Holland's Theory in a Post-Modern World: - The Career Center ...

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Holland’s Theory 28to see Holland’s work as applicable in the contemporary world. Obviously, this literature reviewhighlights the need for appropriate Holland-based measures for all people that wish to use them.This will best assure the benefits of Holland’s theory can be realized.As we have suggested, there is a need to understand the applicability of Holland-basedassessments and the RIASEC structure in a variety of cultures and countries. Assuring thatHolland’s theory is appropriately used will allow for increased dissemination of the ideas on howto address the evolving needs of our clients.Limitations and Implications for Research and PracticeSeveral of the previous studies assessing the use of Holland’s theory with other cultureshave used the English version of the measures abroad (e.g., Leong et al., 1998; Long et al., 2005;du Toit & de Bruin, 2002). This may have affected the findings of these studies, and it issuggested that future studies attempt to further validate and understand the versions of Hollandbasedinstruments that have been translated or adapted for the culture studied. We have identifiedmany of the translations of the Self-Directed Search and Strong Interest Inventory in Table 2 thatcould be used in such research.We verified information about the various versions, adaptations, and translations ofHolland-based assessments with the official publishers and copyright holders of these materials(i.e., Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc. and CPP, Inc.). The authors realize that otherversions and information may exist but it was decided that official publisher verification wouldbe the standard by which we would include information in this article.An additional shortcoming of current culturally diverse Holland-based assessments is thatthe secondary constructs (e.g., congruence, consistency, differentiation) have not been widelyexplored as predictors of career choice (Leong et al., 1998; Spokane, Meir, & Catalano, 2000).
Holland’s Theory 29Because these secondary constructs are important in Holland’s theory, more focus should beplaced on the relation of these constructs to occupational choice in diverse settings. Additionally,culturally diverse populations have shown unique gender differences in scoring from sample tosample (Glidden-Tracey & Parraga, 1996).With regard to RIASEC structure, the research is growing in nations of Europe and Asia,but this is not the case in many emerging nations. Additionally, more research with Holland’stheory is needed to examine the influence of socioeconomic conditions, religion, family systems,school-to-work transition, and work values on career decisions.Only one study (Rounds & Tracey, 1996) has examined the global relevance of thistheory by conducting a meta-analysis that explored the international applicability of threeHolland-based models of interest structure. These authors included 96 samples representing 19countries found in the literature from 1970 to 1992, and found a better fit for models derivedfrom Holland’s circular order model (e.g., Gati, 1982) than for the circular order model itself.This is an important area for study given the increasing use of Holland’s theory throughout theworld with inconsistent empirical support. If it can be shown that a RIASEC structure isinvariant across diverse cultures and economic conditions, then the plausibility that Holland’stypes represent universal entities is strengthened, such as the international validation work thathas been done with the Big Five factors of personality (McCrae & Costa, 1997).The structure of Holland’s RIASEC types has implications not only for vocational theorybut also for career counseling practices. Measures of Holland’s types are commonly used to helpindividuals learn about their vocational interests and to assist them in matching their interestswith occupations. More research suggesting that interpretations of the RIASEC scales developedin the United States are applicable to other countries can provide greater confidence for using
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Page 33 and 34: Holland’s Theory 33Coutinho, M. T
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Page 39 and 40: Holland’s Theory 39Schultheiss, D
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