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official material and reports from the state. The majority of the material is qualitative but some statisticalmaterial will also be used so called quantitative material.To increase the depth of the analysis some empirical material has been used. The empiricalmaterial are first hand interviews both unstructured and semi-structured, but the thesis is also based onsecondary material, research conducted previously and official material gathered from the currentbureaucratic organisation, in question.2.6 LimitationsThe focus of this thesis is to analyse implementation of Sustainable Development policies. It does not aimto analyse the development of the policy, the so-called policy process, but rather the implementation of thepolicy. The limitations that involve such analysis leads to the thesis overlooking the macro perspective oforganisational theory, it uses micro version of organisational theory and an actor approach in regards tothe concept of implementation of policy. The analysis is based on inter-organisational theory and interorganisationalimplementation problems. It will not analyse the outcomes of the implementation but ratherthe inter-organisational process and what obstacles that this practice meets when it comes to implementSustainable Development.One of the major limitations of the research of the case study is that the actual SYNAPS tool thatRegion Skåne uses in regards to Sustainable policy implementation, is not fully launched and that manyactors that take part in it want to remain anonymous in the process, therefore the empirical material hasbeen somewhat limited and the theoretical and secondary material have therefore been forced to play themajor part of the analysis. The empirical material has therefore been based on selection of three key actorson three different levels and types of organisational levels that have used the SYNAPS approach. Theinterviews have been semi structured so that an evaluation of the results, as well as the ability to merge theresults in the analysis has been made possible. One must be aware of the selection of the interviewees insuch case and that has been taken into account. The selection of interviewee is always a problematicprocess but the objects used in this thesis have provided a wide range of perspectives that give the materialboth enough with and depth to make an analysis of the program possible. There is always a problem withsemi-constructed interviews as they can guide the interviewee towards answers that the interviewer wants. Thisproblem has been considered but to ensure a higher level of objectivity the choice of semi structured interviewshave been made.Another limitation with the material is using interviews as empirical material and there can besubjective analysis of this material. To ensure the subjective analysis can be as transparent as possible theinterview questions have been semi constructed to increase the comparative level the questions asked is alsodefined in the Appendix I. Another limitation is that the actors wanted to remain anonymous, however the havebeen selected based on that they have played a key role in different levels of policy implementation in the caseof Region Skåne. The next section will introduce the model used for analysing the current bureaucraticstructure in Sweden.12
2. The Weberian bureaucratic organisationTo be able of understanding the bureaucratic organisation this thesis will apply Webers ‘ideal type’ as amodel of investigating the current structures of that organisation and how that case study has changed thisstructure. This section will define what the ideal type is exactly.Bureau means office in French and bureaucracy roughly translates as rule by office, and was aterm first introduced by Max Weber (Robbins et al 2002:308). The bureaucracy is an authority that Weberdefined as legal-rational, based on rules and procedures and is the foundation of three concepts of politicalpower (Hague&Harrop2001:12). The ‘ideal’ organisational theory that Weber presents serves as a goodtheoretical foundation to be used on empirical material; to evaluate the organisational structure as will beused in this thesis. Organized cooperation between humans within society is a development that has takenplace especially since the development of the modern industrial society. Many of the problems that onefaces within the present industrial or post industrial society is currently so large and complex that theorganisation is needed to specialize within different fields to seek solutions to the issues within this society(Flaa et al 1998:11). Though today, the current paradigm of separated specialized fields of organisation tosolve problems have reached problems regarding the real complex issues such as ensuring the societydevelops towards sustainable development.To put it in other words, the further advance of capitalism was inevitably tied up with therise of even more efficient bureaucracies, and even greater degree of formal rationalorganization on all levels of social interaction. Weber envisaged that this process waslikely to eventually result in the emergence of a ‘new iron cage of serfdom’, in which allforms of value-oriented social conduct would be suffocated by the almighty bureaucraticstructures and by the tightly knit of networks of formal-rational laws and regulations(Mommsen 1974:57).Weber claimed that the more bureaucratisation that one finds in a socialistic society the stronger bondwould the iron cage of rationality hold the individuals within the society. Weber also found the state as themajor actor and the sovereignty of the state as the legitimate body of power (Baylis & Smith 2001:150).Weber’s theory regarding the efficient bureaucracy is according to him not an unproblematic developmentof an organisational reform (Mommsen 1974:58, 59). This is of importance to emphasise, as Weber wasaware and critical to the development of an extensive bureaucracy, even though he presented the ‘idealtype’. The critical perspective was towards the extensive growth of bureaucracy and its impacts on societywith its growing power within this sphere (Callinicos 1999:172). The bureaucracy in his version was aninstrumental tool of imposing rationality in society (Callinicos 1999:173). Weber claimed that there werethree versions of legitimate domination, Legal domination, Traditional domination and Charismaticdomination. This section analyses the first mentioned version of domination based on the legal dominationand uses the ‘ideal type’ construction to analyse this type of domination. The legal domination is based onOfficials or Civil servants that act based on instrumental rationality and enacted rules. Instrumentalrationality means that the goal fulfilment is based on rationality and efficiency and not on values. Theyhave their mandate given from the governed though the parliament. The administration is based onbureaucracy and its instrumental rationality fulfilling the value oriented political administration(Mommsen 1974:76-81). In brief one could claim that Weber found this type of domination being based inthe value free rationality of executing the goals set by the politicians. Bureaucracy executed its powerthrough following the law set by others based on rationality and efficiency. “The trend towardsbureaucratisation was, in Weber’s opinion, almost irresistible”(Mommsen 1974:82). The moral valueswould in such a system be of little avail, as the bureaucratic organisation would only take to account thetechnical consideration (Mommsen 1974:82). The process of an ever increasing bureaucracy in societywould lead to instrumental rationality. This process would in Weber’s perception lead to patriarchalism,13
Page 1 and 2: From ‘grey to green’- investiga
Page 3 and 4: 1. INTRODUCTION ...................
Page 5 and 6: 1. IntroductionNationally, we shall
Page 7 and 8: marginalized and where some section
Page 9 and 10: with an analysis of the empirical f
Page 11: field of the heuristic model when i
Page 15 and 16: 2.2 Definition of Weber’s rationa
Page 17 and 18: not follow the goals that are deleg
Page 19 and 20: and a branch within the field of im
Page 21 and 22: approaches the vertical organisatio
Page 23 and 24: need for an increase of sector inte
Page 25 and 26: would be able to develop a green we
Page 27 and 28: sustainable society within all fiel
Page 29 and 30: The Region or the county administra
Page 31 and 32: 2001:167). Implementing SD has ther
Page 33 and 34: 2001:115). This concept fits in to
Page 35 and 36: 6.4 Public administration and the b
Page 37 and 38: sectors of agriculture, schools and
Page 39 and 40: Figure 4. General picture of Region
Page 41 and 42: faced with SD policies and failed t
Page 43 and 44: 8.1 Analysis of will, knowledge and
Page 45 and 46: type’ is not ideal but the ideal,
Page 47 and 48: However, the discussion if the stat
Page 49 and 50: • Jörgensen, Erika. 2004. Hållb

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