Antropomotoryka nr 51 - Akademia Wychowania Fizycznego w ...

Ability to self-control in the context of physical activity in schoolchildren at the age 10–11Table 4. The correlation of personal qualities significant for self-control and the self-control behaviour models in terms of genderPersonal qualities significant forself-control and the self-controlbehaviour modelsSpearman’s correlation coefficientGenderStatistical significancep** Self-confident –0.288 p = 0.004*** Tolerant –0.227 p = 0.024*** I am resourcefuland self-confident–0.249 p = 0.014** I quickly respond to remarks –0.277 p = 0.006* I know the rules of behaviourI have to observe, and I observethem–0.417 p = 0.000Note: * – level of significance p ≤ 0.001; ** – level of significance p ≤ 0.01; *** – level of significance p ≤ 0.05.DiscussionGeneralising the discussed problem it can be stated thatthe abilities of self-control of primary learners have notbeen investigated extensively. The researches on peculiaritiesof self-control abilities have been carried out butnot during the lessons of physical training. The worksof some authors analyse self-control not as social behaviourof primary learners but from the perspective ofother various (disabled, delinquent) social groups [20].A considerable attention is paid to the researches onsocial skills (moral, situational, essential, competition) ofsports athletes and senior school learners actively involvedin sports [11, 12, 13] as well as to the studies onpeculiarities of their self-regulation and self-control [21,14]. According to the researches of other authors [22,23] the programme of psychological training can be efficientlyapplied for the development of self-control skills;however, these researches were conducted on high proficiencyathletes and the works on development of selfcontrolskills at junior school age are scarce.Ringio and Friedman [18, 19], Malinauskas [24],Šniras, Malinauskas [25] conducted similar researcheson self-control but they investigated self-control ina broader context of essential social skills. Since essentialsocial skills are perceived as automated abilities,it is obvious that school learners are able to developand enhance them.Self-control is the main aspect of human functionand the main component of human behaviour invarious cultures. The research on pre-school childrencarried out by Chinese scientists [26] allowed for comparisonof children’s abilities to self-dependent controltheir behaviour in Western and Eastern cultures. Otherscientists [27, 29] revealed the researches on primarylearners’ self-control, which cannot be interpreted ascorresponding to our data because their analysis isfocused on other aspects of self-control. Though selfcontrolhas been the focus of researches for a longtime, very few measurement instruments to evaluatechildren’s self-control tendencies and behaviour havebeen created.Ceccini, Montero et al. [10] investigated the influenceof schoolchildren’s personal and social responsibilityon self-control and participation in games accordingto the rules following the model by Hellison [28].Thanks to intervention programme the experimentalgroup improved their personal feedback, delayed satisfaction,self-control and processes of self-regulation;the values of personal and social responsibility due tosatisfaction and sport mastery increased and simultaneouslya decrease in values of variables related to a wishto win, rough play, contact faults and bad mastery wasobserved. Above mentioned proves that school age isfavourable for development of self-control skills particularlythrough physical activity.The research on children from 10–11 years of ageproved the usefulness of self-control for learning to performa movement [29, 16]: children had to decide ontheir own when the best time for finding out the resultsof performance was. The research results assuredthat older children better understood the importance ofself-control for knowing the results to the process oflearning to perform a movement. According to the dataof our research, the influence of self-control on knowledgeand abilities was not established.– 91 –