WWF Cover photo - Soufriere Marine Management Association ...

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McClanahan, T.R. and Mangi, S. (2001) The effect of a closed area and beach seine exclusion on coral reef fishcatches. Fisheries Management and Ecology 8, 107-121.McClanahan, T.R., Muthiga, N.A., and Mangi, S. (2001) Coral and algal response to the 1998 coral bleachingand mortality: interaction with reef management and herbivores on Kenyan reefs. Coral Reefs 19, 380-391.Muthiga, N.A., Riedmiller, S., van der Elst, R., Mann-Lang, J., Horrill, C., and McClanahan, T.R. (2000)Management status and case studies. In: T.R. McClanahan, C.S. Sheppard and D.O. Obura (eds), Coral reefs ofthe Indian Ocean: their ecology and conservation. Oxford University Press, New York pp. 473-505.Ngugi, I. (1998) Economic impacts of marine protected areas: A case study of the Mombasa Marine Park.M.Phil. Thesis, Department of Economics, University of Nairobi, Kenya.Obura, D.O. (1999) Status Report Kenya. pp 33-36 in O. Lindén and N. Sporrong (eds.), Coral Reef degradationin the Indian Ocean: Status report and project presentations. CORDIO.Obura, D.O. (2001) Kenya. Marine Pollution Bulletin 42, 1264-1278.Pezzey, J.C.V., Roberts, C.M. and Urdal, B.T. (2000) A simple bio-economic model of a marine reserve.Ecological Economics 33, 77-91.Rodwell, L.D. (2001) Marine reserves and the enhancement of tropical fisheries. PhD Thesis, University ofYork, UK.Rodwell, L.D., Barbier, E.B., Roberts, C.M and McClanahan, T.R. (2002) A model of tropical marine reservefisherylinkages. Natural Resource Modeling 15(3), 453-486.Samoilys, M.A. (1988) Abundance and species richness of coral reef fish on the Kenyan coast: the effects ofprotective management and fishing. Proceedings of the 6 th International Coral Reef Symposium 2, 261-266.Watson, M., Righton, D., Austin, T. and Ormond, R.F.G. (1996) The effects of fishing on coral reef fishabundance and diversity. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK 76, 229-233.Watson, M. and Ormond, R.F.G. (1994) Effect of an artisanal fishery on the fish and urchin population of aKenyan coral reef. Marine Ecology Progress Series 109, 115-129.Watson, M., Ormond, R.F.G. and Holliday L. (1997) The role of Kenya’s marine protected areas in artisanalfisheries management. Proceedings of the 8 th International Coral Reef Symposium 2, 1955-1960.Watson, M. (2002) Economic Environment: review of Emerton and Tessema 2001. Reef Encounter 31, 37.74
12. The Soufrière Marine Management Area, St Lucia, West IndiesSoufrière is a small town on the south west coast of St Lucia for which fishing and tourism are important sourcesof income. The coral reefs that fringe the coast there form the basis for much of this income. Most of Soufrière’stourism is concentrated around snorkeling, diving and yachting, and the local fishery is divided between thenearshore reef fishery and an offshore fishery for pelagic species like tuna. Since the 1980s there has beenconflict over the limited nearshore resources, between fishers and tourist use, and concern over declining reeffish catches and reef health.In 1986 the Government of St Lucia declared many of the major reefs in St Lucia as marine reserves, withlegislation to protect them from fishing and other sources of impact. However, the protected areas were notofficially defined, and there were no funds available for marking boundaries or enforcement, and so thelegislation was ineffective (White 1994, George 1996). In 1987 the Government put forward a proposal for thedevelopment of a National Park in the Soufrière area, to include both marine and terrestrial habitats, focussingparticularly on the coral reefs. Various attempts to establish reserve and fishing priority areas were made by theDepartment of Fisheries. Local groups began consultation on the areas to be protected and they put a monitoringprogramme in place but there was no active management, with the exception of a small no-take reserve areaestablished in front of one hotel (the Anse Chastanet reserve – see Roberts and Hawkins 2000).In 1992 the various parties interested in management of Soufrière’s marine resources renewed their efforts toestablish a marine and coastal resource management area. They formed a committee with representatives of theSoufrière Regional Development Foundation, Department of Fisheries and Caribbean Natural ResourcesInstitute. This committee identified stakeholders to be involved in the new consultation process and co-ordinatednegotiations (George 1996). The committee decided that the best approach would be to start with a clean slate,putting all existing marine reserve and fishing priority areas under review. Resource users and other stakeholdersproduced maps identifying current uses, conflicts and condition of coastal resources around Soufrière. Variousissues were taken into account, including yachting and diving, fishing, sources of conflict, local recreational useand issues of pollution and reef degradation. After extensive community consultation the proposal for theSoufrière Marine Management Area was presented to the Government for approval in 1994, and accepted. Thestakeholders, together with local and regional experts put together a management plan. USAID and the FrenchMission for Co-operation provided support for the initial management of the area, funding demarcation of thereserves, moorings for yachts, a well equipped office, patrol boat and initial salaries for a manager and wardens(George 1996).The Soufrière Marine Management Area (SMMA) was officially launched in 1995, with effective managementbeginning in July 1995. The management area covers 11km of coast and extends 100m from shore, or to 70mdepth, whichever is greater, and is separated into a series of zones including:1. Marine reserves – all extractive uses are forbidden, but diving is permitted.2. Fishing priority areas – where diving and other uses are permitted but fishing takes precedence.3. Yacht mooring areas – areas where there are mooring buoys provided for yachts. Fishing and diving arepermitted.4. Multiple use areas – all uses are permitted in these areas, with the exception of activities forbiddenthroughout the SMMA such as jetskiing, and coral extraction.One of the main objectives for establishing the SMMA, incorporating no-take marine reserves and fishingpriority areas, was to manage the local reef fishery and prevent further decline in reef fish catches and the healthof the coral reef ecosystem. The Soufrière Fishermen’s Co-operative (SFC) took an important role in the SMMAconsultation process and approved the location of the no-take areas and the fishing priority areas. One of theproblems that reef fishers later identified with the consultation process was that the active members of the SFCwere mainly seine net fishers who fish off sandy beaches targeting small pelagic species such as jacks(Carangidae) and halfbeaks (Hemiramphidae). The fishing priority areas they selected were mainly beach areas,and the no-take areas encompassed many good reef fishing areas. The reef fishers thus felt that they had not beenrepresented fairly and had lost most of their good fishing grounds, whereas the seine fishers had retained the useof all their best sites.Protection of reef fish stocks has been a great success. Annual monitoring of reef fish biomass since prior to thebeginning of management has shown a four fold increase in commercial fish biomass inside the marine reservesand a three fold increase in fishing grounds (Figure 1, Roberts et al. 2001, Gell et al. in prep. a).75
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The fishery effects ofmarine reserv
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ContentsPart 1: Review1. Summary 62
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Part 1: Review5
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egan being published. Those studies
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unprotected area (21.2cm vs 38.1cm)
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species of snappers and grouper are
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6.1 What are the mechanisms involve
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They concluded that reserves coveri
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which there are decadal shifts in e
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managed with reserves alone, while
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However, in some areas fishers have
Page 24 and 25: Literature citedAlder, J. (1996) Co
Page 26 and 27: Fiske, S.J. (1992) Sociocultural as
Page 28 and 29: Levine, A. (2002) Global partnershi
Page 30 and 31: Roberts, C.M. and Hawkins, J.P. (20
Page 32 and 33: Part 2: Case Studies32
Page 34 and 35: Mean abundance of fish per count100
Page 36 and 37: 2. Contrasting experiences from the
Page 38 and 39: Russ and Alcala (1996) assessed cha
Page 40 and 41: Key points• Very high reef fisher
Page 42 and 43: 3. The effects of New Zealand marin
Page 44 and 45: important species for recreational
Page 46 and 47: Ballantine, W.J. (1991) Marine rese
Page 48 and 49: experimental data obtained in the T
Page 50 and 51: ReferencesAttwood, C.G. and Bennett
Page 52 and 53: 5. Lobster fisheries management in
Page 54 and 55: Rowe, S. and Feltham, G. (2000) Eas
Page 56 and 57: fishers. At a meeting of fishers an
Page 58 and 59: 7. Marine parks and other protected
Page 60 and 61: 8. Community-based closed areas in
Page 62 and 63: People are also seeing some species
Page 64 and 65: 9. The Sambos Ecological Reserve, F
Page 66 and 67: 10. The Nosy Atafana Marine Park, n
Page 68 and 69: 11. Mombasa and Kisite Marine Parks
Page 70 and 71: species that are mobile enough to d
Page 72 and 73: Emerton and Tessema (2001) looked a
Page 76 and 77: Goodridge et al. (1997) collected b
Page 78 and 79: offshore fishing with tourism, such
Page 80 and 81: • The SMMA would have been improv
Page 82 and 83: species decreased in the second fou
Page 84 and 85: eserve in the form of increased cat
Page 86 and 87: 15. Merritt Island National Wildlif
Page 88 and 89: Thousand Islands, St Lucie canal an
Page 90: is closed to scallop fishing. Ten y
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