HISTORY OF ENGLAND

62 GROWTHOFTHEPOWEROFTHE x1.4.A.D. 1652.longed resistance. Within six weeks after the battle ofWorcester, Limerick was taken, and in May 1652 Galway',which at that time held a high rank among the ports ofthe world, fell with all its wealth into the hands of the Republicangenerals. All the forces still in arms now showedan inclination to capitulate. The Republicans refused onthe ground that each and all owed obedience to the Parliament,but they offered pardon to all who had neither satin the High Council of Ireland, nor were guilty of thedeath of an Englishman, with the permission either to remainin the country or to enter a foreign service, underconditions which secured their property. On one occasiona somewhat more liberal agreement was obtained. LordMuskerry held out in Ross, an island-like fortress surroundedby lakes and marshes. The Republican general EdmundLudlow did not hesitate to seek him out there, and preparedto effect a landing on the Earl's territory in largeboats. The latter on this declared himself ready to submitif the free exercise of his religion were secured to him.Ludlow replied that the authority which he representeihad no thought of enforcing its own religious opinions uponothers. On these terms, which certainly implied but little,Muskerry laid down his arms. Others still retained them :we even hear occasionally of petty battles. Ludlow relateshow by pouring in smoke he gained possession of a cave,in which a number of unsubdued Irish believed themselvessafe: 311 in it were stifled except a few, who then came outwith crucifixes in their hands.In the mountain passes, wastes, forests and marshes, somebands of outlaws still held out, and rendered the wholecountry insecure. They form a parallel to the Bandoliers,Heiducks, and Klephts of southern Europe. In Ireland theyreceived the name of Tories. Many resolved to leave theirfatherland and seek foreign service. Among their numberwas Clanricarde, who after Ormond's removal had continuedfor a time to represent the royal authority.Bates: 'Emporium totius Hiberniae nobilissimum, operibus munitiss~mum,structnra, divitiis incolarum, frequenti maris liberi commercio perinsigne.'xi. 4. COMMONWEALTH BY LAND AND SEA. 63A.D. 1651.More than a hundred persons of high rank, specially mentionedby name, including in particular those who ownedthe largest estates, were excluded from all pardon. The confiscationof their estates and many other acts of deprivationwhich followed on later sentences, enabled Parliament tosatisfy with the vacant lands the claims of the victorioussoldiery, and of all those who in hope of this had advancedmoney for the war. The richest booty fell to the share ofthose who had taken part in the last actions. It was a colonisationon a great scale, which finally established the predominanceof the English population over the Celto-Irish.Still, in spite of all, the war of the two parties was not yetended. Defeated by land, the Cavaliers once more acquireda considerable strength by sea.In Jersey, the Governor, George Carteret, collected asquadron, built on the model of the privateers of St. Malo,for sailing in the narrow seas ; he was victorious far and wide.In the Scilly Islands John Grenville unfurled the standard ofCharles 11. Here he was reinforced by Prince Rupert, whohoped to create a second Venice in St. Mary's, strong as theplace was from its natural position, and the works erected byformer kings. The Prince himself we have already met within Kinsale : under his command at the time was that portion ofthe English fleet which had gone over from the Commonwealthto the King. He secured the wavering fidelity of the crewsby giving them as captains Cavaliers who had served with himthroughout the war in England : for in those days the changefrom the land to the sea service was easily enough made.It is known that Queen Elizabeth of Bohemia pawned herjewels in order to enable her son to take up this new position.Thus from these three points this robber warfare was openedagainst the trade of the English Republic. Whatever sailedto or from England, or lay off its coast, was declared fairspoil, let the owners be who they might. The communicationbetween Ireland and England was rendered insecure and sometimescompletely interrupted by royalist privateers.For such a power as England, devoted to the sea by nature,this was an intolerable state of affairs. How the Commonwealthencountered these fresh enemies is the more deserving