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The author suggests that participation in arts can benefit patients by offeringempowerment, the experience of ‘authenticity’, as well as through feelings ofenergy, compassion and deepening attention.The second study explored the impact of weekly participation in an artprogramme facilitated by an art teacher on adult patients in an inpatientoncology unit in New England (Ferszt et al., 2000). The sample includedseven patients who had participated in the programme and seven nurses whohad cared for them. Semi-structured interviews were undertaken within 36hours of the patients’ completion of the programme. Thematic contentanalysis was undertaken and positive responses to the arts programme byparticipants and nurses were reported. These accounts identified a number ofimpacts including: the effects of arts on clinical outcomes, such as pain relief;mood and enhanced communication between nurses and patients. Theauthors identified a number of benefits of participation in arts including:achievement and producing attractive products; relationships and improveddialogue between nurses and patients; increased ability to cope withhospitalisation; distraction from illness; expression of humanness; and anengaging relationship with the art therapist.9.3 Summary: The benefits of patient participation in artsThese studies identify a number of benefits of patient participation in arts.These include: Achievement, pride and engagement leading to clinical benefits, suchas reduced need for services; Enhanced communication, relationships, compassion for others andimproved atmosphere of health care settings; Empowerment and personal transformation through experiences ofenhanced identity and self awareness; Feelings of energy, capability and enhanced coping withhospitalisation; Compassion for others.48
10. Results of Non-intervention Studies of Health CareEnvironments10.1 Physical characteristics of health care environmentsOur review identified four non-intervention studies of health care environments(Douglas and Douglas, 2005; Chen and Sanoff, 1988; Timko, 1996; Benjaminand Spector, 1990). These are described in Appendix 10. Two of these usedvalidated assessment tools to examine the characteristics of existing healthcare built environments. For example, Timko (1996) carried out a study ofpsychiatric and substance abuse residential treatment programmes for adultsin six San Francisco Bay Area counties. A stratified random sample of 164out of 204 hospital and community based facilities was included, with aresponse rate of 76% reported. The physical characteristics of the facilitiesdiscussed in relation to the development of the Physical and ArchitecturalCharacteristics Inventory (PACI), which assesses the physical characteristicsof the facilities. The PACI has 7 dimensions that assess: communityaccessibility, physical features that add convenience, aid recreation andprovide support for patients, and space for patient and staff functions.The study found that programmes with more physical amenities had patientswho were more involved in self-initiated and community activities. Further,patients in these programmes had better outcomes than in other settings,measured in terms of programme completion and discharge into independentliving situations and paid jobs. Programmes with more social-recreational andprosthetic aids, space, and access to community resources also had betterpatient outcomes.While the study does not focus directly on the arts, it suggests that artsactivities as part of a social-recreational programme can support positiveoutcomes (Timko, 1996).The second study (Benjamin and Spector, 1990) is an earlier case studyanalysis of a British sample of specialised environments for the dementingand elderly using the Mulitphasic Environmental Assessment Procedure(MEAP). The study included four facilities in Hertfordshire, one of which wasa brand new purpose built facility. The survey demonstrates neglect duringthe late 1980s of the needs of prospective residents when facilities aredesigned. Hence, all the facilities were lacking in features that would makethem suitable for wheelchair residents. Sites were also found to be poor inrelation to safety features, prosthetic aids and orientation aids. The studyfound all the facilities to be limited in the extent to which residents wereinvolved in events taking place in the outside community.10.2 Studies of patient and staff perceptions of health care environmentsTwo of the non-intervention studies have explored patients’ perceptions ofhealth care built environments. For example, a recent survey of past patientsin a UK inner city hospital trust drew on data from 785 respondents (Douglas49
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The impact of visual artsand design
Page 5 and 6: Table of ContentsExecutive Summary.
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Page 9 and 10: Executive Summary(i)(ii)(iii)This r
Page 11: are unlikely to receive consensual
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Page 17 and 18: 3. Overview of Contextual Literatur
Page 19 and 20: Notions of appropriate and inapprop
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Page 28 and 29: consequent difficulty of relating a
Page 30 and 31: outcomes including depression, elev
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Page 34 and 35: outcomes are also addressed, althou
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Page 39 and 40: General issuesThe research on the i
Page 41 and 42: was an opinion survey or 2200 staff
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Page 46 and 47: Another study by Duncan (2003) used
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Page 50 and 51: wards and three female wards, inclu
Page 52 and 53: the new wards did not allow patient
Page 54 and 55: Patients with stressful conditions,
Page 58 and 59: and Douglas, 2005). Qualitative met
Page 60 and 61: health care environment, issues als
Page 62 and 63: Creating uplifting environments and
Page 64 and 65: esearch. Critical appraisal of the
Page 66 and 67: Coultier, A.C. (2005) What is the e
Page 68 and 69: McAuslane, L. and Sperlinger, D. (1
Page 70 and 71: Ulrich, R. (1992) How design impact
Page 72 and 73: Appendix 2. Search terms used in th
Page 74 and 75: Appendix 4. Overview of the search
Page 76 and 77: Appendix 6: Data Extraction SheetSt
Page 78 and 79: Staricoffand Loppert(2003)(unrepres
Page 80 and 81: Passini etal. (1998)Schofield(2003)
Page 82 and 83: Appendix 9. Overview of studies of
Page 84 and 85: BenjaminandSpector(1990)Assessment
Page 86 and 87: y Bryan Lawson and Michael Phiri, i
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