziciju, pa je realno pretpostavitida je kod njih, u odnosu <strong>na</strong> cjelokupnu tjelesnutežinu, prevladavalo mi{ićno tkivo. Po{to sila koju mi{ić možeda razvije <strong>na</strong>jvi{e zavisi od njegovog fiziolo{kog presjeka (primaksimalnoj voljnoj aktivaciji u izometrijskom režimu kontrakcijei pri svojoj srednjoj dužini, aktiv<strong>na</strong> komponentami{ića razvija silu od 50 N/cm 2 (Jarić 1997), opravdano jetvrditi da su ispitanici sa većom tjelesnom težinom ispoljavalii veću silu, {to je, poz<strong>na</strong>to je, za<strong>na</strong>čajan faktor za izvođenje<strong>tehnika</strong> udaraca. Suprotno ovome, tjeles<strong>na</strong> visi<strong>na</strong> se pokazalakao ometajući faktor u izvođenju udaraca. Obja{njenjeove pojave vidi se u mogućoj insuficijenciji sklopa mi{ićakoji učestvuju u pokretu, {to je, kod određenog broja ispitanika,uslovilo relativno sporo izvođenje tehnike, pa samimtim i nemogućnost preciznog “vođenja” ekstremiteta <strong>na</strong>cijeloj dužini puta. Uz već raniju konstataciju nedovoljnodobre usvojenosti tehnike i njenom umjerenom (sporom)izvedbom (umjesto da se pokret izvede maksimalnom brzinom),bilo je i očekivano da će se pojaviti i određeni stepenvarijabiliteta, odnosno da će izostati preciznost udarca. Sdruge strane, zbog loše usvojenosti tehnike, kod određenogbroja ispitanika koji su <strong>na</strong>stojali da udarac izvedu u <strong>na</strong>jkraćojvremenskoj jedinici, primijećeno je da je <strong>tehnika</strong> poprimalakarakteristike zamaha, te je zbog toga, posebno kodizvođenja udarca nogom pravo <strong>na</strong>prijed, rezultanta sila kojeučestvuju u udarcu, umjesto domi<strong>na</strong>ntne normalne komponente,imala domi<strong>na</strong>ntnu tangencijalnu komponentu.Ovakvo izvođenje tehnike uzrokovalo je z<strong>na</strong>čajno odstupanjeod zadanog modela: smanje<strong>na</strong> povr{i<strong>na</strong> oslonca,podizanje teži{ta tijela <strong>na</strong>vi{e, smanjen ugao sigurnostiravnotežnog položaja i <strong>na</strong>ginjanje tijela u<strong>na</strong>zad. U <strong>na</strong>jkraćem,mogli bismo zaključiti da je uzrok ovome {iroka iradijacijau nervnom sistemu, pa time i otežano mi{ićno prilagođavanje,u smislu stabilizacije i „vođenja“ noge <strong>na</strong> dužem putu izadanoj trajektoriji kretanja, {to je, opet, posljedica malogbroja po<strong>na</strong>vljanja i uspje{no realizovanih poku{aja. Kada jepak u pitanju udarac polukružno nogom <strong>na</strong>prijed (MWG),redom veliči<strong>na</strong>, doprinos predikciji imaju: TT; TV; TR20LET;SKDALJ. Ostale varijable imaju gotovo nez<strong>na</strong>tan doprinosobja{njenju. S obzirom <strong>na</strong> to da su rezultati gotovo identičniprethodno iznesenim, i obja{njenje ove pojave jeste istovjetno.Ono {to je posebno zanimljivo, to je da drugi testkojim se procjenjuje eksploziv<strong>na</strong> s<strong>na</strong>ga opružača nogu(ABALAK) ima <strong>na</strong>jmanji doprinos obja{njenju zavisne promjenljive.Ovo je donekle i očekivano, s obzirom <strong>na</strong> različiteuglove djelovanja sila mi{ića opružača nogu pod kojima sevr{e kretanja. Naime, tehnike izvođenja udaraca nogom, iuop{te racio<strong>na</strong>lno kretanje u <strong>karate</strong>u, podrazumijeva mini-102


Gu`vica, M.: PREDIKTIVNOST KVALITETA IZVO\ENJA NOŽNIH TEHNIKA... Zbornik radova 2011, 94–104minimizing or completely elimi<strong>na</strong>ting the vertical oscillationsof the body center of gravity, which is contrary to the requirementof the test. Demands on the performance kicks includeeconomizing energy, time and path, and striking surfaceshould be perpendicular to the target surface, all of whichcauses movement of the limbs in approximately horizontalplane. However, when it comes to jumps, the resultant force(in the long jump weighs about app. 45 ° angle, and for highjump angle of app. 90 °) does not match the movement ofkick trajectory. At such different directions of the forcesimpact, it is different, and probably more difficult neuralmyogenic adjustment, and hence insignificant prediction ofquality of kick performance. Poor adaptation of neural factorscan result in poor synchronization of muscle involvedin the movement. Commands from the cerebral cortex arenot accurate, and therefore no time-sequence in turning onthe agonists and antagonists, so it is not possible to completelymuffle distracting reflex activity, preventing activationof motor units only that are important for quality of kickperformance. If all this is true, and it is thought that it is, thenthe results obtained are reaso<strong>na</strong>ble. Therefore, it is proposedthat the prediction of leg kicks, according to explosivepower that is of great importance for their execution, isperformed by specific tests, whose movement trajectorieswould be approximate to the technique kicks trajectories.Tabela 5: Vrijednosti standardizovanih regresionih koeficije<strong>na</strong>taTable 5: Values of standardized regression coefficientsResearching predictability of quality of leg kicks performancebased on five tests of motoric abilities and three morphologicaldimensions was done on sample of 76 students offirst academic year of College of inter<strong>na</strong>l affairs in BanjaLuka.The predictor variables were consisted of tests to assessexplosive power and speed: jump from a place (SKDALJ),high jump from a place (Abalac), running 20 meters from astanding start (TR20VIS), running 20 meters flying start (TR-20LET) and foot taping (TAPNOG). These were followed bythree morphological dimensions: height (TV), body weight(BW) and leg length (DUZNOG). While criteria variablesaccounted for kicking right forward (MG) and U kick forward(MWG). Assessment of the level of kick adoption was performedon the basis of the specification model of leg kickperformance. The a<strong>na</strong>lysis of the results showed no statisticallysignificant correlation between the dependent variablesassociated with the independent variables, but, nevertheless,the percentage of their prediction is very respectable. Spemiziranje,odnosno potpuno eliminisanje vertikalnih oscilacijateži{ta tijela, {to je suprotno zahtjevu testa. Zahtjevikoji se postavljaju kod izvođenja udaraca nogom podrazumijevajuekonomisanje energijom, vremenom i putem, audar<strong>na</strong> povr{i<strong>na</strong> treba da je normal<strong>na</strong> <strong>na</strong> ciljnu povr{inu, {tosve skupa uslovljava kretanje ekstremiteta u, približno,horizontalnoj ravni. Međutim, kada su u pitanju skokovi,rezultanta sila (kod skoka udalj teži uglu cca 45°, a uvis uglucca 90°) se ne podudara sa trajektorijom kretanja udaraca.Kod ovako različitih smjerova djelovanja sila, različito je,vjerovatno i otežano neuromiogeno prilagođavanje, paodatle i nez<strong>na</strong>t<strong>na</strong> predikcija <strong>kvaliteta</strong> izvođenja udaraca.Slaba adaptacija neuralnih faktora ima za posljedicu slabijusinhronizaciju mi{ića koji učestvuju u pokretu. Naredbe izkore velikog mozga nisu precizne, a samim tim ni vremenskiredosljed uključenja agonista i antagonista, tako da nijemoguće u potpunosti prigu{iti ometajuće refleksne aktivnosti,koje onemogućavaju uključenje samo motornihjedinica z<strong>na</strong>čajnih za kvalitetno izvođenje udaraca. Ukolikoje sve ovo tačno, a misli se da jeste, tada su i dobijeni rezultatiopravdani. Zato se predlaže da se predikcija udaracanogom, <strong>na</strong> osnovu eksplozivne s<strong>na</strong>ge koja je od velikogz<strong>na</strong>čaja za njihovo izvođenje, vrši specifičnim testovima,čije bi trajektorije kretanja bile približne trajektorijama<strong>tehnika</strong> udaraca.Model MG b t p Model MWG b t pConstant 3.852 .000 Constant 3.233 .002SKDALJ .230 1.305 .196 SKDALJ .193 1.108 .272ABALAK -.026 -.201 .841 ABALAK -.006 -.047 .963TAPNOG -.065 -.575 .567 TAPNOG -.035 -.312 .756TR20LET -.225 -1.462 .148 TR20LET -.312 -2.052 .044TR20VIS -.196 -1.197 .235 TR20VIS -.077 -.479 .634TT .447 2.923 .005 TT .503 3.337 .001TV -.305 -1.259 .212 TV -.385 -1.601 .112DUZNOG -.068 -.281 .780 DUZNOG .076 .319 .751Legend/Legenda: b - Beta coefficient (Beta koeficijent); t – t-test (t-test); p – Probibality (Vjerovatno}a).ConclusionZaklju~akIstraživanje <strong>prediktivnost</strong>i <strong>kvaliteta</strong> izvođenja udaraca nogom<strong>na</strong> osnovu pet testova motoričkih sposobnosti i tri morfolo{kedimenzije, vr{eno je <strong>na</strong> uzorku od 76 stude<strong>na</strong>ta prve godineVisoke {kole unutra{njih poslova u Banjoj Luci.Prediktorske varijable su činili testovi za procjenu eksplozivnes<strong>na</strong>ge i brzine: skok udalj s mjesta (SKDALJ), skok uvis smjesta (ABALAK), trčanje 20 metara iz visokog starta (TR20VIS),trčanje 20 metara letećim startom (TR20LET) i taping nogom(TAPNOG), zatim tri morfolo{ke dimenzije: tjeles<strong>na</strong> visi<strong>na</strong>(TV), tjeles<strong>na</strong> teži<strong>na</strong> (TT) i duži<strong>na</strong> noge (DUZNOG), dok sukriterijumske varijable činili udarci nogom pravo <strong>na</strong>prijed(MG) i polukružno <strong>na</strong>prijed (MWG). Procje<strong>na</strong> nivoa usvojenostiudaraca vr{e<strong>na</strong> je <strong>na</strong> osnovu modela specifikacijeizvođenja udaraca nogom. A<strong>na</strong>lizom dobijenih rezultatautvrđeno je da ne postoji statistički z<strong>na</strong>čaj<strong>na</strong> povezanostzavisne varijable sa udruženim nezavisnim varijablama, alije, ipak, proce<strong>na</strong>t njihove predikcije veoma respektabilan.Naime, 27% ukupnog varijabiliteta zavisnopromjenjive (MG)SHORT SCIENTIFIC PAPERKRATKI NAUČNI ČLANAK103


Gu`vica, M.: QUALITY PREDICTABILITY OF PERFORMING LEG TECHNIQUES... Proceedings 2011, 94–104SHORT SCIENTIFIC PAPERKRATKI NAUČNI ČLANAKcifically, 27% of the total variability of dependent variable(MG) and 29% of dependent variable (MWG) can be explainedby the influence of independent variables associated, while73% and 71% by the influence of unidentified factors. Furthera<strong>na</strong>lysis of individual influence of independent variablesto dependent variables, it was found that significant predictionof quality for kick forward performance (MG) has onlybody weight, which explains 44.7% of its variability, whilestatistically significant contribution to the performance ofthe U kick (MWG) have two variables as follows: TR20LETand TT, explaining 31.2% and 50.3% of the total variabilityof dependent variable. It is believed that the reason for thiscontribution is that the total body weight of respondents wasmostly made of muscle tissue, whose structure would providegreater development of muscle shortening velocity, and thusmore power, as important factors of contribution to qualityof kick performance. Furthermore, it was noted that thebody height proved to be a interfering factor in the kickperformance, which is explained by the lack of vigor complexof muscles involved in the movement, the relatively poormotor control and low adjustment of muscles in the movement,as a result of the insuficient repetitions. At first sightsurprising, but not unexpected, the lowest prediction of kicksis showed by the test of explosive power of leg extensor(ABALAK), which is explained by the discrepancy of anglesof muscles work in the implementation of the given movements,or low neuro myogenic adjustment. Therefore, it isproposed that prediction, given the specification of motorabilities, is performed by specific tests, whose trajectoriesof movements would be approximate to the trajectories ofkick techniques. It is also thought that the obtained resultsof prediction of genetically determined motor abilities toperform kick techniques, in large part, are caused by thelow number of repetitions. With small number of repetitionsit is not possible to adopt techniques at a high level thatwould ensure implementation in accordance with the givenperformance requirements. Therefore, although <strong>na</strong>tural formsof movement to perform kicks are in question, in accordancewith the model provided by their specifications, the bioticfactor is not enough, and it is necessary for kicks to be improvedin the long run. If we take into account the resultsobtained, it is justified to bring this research into question,and it is proposed that these and similar studies are carriedout in the case when kick technique is fully adopted.ReferenceAnon. (1999?). Motorička z<strong>na</strong>nja ŠMotoric knowledge¹.Zagreb: Faculty of physical education.Buccino, G., & Rigio, L. (2006). Uloga sustava zrcalnihneuro<strong>na</strong> u motoričkom učenju ŠThe role of mirrorneurons in motor learning¹. Kineziologija, 38.Ilić, D. (1999). Motor<strong>na</strong> kontrola i učenje brzih pokretaŠMotor control and learining of fast movements¹. Belgrade:Zadužbi<strong>na</strong> Andrejević, .i 29% zavisnopromjenjive (MWG) moguće je objasniti uticajemnezavisnih udruženih varijabli, dok je 73%, odnosno71% pod uticajem neidentifikovanih faktora. Daljom a<strong>na</strong>lizompojedi<strong>na</strong>čnih uticaja nezavisnopromjenjivih <strong>na</strong> zavisnopromjenjive,utvrđeno je da z<strong>na</strong>čajnu predikciju <strong>kvaliteta</strong> izvođenjuudarca nogom <strong>na</strong>prijed (MG) ima samo tjeles<strong>na</strong> teži<strong>na</strong>, kojaobja{njava 44,7% njegovog varijabiliteta, dok statističkiz<strong>na</strong>čajan doprinos u izvođenju polukružnog udarca nogom(MWG) imaju dvije varijable, i to: TR20LET i TT, kojeobja{njavaju 31,2% i 50,3% ukupnog varijabiliteta zavisnopromjenjive.Vjeruje se da je razlog ovakvom doprinosu taj{to je u ukupnoj tjelesnoj težini ispitanika prevladavalomi{ićno tkivo, čija je struktura omogućila veći razvoj brzineskraćenja mi{ića, pa time i veću s<strong>na</strong>gu, kao z<strong>na</strong>čajne faktoredoprinosa kvalitetu izvođenja udaraca. Nadalje, primijećenoje da se tjeles<strong>na</strong> visi<strong>na</strong> pokazala kao ometajući faktor uizvođenju udaraca, {to se obja{njava nedovoljnom jako{ćusklopa mi{ića koji učestvuju u pokretu, relativno slabommotornom kontrolom i slabom prilagođeno{ću mi{ićazadanom kretanju, kao posljedicom malog broja po<strong>na</strong>vljanja.Na prvi pogled izne<strong>na</strong>đujuće, ali ne i neočekivano,<strong>na</strong>jmanju predikciju udaraca pokazao je test eksplozivnes<strong>na</strong>ge opružača nogu (ABALAK), {to se obja{njava diskrepancomuglova djelovanja mi{ića u realizaciji zadanih kretnji,odnosno slabom neuromiogenom prilagođeno{ću. Zato sepredlaže da se predikcija, s obzirom <strong>na</strong> specifikaciju motoričkihsposobnosti, vr{i specifičnim testovima, čije bi trajektorijekretanja bile približne trajektorijama <strong>tehnika</strong> udaraca. Takođese misli da su dobijeni rezultati predikcije genetski determinisanihmotoričkih sposobnosti <strong>na</strong> izvođenje <strong>tehnika</strong>udaraca, u velikoj mjeri, uzrokovani malim brojem po<strong>na</strong>vljanja.Malim brojem po<strong>na</strong>vljanja nije moguće usvojiti tehnike<strong>na</strong> visokom nivou, koje bi garantovale realizaciju u skladusa postavljenim zahtjevima njihovog izvođenja. Zato, iakosu u pitanju prirodni oblici kretanja, za izvođenje udaracanogom, u skladu sa predviđenim modelom njihove specifikacije,nije dovoljan samo biotički faktor, već je potrebnoda se udarci usavr{avaju u dužem vremenskom periodu.Ako se imaju u vidu dobijeni rezultati, sasvim je opravdanoovo istraživanje dovesti u sumnju, pa se predlaže da seovakva i slič<strong>na</strong> istraživanja vr{e u slučaju kada je <strong>tehnika</strong>udaraca u potpunosti usvoje<strong>na</strong>.Jarić, S. (1997). Biomehanika humane lokomocije sa biomehanikomsporta ŠBiomechanics of human locomotionwith biomechanins of sports¹. Belgrade.Jovanović, S. (1992). Karate 1, teorijska polazi{ta ŠKarate 1,teorethic foundation¹. Novi Sad.Koprivica, V. (2002). Osnove sportskog treninga I deo ŠBasicsof sport training I part¹. Belgrade.Korespodencija/Correspodence to:Dr Milan Gu`vicaPhone: 0038766165536E-mail: guzvica.milanªgmail.com104

Hooray! Your file is uploaded and ready to be published.

Saved successfully!

Ooh no, something went wrong!