Copyright by Tatiana Borisovna Segura 2008 - The University of ...

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status-sets reinforce the social stratification system: if women are meant to be at home, they cannot compete with men in the labor market, especially for those higher ranking and better paid positions. Chafetz argues that “Any division of labor requires some degree of cooperation and interdependence among people who specialize in performing only some of the tasks necessary to sustain life” (46). In other words, men voluntarily agree to provide for the family, while women agree to take care of the household and family members and maybe make a contribution to providing for the family as well. The fact that women are responsible for the family and for maintaining a job affects their career opportunities. At the macro level of analysis of gender inequality, it is the society’s ideology and gender- related norms that justify such unequal responsibilities. At the micro level, it is gender- related stereotypes and believes that promote unequal treatment. Gender in Russia The patriarchal nature of the Russian society The essence of the patriarchal approach to gender differences is the belief that there is a natural division between men and women, and that women by their nature are intended to be mothers, while men are intended to be breadwinners. Kon believes that Russia has always been a patriarchal society where women are oppressed both in social and domestic spheres (198). The patriarchal nature of the Russian culture is clearly reflected in Russian folklore and literature. Lissyutkina, for example, brings to our attention that the beautiful heroines of Russian literature who went against the patriarchal order, such as Nastasia Filipovna in Dostoevsky’s ‘Idiot’ and Helen Bezukhova in Tolstoy’s ‘War and Peace,’ are depicted as morally and spiritually deficient (282-83). She concludes that Russian 33
literature of the pre-communist period reflects traditional Russian culture that is conservative and opposed to the pleasure principle (282-83). Gender in Soviet Russia The October Revolution of 1917 initially tried to liberate women from the patriarchal oppression, primarily by weakening the institution of marriage. Yet, as time passed, Bolsheviks had to reverse their original politics in relation to family and marriage. In order to raise the birth rate, they returned to promoting traditional family values. Since the Soviet Union placed a great emphasis on the duties of its citizens, women’s principal duty became taking care of their families and bearing and rearing their children. “Women in Soviet Russia formed an indispensable part of the work force, yet there was always a tension between their dual roles as workers and mothers” (Attwood Young People, Sex and Identity). These traditional family values were not compatible with the idea of gender equality. Nor were they compatible with the idea of sexual freedom and liberation. Eventually, in relation to sexuality, Soviet Russia found itself in a situation that could be characterized with one single word – sexophobia. According to Kon, sexophobia enforces silence in the discussion of sexuality as a phenomenon, and leads to hypocrisy and cynicism widely observed when issues related to gender and sexuality are attempted to be addressed publicly (209). With the collapse of the Soviet regime, the state of sexophobia was succeeded by what researchers like Goldschmidt refer to as a “sexual revolution”: sexuality as a former forbidden fruit turned into the object of mass obsession (321). Gender in Post-Soviet Russia Gender-related stereotypes and prejudice are widespread in contemporary Russia. The disintegration of the Soviet Union had a tremendous impact on reinforcing and 34
Page 1 and 2: Copyright by Tatiana Borisovna Segu
Page 3 and 4: Defining Self: Negotiating Cultural
Page 5 and 6: Acknowledgements I would like to ex
Page 7 and 8: Students belonging to ethnic minori
Page 9 and 10: Overview of gender-related research
Page 11 and 12: Recommendations for study abroad pr
Page 13 and 14: environment I found myself in, and
Page 15 and 16: eproduced through the dominant ideo
Page 17 and 18: Acculturation is the process of ada
Page 19 and 20: their knowledge of the Russian cult
Page 21 and 22: STUDY ABROAD Chapter II: The Review
Page 23 and 24: learning more about self. Instituti
Page 25 and 26: abroad for a short time only, they
Page 27 and 28: proficiency as long-term programs,
Page 29 and 30: Identity and language learning Acco
Page 31 and 32: identities similar, however, is the
Page 33 and 34: Variables that affect acculturation
Page 35 and 36: information on the following topics
Page 37 and 38: In the study abroad context, howeve
Page 39 and 40: gender and, consequently, to the av
Page 41 and 42: called “gender-effect” is no lo
Page 43: eport in 1980, women do two thirds
Page 47 and 48: sex-role identity and women’s des
Page 49 and 50: of glasnost promoted by Gorbachev r
Page 51 and 52: everyday life of Russian women into
Page 53 and 54: influential change in perceiving th
Page 55 and 56: analysis of the experiences of a fe
Page 57 and 58: e arrived at, including the level o
Page 59 and 60: and following Hello’s et al. conc
Page 61 and 62: negative attitude towards Islam in
Page 63 and 64: against Russia exists. Brym and Deg
Page 65 and 66: Arminio 20). Since the subject of t
Page 67 and 68: It is important to keep in mind, ho
Page 69 and 70: DATA COLLECTING TECHNIQUES This stu
Page 71 and 72: At the conclusion of the pilot stud
Page 73 and 74: in abundance, it is the theoretical
Page 75 and 76: spell out things that are “sensit
Page 77 and 78: Acculturation Culture shock Cultura
Page 79 and 80: CULTURE SHOCK Chapter IV: Accultura
Page 81 and 82: to a new cultural environment, and
Page 83 and 84: American countries tend towards the
Page 85 and 86: It just seemed really weird to be b
Page 87 and 88: cross-cultural adjustment implies t
Page 89 and 90: stay in the dormitory and living wi
Page 91 and 92: could be also that women are more w
Page 93 and 94: eing interested in fashionable clot
Page 95 and 96:
I saw that the Russians took their
Page 97 and 98:
in Moscow: the Independent Women’
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my fate depends on me, and not on t
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Vsekh Form Diskriminatsii v Otnoshe
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socio-cultural context, including t
Page 105 and 106:
sexual freedom or promiscuity of Ru
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As for catcalling situations, two f
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Moscow. The suburbs of Moscow that
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In terms of inter-gender behavior,
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domestic duties. This real inequali
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esearch on Russian women’s attitu
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policemen pulls you over, it’s pr
Page 119 and 120:
favoritism or, on the contrary, bia
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Chapter VI: Ethnicity Analysis ETHN
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among those arrested, prosecuted, i
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Azerbaidzhan are not that rare in R
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Russians were literally segregated
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As an American you stand out… eve
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Azerbaijani, Georgians, Tajiki, etc
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usage; and 2) the confusion non-nat
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hypothesize that Russians use it pr
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purpose of the training of the inha
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The incident described by the parti
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incidents of ethnic intolerance hap
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and cultural background influence h
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She believed that Russians and Amer
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Rita expressed an opinion that Russ
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same way: familial and hospitable.
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I had Russian people telling me thi
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viewed her as “chernaya” [black
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eflecting on physical appearance an
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The results of the study reveal tha
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Another unexpected finding of the r
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going abroad is gradually increasin
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their trip goals more realistic; an
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5. Were you ever denied access to c
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Carlson, J., et al. Study Abroad: T
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Johnson, Ericka. Dreaming of a Mail
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Olson, David H., and Mikhail S. Mat
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Vondrova, Kristine. "The Value of S
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