Rowe, S. and Feltham, G. (2000) Eastport peninsula lobster conservation: Integrating Harvesters’ LocalKnowledge and Fisheries Science for Resource Co-management. In Finding Our Sealegs: Linking FisheryPeople and Their Knowledge with Science and <strong>Management</strong>. (Edits by B. Neis and L. Felt). Institute of Socialand Economic Research Press, St John’s, Newfoundland. pp 236-245.http://www.k12.nf.ca/hssc/lobster/http://www.ffaw.nf.ca/news/prapril28.html54
6. Georges Bank fishery closures, USAGeorges Bank is in the Gulf of Maine on the eastern seaboard of the United States and was once one of the mostproductive fishing grounds in the world (Kurlansky 1997). However, decades of increasingly intensive fishingled to a series of fishery declines and collapses that precipitated a drastic new management initiative. In 1994,three large areas totalling 17,000km 2 were closed to fishing for groundfish (Figure 1), a multispecies group ofbottom living fish including cod (Gadus morhua), haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus), yellowtail flounder(Limanda ferruginea), witch flounder (Glyptocephalus cynoglossus) and silver hake (Merluccius bilinearis),among others. This represents approximately 25% of fishing grounds on the bank.Figure 1: Map showing closed areas in the Gulf of Maine. Closed Areas I and II, and theNantucket Lightship Closure Area were protected in 1994. Figure courtesy of the New EnglandFishery <strong>Management</strong> Council.These areas were also closed to all kinds of fishing gear that might catch groundfish incidentally, or damagetheir habitats, such as scallop dredges. An additional purpose of the closures was to help rebuild depleted scallopstocks (A. Rosenberg, pers. comm.). Although the areas were not closed to all forms of fishing (long-lining waspermitted, for example), and so do not qualify as fully protected, they offer many important insights into howlarge, fully protected marine reserves might work. They also show how it is possible to create and police large,offshore areas that are exploited by industrial scale fisheries. In this case, a substantial fraction of the vesselsusing the bank were equipped with satellite monitoring systems that collected information on their location atregular intervals. The data were transmitted to a monitoring centre and used by the National <strong>Marine</strong> FisheriesService to verify compliance with the boundaries of the closed areas, and enforce regulations. Satellite trackingshowed that there were very high levels of compliance (Murawski et al. 2000, Rago and McSherry 2002). In2002, courts secured the first conviction using satellite data alone of a vessel fishing illegally within one of theclosed areas.Murawski et al. (2000) judged the closed areas as a major success. They significantly reduced fishing mortalityof depleted groundfish stocks. Stocks of haddock, yellowtail and witch flounders in particular have been on theincrease. While many of the key species still lie well below historical levels of biomass the trends have turnedupwards after many years of decline. Yellowtail flounder is now gradually approaching target biomass levels formaximum sustainable yield (Cadrin 2000). Cod have been slower to respond, perhaps because they are moremobile than haddock and flounders, but there are encouraging signs that their biomass is rebuilding (NEFSC2001, O’Brian and Munroe 2001). Unpublished experimental trawl data from the Northeast Fisheries ScienceCenter demonstrate spillover of several species of groundfish from closed areas to fishing grounds (PaulHoward, New England Fishery <strong>Management</strong> Council, pers. comm.). The effects are beginning to be felt by55
- Page 1 and 2:
The fishery effects ofmarine reserv
- Page 3 and 4: ContentsPart 1: Review1. Summary 62
- Page 5 and 6: Part 1: Review5
- Page 7 and 8: egan being published. Those studies
- Page 9 and 10: unprotected area (21.2cm vs 38.1cm)
- Page 11 and 12: species of snappers and grouper are
- Page 13 and 14: 6.1 What are the mechanisms involve
- Page 15: They concluded that reserves coveri
- Page 18 and 19: which there are decadal shifts in e
- Page 20 and 21: managed with reserves alone, while
- Page 22 and 23: However, in some areas fishers have
- Page 24 and 25: Literature citedAlder, J. (1996) Co
- Page 26 and 27: Fiske, S.J. (1992) Sociocultural as
- Page 28 and 29: Levine, A. (2002) Global partnershi
- Page 30 and 31: Roberts, C.M. and Hawkins, J.P. (20
- Page 32 and 33: Part 2: Case Studies32
- Page 34 and 35: Mean abundance of fish per count100
- Page 36 and 37: 2. Contrasting experiences from the
- Page 38 and 39: Russ and Alcala (1996) assessed cha
- Page 40 and 41: Key points• Very high reef fisher
- Page 42 and 43: 3. The effects of New Zealand marin
- Page 44 and 45: important species for recreational
- Page 46 and 47: Ballantine, W.J. (1991) Marine rese
- Page 48 and 49: experimental data obtained in the T
- Page 50 and 51: ReferencesAttwood, C.G. and Bennett
- Page 52 and 53: 5. Lobster fisheries management in
- Page 56 and 57: fishers. At a meeting of fishers an
- Page 58 and 59: 7. Marine parks and other protected
- Page 60 and 61: 8. Community-based closed areas in
- Page 62 and 63: People are also seeing some species
- Page 64 and 65: 9. The Sambos Ecological Reserve, F
- Page 66 and 67: 10. The Nosy Atafana Marine Park, n
- Page 68 and 69: 11. Mombasa and Kisite Marine Parks
- Page 70 and 71: species that are mobile enough to d
- Page 72 and 73: Emerton and Tessema (2001) looked a
- Page 74 and 75: McClanahan, T.R. and Mangi, S. (200
- Page 76 and 77: Goodridge et al. (1997) collected b
- Page 78 and 79: offshore fishing with tourism, such
- Page 80 and 81: • The SMMA would have been improv
- Page 82 and 83: species decreased in the second fou
- Page 84 and 85: eserve in the form of increased cat
- Page 86 and 87: 15. Merritt Island National Wildlif
- Page 88 and 89: Thousand Islands, St Lucie canal an
- Page 90: is closed to scallop fishing. Ten y
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