fishers. At a meeting of fishers and scientists in Oregon in 2001, a Cape Cod fisherman described how prior tothe closures, he had to steam 70 miles one way for a day’s catch of around 270kg of cod, but these days hetravels just 30 miles toward the edge of the closure and catches 500kg.These improvements in fish stocks were not gained using the closed areas alone. At the time of theirimplementation in 1994, a package of other measures was introduced which limited the number of permits tofish for groundfish, increased trawl mesh size by 1/2 inch, and initiated a stepped effort reduction program aimedat halving time spent fishing for groundfish by 50% over 5 years. The latter timeline was speeded up when thedepth of the cod collapse became clearer. This combination of conventional fishery management measures andlarge closed areas has evidently been highly successful and represents a model for others to follow.The most dramatic effect of the closures was on scallops (Placopecten magellanicus). By 1994 scallops had beenheavily depleted by fishing. They rebounded after five years of protection, reaching 9 to 14 times the density oflegal size scallops in fished areas (Murawski et al. 2000). Satellite monitoring of fishing vessels showed scallopfishers hugging the edge of the closed areas, benefiting from high catches as a result of export of scallopoffspring on ocean currents (Rago and McSherry 2002). This is exactly what theoretical studies suggest wouldhappen. Biophysical modeling of current patterns across Georges Bank indicate that the closed areas exportscallop larvae to large regions of the bank as a result of their 40-day pelagic larval duration and the prevailinganticyclonic circulation. The models also suggest that the closures are able to resupply themselves, withsubstantial self-recruitment likely (Lewis 1999). Furthermore, patterns of fishing effort revealed by satellitemonitoring show effort concentrated into places most likely to receive the greatest volume of larval supply(Lewis et al. 2001, Rago and McSherry 2002).In 1999 the southern part of Closed Area II was controversially reopened to fishing for scallops to allow fishersto extract some of the accumulated adult biomass but with bycatch limits imposed for yellowtail flounder. Thishas allowed some of the largest catches to be taken for at least a decade. Many see this as the first step towardmanagement of scallop fisheries by rotating closed areas, a strategy that some models suggest would be usefulfor a species with its life-history (Quinn et al. 1993). However, such rotational management should complementrather than replace permanent closed areas, as reopenings will undo some of the beneficial effects of protection,such as improvements in habitat.Protection of closed areas from mobile fishing gears has led to changes in habitats on the bank. Five years ofprotection from trawling have led to large increases in the density, biomass, species richness, and production ofbottom-living animals relative to areas open to trawling (NRC 2002, J. Collie pers. comm.). In turn, these effectscan be expected to enhance production of commercial fishery species (Lindholm et al. 1999, Roberts and Sargant2002), leading to long-term sustained benefits from protected area management.Key points• Large-scale fishery closures on Georges Bank show that reserves can be effective for industrial fisheriesin temperate continental shelf settings.• Satellite technology and vessel monitoring systems make it possible to police and verify compliancewith large offshore closures.• In five years of protection, closures have reduced fishing mortality and begun rebuilding stocks ofdepleted groundfish.• Scallops responded quickly to protection, and adjacent fisheries have been enhanced by export of theirlarvae.• Scallop fishers fish-the-line along the borders of closed areas, benefiting from higher catch rates there.ReferencesCadrin, S. (2000) Yellowtail flounder. In Northeast Fisheries Science Center Resource Evaluation andAssessment Division, Status of the Fishery Resources off the Northeastern United States, NOAA, Woods Hole,Massachusetts. http://www.nefsc.nmfs.gov/sos/Hart, D. (2001) Sea scallops. In Northeast Fisheries Science Center Resource Evaluation and AssessmentDivision, Status of the Fishery Resources off the Northeastern United States, NOAA, Woods Hole,Massachusetts. http://www.nefsc.nmfs.gov/sos/Kurlansky, M. (1997) Cod: a Biography of the Fish that Changed the World. Walker. 294pp.56
Lewis, C.V.W. (1999) Biological-Physical modeling of sea scallop fishery closures.http://www.cbl.umces.edu/fogarty/usglobec/misc/field.notes-3.htmlLewis, C.V.W., Lynch, D.R., Fogarty, M.J. and Mountain, D. (2001) Effects of area closures on Georges Bankbivalves: larval transport and population dynamics.http://www-nml.dartmouth.edu/Publications/internal_reports/NML-00-2/.For simulation model, see: http://www.seascallop.com/currents.htmlLindholm, J. B., Auster, P. J. and Kaufman, L. S. (1999) Habitat-mediated survivorship of juvenile (0-year)Atlantic cod Gadhus morhua. <strong>Marine</strong> Ecology Progress Series 180, 247-255.Murawski, S. A., Brown, R., Lai, H.L., Rago, P. J. and Hendrickson, L. (2000) Large-scale closed areas as afisheries -management too in temperate marine systems: the Georges bank experience. Bulletin of <strong>Marine</strong>Science 66, 775-798.NEFSC (Northeast Fisheries Science Center) (2001) Assessment of 19 Northeast Groundfish Stocks through2000. A Report to the New England Fishery <strong>Management</strong> Council’s Multi-Species Monitoring Committee.Northeast Fisheries Science Center Reference Document 01-20.http://www.nefsc.noaa.gov/nefsc/publications/crd/crd0120/N.R.C. (National Research Council)(2002) Effects of Trawling and Dredging on Seafloor Habitat. NationalAcademy Press, Washington, DC.O’Brian, L. and Munroe, N.J. (2001) Assessment of the Georges Bank Atlantic Cod Stock for 2001. NortheastFisheries Science Center Reference Document 01-10.http://www.nefsc.noaa.gov/nefsc/publications/crd/crd0110/0110.htmQuinn, J., Wing, S.R. and Botsford, L.W. (1993) Harvest refugia in marine invertebrate fisheries: models andapplications to the Red Sea Urchin, Strongylocentrotus franciscanus. American Zoologist 33, 537-550.Rago, P., and McSherry, M. (2002) Spatial distribution of fishing effort for sea scallops: 1998-2000. AppendixG in Northeast Region Essential Fish Habitat Steering Committee, Workshop on the Effects of Fishing Gear on<strong>Marine</strong> Habitats off the Northeastern United States. October 23-25, 2001, Boston, Massachusetts. NOAA,Woods Hole, Massachusetts. http://www.nefsc.nmfs.gov/nefsc/publications/crd/crd0201/index.htmRoberts, C.M. and Sargant, H. (2002) The fishery benefits of fully protected marine reserves: why habitat andbehaviour are important. Natural Resources Modeling.57
- Page 1 and 2:
The fishery effects ofmarine reserv
- Page 3 and 4:
ContentsPart 1: Review1. Summary 62
- Page 5 and 6: Part 1: Review5
- Page 7 and 8: egan being published. Those studies
- Page 9 and 10: unprotected area (21.2cm vs 38.1cm)
- Page 11 and 12: species of snappers and grouper are
- Page 13 and 14: 6.1 What are the mechanisms involve
- Page 15: They concluded that reserves coveri
- Page 18 and 19: which there are decadal shifts in e
- Page 20 and 21: managed with reserves alone, while
- Page 22 and 23: However, in some areas fishers have
- Page 24 and 25: Literature citedAlder, J. (1996) Co
- Page 26 and 27: Fiske, S.J. (1992) Sociocultural as
- Page 28 and 29: Levine, A. (2002) Global partnershi
- Page 30 and 31: Roberts, C.M. and Hawkins, J.P. (20
- Page 32 and 33: Part 2: Case Studies32
- Page 34 and 35: Mean abundance of fish per count100
- Page 36 and 37: 2. Contrasting experiences from the
- Page 38 and 39: Russ and Alcala (1996) assessed cha
- Page 40 and 41: Key points• Very high reef fisher
- Page 42 and 43: 3. The effects of New Zealand marin
- Page 44 and 45: important species for recreational
- Page 46 and 47: Ballantine, W.J. (1991) Marine rese
- Page 48 and 49: experimental data obtained in the T
- Page 50 and 51: ReferencesAttwood, C.G. and Bennett
- Page 52 and 53: 5. Lobster fisheries management in
- Page 54 and 55: Rowe, S. and Feltham, G. (2000) Eas
- Page 58 and 59: 7. Marine parks and other protected
- Page 60 and 61: 8. Community-based closed areas in
- Page 62 and 63: People are also seeing some species
- Page 64 and 65: 9. The Sambos Ecological Reserve, F
- Page 66 and 67: 10. The Nosy Atafana Marine Park, n
- Page 68 and 69: 11. Mombasa and Kisite Marine Parks
- Page 70 and 71: species that are mobile enough to d
- Page 72 and 73: Emerton and Tessema (2001) looked a
- Page 74 and 75: McClanahan, T.R. and Mangi, S. (200
- Page 76 and 77: Goodridge et al. (1997) collected b
- Page 78 and 79: offshore fishing with tourism, such
- Page 80 and 81: • The SMMA would have been improv
- Page 82 and 83: species decreased in the second fou
- Page 84 and 85: eserve in the form of increased cat
- Page 86 and 87: 15. Merritt Island National Wildlif
- Page 88 and 89: Thousand Islands, St Lucie canal an
- Page 90: is closed to scallop fishing. Ten y
Change language