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BEDFORD INSTITUTEOF OCEANOGRAPHY2001 IN REVIEW

Change of address notices, requests for copies, and other correspondenceregarding this publication should be sent to:The Editor, BIO 2001 in ReviewBedford Institute of OceanographyP.O. Box 1006Dartmouth, Nova ScotiaCanada, B2Y 4A2E-mail address:geddesd@mar.dfo-mpo.gc.caCover artwork is a painting by New Brunswick artist J.O. Pennanen from the book The Last Billion Years, courtesy of the Geological Survey of Canada (Atlantic)– Natural Resources Canada.© Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, 2002Cat. No. Fs75-104/2001E-INISBN internet : 0-662-31978-8ISSN 1499-996XAussi disponible en français.Editor: Dianne Geddes, BIO. Editorial team: Shelley Armsworthy, Pat Dennis, and Carl Myers.Photographs:BIO Technographics, the authors, and individuals/agencies credited.Published by:Fisheries and Oceans Canada and Natural Resources CanadaBedford Institute of Oceanography1 Challenger DriveP.O. Box 1006Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, CanadaB2Y 4A2BIO web site address: www.bio.gc.ca

The Scotian Shelf and Southern Grand BanksAtlantic Halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus)Survey – Collaboration Between the Fishing andFisheries Science Communities ................................................ 30– K.C.T. Zwanenburg and S. WilsonFreshwater Biodiversity Facilities .............................................. 31– T. R. Goff, S. F. O’Neil, and T. L. MarshallResearch Voyages ...................................................................... 33– D.L. McKeownCROSS CUTTING ISSUES ................................. 34Partnering between First Nations and DFOScience and Oceans and Environment Branches ...................... 34– K. Paul, R. Lavoie, and T. L. MarshallInteractions between Offshore Oil and GasOperations and the Marine Environment ................................ 36– Peter Cranford, Shelley Armsworthy, Kenneth Lee,Tim Milligan, Kee Muschenheim, Charles Hannah, JohnLoder, Michael Li, Gary Sonnichsen, and Edward KingThe Sable Gully ........................................................................ 38– Jason NaugBras d’Or Lakes Research – SIMBOL (Sciencefor Integrated Management of the Bras d’Or Lakes) ............... 39– Gary Bugden, Ed Horne, Brian Petrie, Tim Lambert, BarryHargrave, Tim Milligan, Peter Strain, Phil Yeats, Ken Paul, DavidPiper, John Shaw, Bob Taylor, Janice Raymond, and John TremblayImpact of Multibeam Surveys on Scallop FishingEfficiency and Stock Assessment .............................................. 40– Ginette Robert and the Canadian Offshore ScallopIndustry Mapping GroupRESOURCEMANAGEMENT HIGHLIGHTS .................... 42Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Maritimes Regional Contributionto National Policy on Ecosystem-based Management .............. 42– Bob O’Boyle, Mike Sinclair, and Faith ScattolonHabitat Stewardship Projects of the HabitatManagement Division .............................................................. 43– Chad Ziai and Shayne McQuaidDFO – Maritimes Region and the Offshore Oiland Gas Industry ...................................................................... 44– Julia McCleaveMaritimes Aquatic Species at Risk Office (MASARO)– Jerry Conway and John Loch .................................................. 45Managing Multiple Ocean Use in the Offshore ....................... 46– Jason NaugThe Eastern Scotian Shelf IntegratedManagement (ESSIM) Initiative ................................................... 48– Jason NaugAquaculture Co-ordination Office, Maritimes Region .................. 50– Cindy WebsterTECHNICAL SUPPORT HIGHLIGHTS ...... 512001 – Outreach at BIO ................................................................ 51– Joni Henderson, Jennifer Bates, Rob Fensome,John Shaw, John Shimeld, and Graham WilliamsBIO Supporting the Community ................................................... 53– Shelley ArmsworthyPublic Works and Government Services (PWGSC) WharfRejuvenation for Bedford Institute of Oceanography ................... 54– Wilf LushOTHER PROGRAMS ................................................. 55The Centre for Marine Biodiversity .............................................. 55– Ellen KenchingtonThe BIO Oceans Association Beluga Recognition Award .............. 56– Dale BuckleyThe Third Meeting of the Partnership for Observationof the Global Oceans (POGO) ...................................................... 57– Shubha SathyendranathFishermen and Scientists Research Society (FSRS)Lobster Recruitment Index from Standard Traps (LRIST)............. 58– John Tremblay, Carl MacDonald, Douglas Pezzack,and Peter HurleyFINANCIAL AND HUMAN RESOURCES... 60Financial Information .................................................................. 60People at BIO in 2001 ................................................................... 62PUBLICATIONS AND PRODUCTS ................. 68Publications 2001 .......................................................................... 68Products 2001 ................................................................................ 83BIO-2001 IN REVIEW / 3

Retrospective2001In 2001, staff of the Bedford Institute of Oceanography continued toperform targeted oceanographic and biological research mandatedby the Canadian government and engaged in management activitiesunder the Oceans Act and the Fisheries Act. They provided advice onmarine environments, especially those supporting fisheries, aquaculture,offshore hydrocarbon resources, provided navigational chartsfor waters from Georges Bank to the Canadian Arctic, undertooknumerous reviews of development activities under the habitatprotection provisions of the Fisheries Act and the CanadianEnvironmental Assessment Act, and led a number of oceans managementactivities. Some of the activities undertaken during 2001 tosupport emerging priorities are summarized below, or are featuredin articles in this report.NEW INITIATIVESLate in 2000, the Centre for Marine Biodiversity (CMB) was establishedin partnership with scientists and students principally fromDalhousie University, Halifax, NS and the Huntsman Marine ScienceCentre, St. Andrews, NB. In the summer of 2001, Dr. EllenKenchington of BIO was elected as the first Executive Director, andthe Centre’s administrative office was located at BIO. Also in 2001, aspart of a Memorandum of Understanding with Dalhousie University,a DFO Chair in Resource Conservation Genetics was created. Dr. PaulBentzen presently holds this position (see the Other Programs sectionof this report for more information on the CMB).The Canadian Hydrographic Service (CHS) obtained national ISO9001-2000 certification in December 2001 from the InternationalOrganization for Standardization. This achievement is a result of morethan two years of effort by CHS, at the national and regional levels, tomeet the stringent ISO requirements. The ISO 9000 family of internationalquality management standards and guidelines has earned a globalreputation as the basis for establishing quality management systems. Formore details on ISO 9001-2000 at CHS refer to the Science Activitiessection of this report.A Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) between DFO and theCanada-Nova Scotia Offshore Petroleum Board (CNSOPB) wassigned on July 26, 2001. This MOU established a formal processthrough which DFO and CNSOPB can work together to facilitate andpromote the sound management of petroleum activities whileprotecting the marine environment. Additional details are in the articlein the Resource Management Highlights section of this report.In 2001, BIO played a leadership role in the federal science andtechnology (S&T) community by initiating the Hypatia Project.Thisproject was designed to identify and develop a strategy to reduce thefactors limiting the recruitment, participation, and retention ofwomen in its science and technology positions. The project wasnamed Hypatia after an Egyptian mathematician, astronomer,natural philosopher, and teacher who lived in Alexandria in thefourth century. According to historical records, she was the firstwoman recognized as a scientist. This initiative is part of a provincialproject to design and implement long-term strategies to improve therepresentation of women in S&T in Nova Scotia. Mandates of theHypatia Project include improving organizational health, increasingawareness of the benefits that diversity brings to creativity in scienceand technology, and developing a workplace that actively supportsdiversity.FIELD PROGRAMS AND ACTIVITIESThe Canadian Hydrographic Service conducted surveys in 2001 inNotre Dame Bay, St. Georges Bay, and St. Anthony, Newfoundland; inRed Bay, Labrador; and in the Bras d’Or Lakes, Nova Scotia. TheNotre Dame Bay survey enabled the production of a new Canadianchart to replace a British chart that is over 100 years old. Two new7.5m survey launches were ordered, the first new boats for CHS in 15years. They will provide CHS with trailerable vessels for use on smallhigh priority surveys. Additional activities included:• Processing and publishing Notices to Mariners to update charts formajor changes to the Coast Guard aids to navigation systems.• Electronic chart coverage for all major harbours and routes on theEast Coast has been completed. Production of traditional productscontinued with the publication of new paper charts and neweditions of old charts.4 / BIO-2001 IN REVIEW

RETROSPECTIVE 2001Harbour and grey seals on a beach of Sable Island – photo by Jim McMillan.• Progress has been made in updating older charts to modern standards.Critical computer hardware and software have beenupgraded and the electronic data storage system at BIO has beenimproved.Several Ocean Sciences programs made significant progress during 2001:• An intensive current meter-mooring program across the ScotianSlope was initiated in partnership with the oil and gas industry.• The recovery of the first year-round deployment of a sedimenttrap in the Labrador Sea showed higher than expected sedimentationrates in the fall and early winter.• A winter field program on the water circulation patterns offMuggah Creek, Cape Breton was completed as part of an ongoingstudy of the fate of pollutants in Sydney Harbour.• The Canadian contribution to the Atlantic part of the global arrayof Argo floats was initiated with the deployment of four profilingfloats on the slope water region of the northwest Atlantic.• The second year of a multi-disciplinary study of the Bras d’OrLakes ecosystem was carried out. The primary focus has been oncirculation patterns and detailed multibeam mapping of thebottom, with additional work on plankton blooms and fish distributions.The Marine Aquatic Species at Risk office reported that surveys ofright whale distribution in the Gulf of Maine area, conducted incollaboration with several United States groups, indicated the returnof over 20 calves to the Bay of Fundy. This is a record compared toreturns observed during the past decade.The corpse of a leatherback turtle was found near the Bird Islands,off Cape Breton Island by a fisherman who brought it to the attentionof the Nova Scotia Leatherback Turtle Working Group (NSLTWG).The NSLTWG, in collaboration with BIO, arranged for a publicnecropsy of the turtle and also conducted several education sessionsfor school children to increase awareness of the endangeredleatherback turtle and current research pertaining to the species.Progress was made on the following Marine Fish Division (MFD)initiatives in 2001:• In collaboration with the fishing industry, scientists with MFDsurgically implanted 200 inshore cod with acoustic transmittersand then deployed an array of acoustic receivers along 160 km ofthe seafloor off Cape Breton. The aim of the study was to evaluatethe degree of mixing of inshore Cape Breton cod stocks with theGulf of St. Lawrence cod that migrate off Cape Breton during theBIO-2001 IN REVIEW / 5

RETROSPECTIVE 2001winter. Initial results indicated the receivers detected more than50% of the cod during their annual migration, clearly showingwhere and when they moved.• The Strategic Science Fund Project, Comparative Dynamics ofExploited Ecosystems in the Northwest Atlantic (CDEENA), hascompleted its third full year. The first two years were largelyfocussed on obtaining the data required for constructing modelsof ecosystem structure and function in Atlantic Canadian watersfrom the 1970s to the present. During the most recent year, manyof these models approached completion, and the project is in thephase of comparing the various time periods and areas. The BIOcontribution to this zonal project includes mass balance models ofthe eastern and western Scotian Shelf areas in two different timeperiods, models of multi-species dynamics, and reconstruction ofcod-seal-fishery interactions on the eastern Scotian Shelf. Thecompletion of the project is expected to include a special session atthe American Fisheries Society meeting in Québec in 2004.• The division has maintained an active grey seal population-monitoringprogram at Sable Island, Nova Scotia since 1977, and jointproject research activities with Dalhousie University and theSmithsonian Institution have been in place since 1989. Theresearch has focussed on generating new knowledge on grey sealforaging ecology and reproduction that has direct application toresource management issues. Distribution, foraging, reproduction,lactation, and behaviour projects were conducted.• MFD is involved in the study of the threatened loggerhead andendangered leatherback turtle. The goal of the study is to identifywhen these animals arrive in Canadian waters, behaviour theyexhibit while here, and the threats they face during their stay. Ajoint research project has been established with DalhousieUniversity and members of the Nova Scotia Leatherback WorkingGroup whose researchers have successfully attached satellitelinkedtransmitters to 13 leatherback turtles in 2001. These turtleswere tracked while in Canadian waters and beyond, providingexciting new knowledge on their movements. A subset of theturtles were fitted with dive-recorders that provided data abouttheir foraging activities. This project will continue through 2002.• MFD played an integral role in the groundfish pilot project sponsoredunder the DFO Objective-Based Fisheries ManagementInitiative. This national initiative introduces risk management,including the precautionary approach, to fishery management andrequires that planning encompass general ecosystem considerations,socio-economic aspects of the fishery, and the conservationrequirements of the stocks that support the fishery.• Virtual Data Centre (VDC) presentations were made at a variety ofnational and international venues including: Canada-USAFisheries Science bilateral meeting and the North Atlantic FisheriesOrganization (NAFO) Scientific Council meeting. New data productssuch as online mapping continue to be produced on a regularbasis. The Canadian Geospatial Data Infrastructure Initiative(GeoConnections) is creating a strong interest in VDC-baseddatasets as a source for marine geospatial data. For additional informationon VDC, refer to the article in the Science Activities sectionof this report.Cup coral (Flabellum alabastrum) in an aquarium at BIO. The coral was collectedfrom the Scotian Slope at around 400 meters. – photo by Pål Mortensen.The Marine Environmental Sciences Division has been involved incoral research since 1997. Deep-sea corals (200-1500 m) are abundantoff Atlantic Canada, and concern has been raised about their vulnerabilityto human disturbance. In 2001, this program took a major stepforward when the Environmental Studies Research Fund approved atwo-year project to expand the current research effort. TwoNorwegian deep-sea coral experts, Pål and Lene Mortensen, areworking full time on coral studies. In addition to gathering informationon coral distribution, new data are being collected on coralabundance, habitat association, and associated species from researchcruises in 2001 to the Northeast Channel, the Verrill Canyon, theGully, and along the continental slope. Some live coral specimenswere transported to BIO and have been maintained in the FishLaboratory for behavioural studies. Results to date indicate that coralsare most diverse in the Gully (at least 10 species of soft, horny, andcup corals) but that their abundance is greatest in the NortheastChannel (two species of horny corals). The most common corals onthe continental slope are cup corals.In addition to the expanded coral research program, the MarineEnvironmental Science Division continued research on other habitatand contaminant issues. Some of the highlights for 2001 included:• Major advances were made in communicating advice on environmentalimpacts of finfish culture to Habitat Managementthrough the development of guidelines and a decision supportsystem for evaluating site applications.• A major research initiative to evaluate the factors affecting thesustainability of mussel culture was initiated.• The compatibility and utility of a suite of acoustic equipment andsoftware for sampling ocean sediments and associated marineorganisms was evaluated. The favourable results of this evaluationhave formed the basis for a new project to evaluate methodologyfor mapping essential fish habitat.• A comprehensive survey of the contaminants in the marine environmentof Sydney Harbour was completed.6 / BIO-2001 IN REVIEW

RETROSPECTIVE 2001Highlights of the Diadromous Fish Division included:• The inner Bay of Fundy Atlantic salmon was listed as endangeredby the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife inCanada (COSEWIC). This gave added credence to an alreadyactive Recovery Planning Group comprised of more than threedozen clients/agencies.• The first releases of juvenile salmon from the gene-bankingprogram occurred at the division’s three Biodiversity Facilities(formerly hatcheries).• The first artificial spawning and rearing of the endangeredAtlantic whitefish took place at the NS Biodiversity facilities (referto the article in the Science Activities section).• It was discovered that American eels can amass characteristicfreshwater growth entirely in estuaries/saltwater of the Atlanticcoast of Nova Scotia.• Spawners of the declining alewife stock were transported aroundthe fishways that had been blocked through legislation by theState of Maine on the international St. Croix River.• DFO advised Nova Scotia Power on the construction of upstreamand downstream fish passage facilities providing access to anadditional 2.5 km of habitat on the inner Bay of Fundy’sGaspereau River. This work was completed in 2001.The Invertebrate Fisheries Division conducted surveys to gatherdata for stock assessments that support major fisheries like lobster,offshore and inshore scallop, shrimp, and marine plants. Divisionstaff also worked with the fishing industry that provided vessel time,equipment, staff, and funds under Joint Project Agreements tocollect samples and data that became part of scientific evaluationsand studies. Significant progress was made in 2001 on new surveyapproaches that reflect the integration of information fromdifferent disciplines, in particular, marine geomatics. Specific projectsincluded:• The offshore scallop group related scallop abundance and catchrate to bottom type through large-scale benthic habitat mappingprojects funded in large part by the offshore scallop fishingindustry. Industry benefits included reduced bottom disruptionduring fishing, large fuel saving, and increased catches (see Cross-Cutting Issues for more details).• A remotely operated video system (designed by staff at the St.Andrews Biological Station in St. Andrews, NB) surveyedlobster distribution and the ecosystem in Lobster Bay,Yarmouth County. This versatile system can be mounted oninshore fishing vessels and provides an inventory of habitattype, lobster location, and behavioural observations usingreal-time location tracking.• Staff designed a trapping survey for offshore Jonah Crab along theshelf edge between Western Bank and the Gully and worked withClearwater Fine Foods, Donna Rae Fisheries, and MembertouFirst Nation to do the field work. The survey provided informationon distribution, data on catch per unit of effort, and populationsize structure of the Jonah crab resource.• Measurements of lobster larval production were taken in severallocations around PEI. These data were correlated with fisheryyields and used as input to a larval drift model that identifiedgeographic sources of the larvae.• Staff provided field guidance and assistance for lobster surveysconducted by the Eskasoni Fish and Wildlife Commission in theBras d’Or Lakes.• In a joint research project with R. Blok Martec Ltd., staff of theMarine Plants group collected plant biomass and environmentaldata to validate the application of the Venice Lagoon eutrophicationmodel to Basin Head Lagoon, PEI.• Bait worms were surveyed for density, size distribution, and size atmaturity in the six principal harvest areas of western Nova Scotia. Theresults will be incorporated into the 2002 fisheries management plan.Staff of GSC Atlantic were busy in 2001 with two major projects in theCanadian Arctic being added to the normal field program.• In a joint project between the German and Canadian governments,the field support group mobilized a seismic refractionprogram in Nares Strait from the Canadian ice breaker CCGSLouis S. St. Laurent.• In the Beaufort Sea, the first multibeam bathymetry and highresolution seismic survey of hazards to offshore pipeline routeswas carried out from the Canadian Coast Guard vessel Nahidik.Research sponsored by Indian and Northern Affairs Canadainvolved re-surveying several of the artificial ice islands builtduring the 1970s and 1980s to assess their structural degradation.Besides the above special cruises, GSC Atlantic conducted regularcruises on DFO vessels including:• David Piper on the Grand Banks to study slope geologicalprocesses in support of industry research;• Gary Sonnichsen on the Grand Banks to study ice scour occurrencesin the area;• David Mosher on the Scotian Slope to study slope geologicalprocesses;• Gordon Fader on the Scotian Shelf to create habitat maps; and•Russell Parrott in conjunction with Environment Canada to studydumping impacts over dredging sites in Northumberland Straitand Saint John Harbour.For the third consecutive year, Environment Canada (EC) and theEskasoni First Nation successfully completed the annual Bras d’OrLakes shellfish water quality monitoring program. Since 1998, therehas been a 12 % increase in approved shellfish growing areas withinthe Bras d’Or Lakes.BIO-2001 IN REVIEW / 7

RETROSPECTIVE 2001The Denys Basin Watershed Advisory Group was formed by EC toaddress local water quality problems. A pilot study is underway todefine the pollution sources and to examine the feasibility of creatinga conditionally-managed oyster harvesting plan within closedportions of the River Denys Basin.Successful shellfish restoration activities in Atlantic Canada wereinitiated by Envrionment Canada. In Charlotte County, NewBrunswick, along the Bay of Fundy coast, Atlantic Coastal ActionProgram (ACAP) groups have actively pursued the clean up of bacterialcontamination in the area. A co-operative shellfish water qualitymonitoring program is in place and remediation efforts are continuingin several contaminated shellfish areas. To date, over 950 ha of clamflats, worth more than $100,000 annually to the local economy, havebeen reopened. An additional five productive clam harvesting areas areconditionally operated under formally established management plans.WORKSHOPS ANDSPECIAL MEETINGSThe Marine Invertebrate Diversity Initiative (MIDI) hosted a workshopat BIO for more than 60 participants on January 9. The focus ofthe workshop was the use of the MIDI website and a discussion onmarine diversity. MIDI is a program developed by a group of scientistsand educators to compile a comprehensive web-based standardreference database on marine invertebrates. The objective is toincrease general awareness of marine invertebrates and engagecommunity groups, educators, industry, government, academia,consultants, and the public to work together to conserve the oceans.MIDI operates as a registered society supported by DFO, the EcologyAction Centre, Environment Canada, National Fish and WildlifeFoundation, the Nova Scotia Museum of Natural History, privateorganizations, and individuals. For additional information, visit thewebsite at (http://www.fundyforum.com/MIDI).The second Preserving the Environment of Halifax HarbourWorkshop was chaired by Brian Nicholls and held at BIO on March14-15. The meeting brought together stakeholders from three levels ofgovernment, academia, industry, and public interest groups. The keyobjectives were to review the state of the environment for HalifaxHarbour, to identify information gaps, and to recommend action forthe preservation and restoration of habitat and aesthetic conditionsof the harbour.A Coastal Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation (3CIA)Workshop was held in March at BIO and brought together coastalresource users and scientists to explore the potential impacts ofclimate change on coastal areas in Canada. The workshop focussedon the information and research needs of coastal communities,including coastal responses to climate change and the formulation ofappropriate strategies to cope with adaptation in the face of uncertainty.It is anticipated that the priorities identified for coastalclimate change research will provide guidance for the evaluation ofother coastal climate change-related research. The workshopSteering Committee was chaired by staff of Natural ResourcesCanada, and included individuals from DFO, EC, academia, and theprivate sector.The Gully Ecosystem Review meeting was chaired by DonGordon and held at BIO on May 2. The Gully, a deep canyon on theslope off eastern Nova Scotia, has been designated as an “area ofinterest” for a potential marine protected area. In 1999, specialfunding was provided for two years to increase our knowledge of theoceanography of this unique ecosystem. The aim of the meeting wasto bring together the results of the diverse studies and to provide anintegrated view of the area. A roundtable discussion addressed thedegree to which recent research has increased our understanding ofthe physical and ecological boundaries and the connections betweenecosystem elements.The Maritimes Regional Advisory Process (RAP) held 11 stockassessment meetings in 2001 to review the status of finfish and invertebrateresources in the Maritime Provinces. The Stock StatusReports, Habitat Status Reports, and Proceedings generated fromthese meetings are listed in the Publications section of this report andare available on the web at (www.mar.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/science/rap/internet/index.htm).In addition, two special RAP meetings were convened in 2001:• The meeting on Maintenance of the Diversity of EcosystemTypes: A Framework for the Conservation of BenthicCommunities of the Scotia-Fundy Area of the Maritimes Regionwas chaired by Joe Arbour and brought together experts in benthicecology, physical oceanography, and habitat classification. Thismeeting was held at BIO on June 26-28 and reviewed thegeographic patterns of benthic ecosystem types (or seascapes) ofthe Scotian Shelf and Canadian part of the Gulf of Maine. Thelonger-term aims of generating a benthos classification scheme forthis area, and guidelines on the proportion of each seascape typethat need special protection were considered.• The second RAP reviewed The Possible Environmental Impactsof Petroleum Exploration Activities in the Southern Gulf of St.Lawrence and Sydney Bight Ecosystems and was chaired by PaulKeizer. This meeting was held at St. Francis Xavier University inAntigonish on November 21-23. The objectives of the meetingwere twofold. First, to characterize ecosystem features of thesouthern Gulf of St. Lawrence and Sydney Bight area that deservespecial attention in the context of oil and gas exploration and thepotential impact of this activity on the ecosystem. Second, toidentify what issues are insufficiently understood and requirefurther research before an assessment can be made of the potentialimpacts of oil and gas exploration in these areas.Don Forbes of Natural Resources Canada and MarthaMcCulloch of Environment Canada, gave an invited presentation tothe Deputy Ministers’ Committee of the Government of PEI to reviewimpacts of climate change and sea-level rise in the coastal zone of PEI.GSC Atlantic/Natural Resources Canada scientists participatedin the Offshore Technology Association of Nova Scotia Conferenceand Trade Show in Halifax in October. A resurgence of activity in theeast coast offshore has resulted in heightened interest in research anddata for the area.Paul Kennedy, host of CBC Radio’s Ideas program, visited BIO inMay to talk with staff about ideas for a radio program titled OceansExploration 2001: Learning from our Oceans. This national discussionseries was broadcast in November and December of 2001 andwas designed to encourage dialogue among Canadians about theoceans and the coastal zone.8 / BIO-2001 IN REVIEW

RETROSPECTIVE 2001INTERNATIONAL MEETINGSDelegates from five continents gathered at Saint Mary’s University inHalifax in June for CoastGIS 2001, the fourth international symposiumon computer mapping and GIS for coastal zone mapping. GSCAtlantic/Natural Resources Canada played a leading role in the scientificprogram and logistical organization of the meeting in collaborationwith staff from the Department of Fisheries and Oceans, localuniversities, and the private sector. GSC Atlantic will be involved in thescientific content of future CoastGIS symposia through staff participationon the Program Committees and the newly formed ExecutiveCommittee. 2001 was the first time this important meeting ofgeomatic researchers involved in coastal zone management had beenheld outside of Europe.An international ad hoc working group meeting on TheNorthwest Atlantic Ecosystem - A Basin Scale Approach was chairedby Erica Head and held in Halifax, NS between June 21-23. Themeeting focussed on the ecosystem of the northwest Atlantic and therole of the zooplankton species, Calanus finmarchicus, within it. TheCanadian GLOBEC studies had indicated the key role of thisorganism in the flux of energy from ocean basins to the continentalshelf and from primary producers to higher food chain memberssuch as commercial fish species and baleen whales. Progress has beenmade in modelling the population dynamics of C. finmarchicus andtransport processes in the Northeast Atlantic. The aim of the meetingwas to develop a research plan for the study of the space-timedynamics of Calanus finmarchicus in the Northwest Atlantic and howthey are affected by climatic changes in environmental conditions andcirculation. Such effects may have implications in food chaindynamics and carbon flux both in the deep ocean and on the continentalshelf. The report of the meeting is available on the web(www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/csas/CSAS/English/Proceedings%20_Years/2001e.htm).The second meeting of the international joint Scientific SteeringGroup for the Arctic Climate System Study (ACSYS) and the Climateand Cryosphere (CliC) projects was held at BIO on October 15-19.These are the high latitude climate science programs of the WorldClimate Research Programme (WCRP). ACSYS is nearing its completion,whereas CliC is developing its implementation plan. Peter Joneswas the local organizer.Paul Kepkay chaired a Workshop on Carbon Storage in the CoastalZone in Halifax, NS on October 16-17. National and internationalexperts developed new research initiatives to describe the export andstorage of carbon in the Atlantic Canada Coastal Zone (ACCZ). Giventhe global importance of the ACCZ in the storage of carbon exportedby rivers, the new initiatives were incorporated into a research planhighlighting the importance of Canada’s coastal regions in the globalcarbon cycle. The workshop report is available on the web at (www.dfompo.gc.ca/csas/CSAS/English/Proceedings %20_Years/2001e.htm).The third meeting of the Partnership of the Observation of theGlobal Oceans (POGO) was held at White Point Beach Lodge, HuntsPoint, NS on November 27-29. POGO members hold the position ofdirectors at the major oceanographic institutes and organizationsaround the world. The major themes of the meeting were enhancingbiological monitoring in the deep oceans and support for fixed deepoceanmonitoring stations. Shubha Sathyendranath, the ExecutiveDirector of POGO, organized the meeting and Dan Wright gave apresentation on BIO programs of relevance to the activities beingpromoted by POGO.Steve Blasco receiving the Order of Canada from her Excellency, Adrienne Clarkson,Governor General.AWARDS AND HONOURSSteve Blasco was appointed a Member of the Order of Canada bythe Governor General. The official citation reads: “He played apivotal role in promoting the transfer of technology from governmentand industry researchers to the exploration industry. Arenowned geophysicist with the federal Department of NaturalResources, he has designed innovative equipment for the harvestingof ocean resources. Relating his experience as a member of theproduction team for the IMAX film Titanica, he uses his excellentcommunications skills to educate Canadians and share with them hispassion for science.” The award was announced in December 2000and presented in the fall of 2001.The A.G. Huntsman Award is an annual award established by theCanadian marine science community to recognize excellence in2001 Huntsman Award winner Dr. David Karl (left) and Dr. Howard Alper, PresidentAcademy of Science, Royal Society of Canada.BIO-2001 IN REVIEW / 9

RETROSPECTIVE 2001research and outstanding contribution to marine sciences. It ispresented annually in one of three categories: marine geosciences,physical/chemical oceanography, or biological oceanography. Theaward is named in honour of Archibald Gowanlock Huntsman (1883-1972), a pioneer Canadian oceanographer and fishery biologist.Dr. David M. Karl, Department of Oceanography, University ofHawaii, was awarded the 2001 A.G. Huntsman Award. Dr. Karl is abiological oceanographer who brings a deep understanding ofbiochemistry, microbiology, and genomics to the study of oceanecosystems and global processes. He has played a leading role in thedevelopment of innovative methods for marine microbiology andnutrient chemistry and has examined microbially-mediated transformationsand physical supply mechanisms of major plant nutrients inthe ocean. His work has revealed the existence and importance of newclasses of organisms in the sea, notably the marine archaea found inthe mesopelagic region. He has worked in a wide variety of marineenvironments including the central Pacific Ocean, the Antarctic, theBlack Sea, and deep-sea hydrothermal vents.At the second annual Nova Scotia Federal Council AwardsCeremony in June, nine awards were presented in five different categories.The interdepartmental SeaMap team received an award inCategory II - to individuals or teams who have successfully coordinatedthe implementation of a high priority federal initiative.Team membersare: Dick Pickrill (NRCan), Les Burke and Dick McDougall (DFO),Jim Bradford (DND) and Kate Moran (contract manager of theSeaMap office). They were recommended for this award because oftheir work in implementing the SeaMap initiative and enhancinginterdepartmental relationships.In 2001, Donald Gordon was presented the 5NR Science Award toLeaders in Sustainable Development which pays tribute tooutstanding contributions by federal scientists in their field. Thisaward recognizes the contributions made by Dr. Gordon over hiscareer to understanding marine ecosystems and applying this informationto sound management decisions that have affected thesustainability of marine resources. It also provides encouragement toyoung scientists by providing graduate student scholarships to pursueresearch projects that propose innovative ways to preserve Canada’senvironment and its biodiversity. The 5NR federal departments areAgriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Environment Canada, Fisheriesand Oceans, Health Canada, and Natural Resources Canada.The BIO-Oceans Association established the Beluga Award topay tribute to those who have contributed their talents and effort tomake BIO a successful and well-recognized oceanographic institute.Roger Belanger, a member of the photographic unit from 1966 to1991, was the first recipient of this award (see Other Programs formore details).Charlie Dennis, ofthe Eskasoni Band in Cape Breton, was thesecond recipient of the DFO Deputy Minister’s Award for Partners.He was recognized for his cooperative work with the old HalifaxFisheries Research Laboratory and BIO over several decades onresearch of importance to the First Nations in the Bras d’Or Lakes.The award was presented during a Talking Circle involving eldersfrom the Cape Breton bands and scientists from BIO (more details inCross Cutting Issues).The DM’s Prix d’Excellence was awarded to the “Sea Ice FieldResearch” team composed of Brian Beanlands, Ingrid Peterson,George Fowler, and Simon Prinsenberg for their excellent work onthe development of instruments for sea ice research. This team alsowon a regional DFO merit award for this work.The Field Ice Research Team receiving the DM’s Prix d’Excellence (left to right –Wayne Wouters, Simon Prinsenberg, Ruth Dantzer, Brian Beanlands, and GeorgeFowler) – photo by Wolf.Natural Resources Canada presented Sector and Division meritawards to eleven staff members and two volunteers during 2001.• John Shimeld was awarded a Sector Merit Award for his successfulnegotiations with a marine seismic acquisition company whichresulted in GSC researchers having access to 35,000 km of seismicdata along the continental slope off Nova Scotia.• Graham Williams, Rob Fensome, and Jennifer Bates wereawarded a team Sector Merit Award for having assembled,inspired and guided a group of dozens of contributors from 26organizations through the final publication of The Last BillionYears: A Geological History of the Maritime Provinces of Canada.The book explains in everyday language the geology of theMaritime Provinces, both onshore and offshore.• Phil Moir was awarded a team Sector Merit Award for exceptionalwork in developing consensus and demonstrating leadership inthe development of the Sector’s Geoscience IM/IT Roadmap. Theteam developed a framework that was endorsed by the GSCProgram Committee, and which will position the Sector to betterrespond to GOL/NOL.• Gary Grant and John Shaw were awarded a team Sector MeritAward for coordinating the development and production of aseries of seven regional posters, web site and teachers’ resource kiton the science and impacts of climate change.• Terry Hayes was awarded a team Sector Merit Award for demonstratingexceptional achievement by reconciling the Earth SciencesSector assets management database for upload to the departmentalGFS Assets Management Module.• Susan Merchant was awarded a Division Merit Award for hercontinuing effort in data coordination and input to the PhysicalArchives Data system, which will result in a major improvementin the security and accessibility of data collections.10 / BIO-2001 IN REVIEW

• Andre Rochon was awarded a Division Merit Award in recognitionof his efforts in editing the French translation of a majorscientific document.• John Shimeld was awarded a Division Merit Award for hissuccessful negotiation which resulted in access to a major seismicdata set on the Scotian Margin.• Don Forbes was awarded a Division Merit Award for the leadershipshown in the PEI Climate Change Action Fund project and also hisparticipation on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.• Rob Fensome was awarded a Division Merit Award for his coordinationefforts of The Last Billion Years: A Geological History ofthe Maritime Provinces of Canada.• Barbe Szlavko was awarded a Division Merit Award in recognitionof her efforts in providing access to data, and for her participationin the Canadian Geoscience Knowledge Network project.• Calvin Campbell was awarded a Division Merit Award in recognitionof work done on the Ocean Alert survey, and for hisongoing work on the Scotian Slope.• Bille-Jo Gauley and Ernest Douglas, two volunteers at GSCAtlantic, were awarded Division Merit Awards for their work as ahighly efficient team on a series of coring cruises.DFO National and Regional Merit Awards, and other honourswere presented in 2001 to:• Sherry Niven was awarded the DFO ADM’s Commendation forher outstanding contribution to the development and implementationof the National Universal Classification System (UCS)strategy for the Science Sector.• A team Regional Merit Award to Trevor Goff and staff of theMactaquac Biodiversity Facility, for the innovative manner theprogram has been run in partnership with community groupsand First Nations.RETROSPECTIVE 2001• A team Regional Merit Award to Phil Hubley and HenryCaracristi, of the Diadromous Fish Division, for theiroutstanding contribution to the design and implementation ofphysical modifications to the Mactaquac facility.• An individual Regional Merit Award to Shane O’Neil for his leadershipin a number of initiatives including the transition of theMersey and Coldbrook fish hatcheries to biodiversity facilitieswith emphasis on gene banking of endangered populations ofAtlantic salmon.• An individual Regional Merit Award to Brian Jessop for hisresearch on eel, smelt, striped bass, gaspereau, and other diadromousspecies.• An individual regional merit award to Murray Scotney for his keyrole in ensuring that the physical oceanographic cruises aresuccessfully completed.• Reg Sweeney, André Ducharme, Jim Leadbetter, and JoeyCrocker were part of a larger team receiving a Regional MeritAward for evaluating the impacts of a 500 km long natural gaspipeline from Country Harbour, NS to the United States boarder.• P. Jones,Ocean Science Division - City of Trail Champion.•J. Lazier, Ocean Science Division - International Council for theExploration of the Sea Guest of Honour.• Several high school students were given awards for their artworkin celebration of Oceans Day. The theme was Sea Odyssey 2001.Kimberly Piccott of Prince Andrew High in Dartmouth was thefirst place winner. Second place went to Carmen Gill,CornwallisJunior High, and the third place winner was LaurenMacDormand of Eric Graves Junior High. Kaitlyn Hemphill, TimBouter, Max Schnutgen, Kit McManus, Brittany Edgett, NicoleMcNeil, and Tessa Boucher all received honourable mention fortheir artwork.BIO-2001 IN REVIEW / 11

ScienceActivitiesGeological Survey of Canada (Atlantic)Fossil Dinoflagellates Make a Difference to the Dating Game- Rob Fensome and Graham WilliamsA popular educational website poses the question, “How do wedetermine the age of a rock?” The answer according to the websiteis: “By its minerals!” It continues: “Geologists first used fossils todetermine the relative ages of rocks. Thanks to the discovery ofradioactivity and advances in technology, it is now possible to assignan absolute age to a rock.” Although this answer is not strictly incorrect,it is misleading. The statement implies that the use of fossils isold-fashioned and no longer important for determining the ages ofrocks and that number-crunching radiometric dating techniquesare the modern way to go. Yet in reality, radiometric-dating techniquesare expensive, time-consuming, and only applicable forcertain rock types. Fossils are still the primary tool for dating rocksless than half a billion years old. Moreover, fossils, especially microscopicfossils, are vital tools in understanding the geology of oiland-natural-gas-pronesedimentary sequences such as those inoffshore eastern Canada.The study of the nature, origin and relationships of rocksequences is known as stratigraphy, and the dating of rocks throughtheir fossil content is called biostratigraphy. Geological periods (suchas the Jurassic) are defined by their biostratigraphy, not by theirabsolute age in millions of years. The best-known biostratigraphicevent is the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) boundary - the extinction ofthe dinosaurs. If a rock contains Tyrannosaurus rex, it is Cretaceous,not Tertiary. No Tertiary rock contains fossils of T. rex. On the basisof radiometric dating, the K-T boundary is believed to be 65 millionyears old. But if new radiometric analyses were to revise the age to 60million years, this would be only a numerical re-adjustment. The K-T would not change physically since it would still be defined by fossiloccurrences. Numerical readjustments of important stratigraphicboundaries occur more commonly than might be suspected. Forexample, the Devonian-Carboniferous boundary was changedrecently from 354 to 362 million years ago.No dinosaurs have been found in the rock cores and cuttings (smallrock fragments) from the oil and gas wells of offshore eastern Canada.However, other “dinos”, fossil dinoflagellates that occur in the millions,Wetzelielloid specimens – photos by Lew Stover and Dan Beju.now constitute the principal biostratigraphic tool in the region fordetermining the age of marine rocks less than 200 million years old.Dinoflagellates are among the most common plankton found in today’soceans. They are single-celled organisms ranging from 10-200 µm insize, and have both plant-like characteristics (many contain chloroplasts)and animal-like features (most have an active, motile stage intheir life cycle). Some dinoflagellates cause red tides and some producepotent toxins. Fossilizable dinoflagellate cysts (dinocysts) are about thesame size as their motile counterparts, and always have a characteristicexcystment opening, or archeopyle, through which the next generation’smotile cell can escape.Rock samples analyzed for fossilized dinocysts must be treatedwith hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acids, plus other chemical andfractionation techniques to release the organic-walled dinocysts.When extracted from their stony tombs, dinocysts have been found tobe abundant. This profusion, plus their variable morphology andoften rapid evolution, make dinocysts ideal for biostratigraphy. Just asthe extinction of the dinosaurs represents an event that marks the endof the Cretaceous Period, so the origination and extinction of individualdinocyst species define particular stratigraphic events. As thedefinition of dinocyst species and the timing of their first and lastoccurrences become more refined, so does our understanding of the12 / BIO-2001 IN REVIEW

SCIENCE ACTIVITIES / Geological Survey of Canada (Atlantic)Ages of the different archeopyle types in wetzelielloid dinocysts.stratigraphy, geology, and oil and gas occurrence in the sedimentarybasins of offshore eastern Canada.To illustrate the developing refinement of dinocyst biostratigraphy,we focus here on a group known as the wetzelielloids, namedafter two unrelated German pioneer biostratigraphers, Otto andWalter Wetzel. Wetzelielloids are found in 25-65 million-year-oldmarine rocks and have proven useful in both biostratigraphy andpaleoecology. Typically, they have an ovoidal to rhomboidal shapewith 4-5 protrusions or horns: 1 anterior (apical), 1-2 posterior(antapical), and 2 lateral (a right and a left). There are also two walllayers with a space between and commonly spines on the outer wall;the spines are sometimes connected by rods (trabecula) or a thinmembrane.Over the years, wetzelielloid species have been separated from oneanother on such nebulous variations as: the length, shape, andsymmetry of the horns; the nature of surface ornamentation includingspines; and the development of walls and membranes. The fact thatthese features were so distinctive and variable was both a blessing anda curse: a blessing because the variation was easy to recognize anddescribe; but a curse because each feature seemed to develop largelyindependently of the others. No particular morphological featureprovided a consistent focus for the classification of the group orreflected a consistent stratigraphic pattern. Hence, many wetzelielloidspecies have been named and used inconsistently and this hashampered the biostratigraphic usefulness of the group, despite the useof statistical techniques such as multivariate analysis.Based on observations primarily from offshore eastern Canada, amore effective and practical way of subdividing the wetzelielloids seemsto be emerging. This subdivision involves giving priority in classificationto variations in the development of one morphological feature, thearcheopyle. The archeopyle in wetzelielloids is a more or less four-sidedopening on the dorsal surface of the cyst, towards the apex. As shownin the accompanying table, different configurations of the archeopyleand its operculum are related to age, reflecting what were apparentlygeneral evolutionary trends in the group.The authors in collaboration with Sarah Damassa of Massachusetts,USA, and Raquel Guerstein of Argentina, are currently revising thetaxonomy of the wetzelielloids and re-evaluating the stratigraphicoccurrence of species in the group. Upon completion, the work willprovide enhanced biostratigraphic control, helping to refine the ages ofthe strata, and hence our understanding of the sedimentary basins andpetroleum systems of offshore eastern Canada.Nares Strait: Collaborative Research to Solve a Geological Controversy- H. Ruth Jackson, Gordon N. Oakey and Sonya A. DehlerA multi-disciplinary experiment in Nares Strait, the waterwaybetween North Greenland and Ellesmere Island, was organized underthe auspices of the Canadian-German Bilateral Agreement in Scienceand Technology and run in August and early September of 2001. TheGerman Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources andthe Geological Survey of Canada (GSC) were the principal participants,with support from Danish and other Canadian agencies. Heavyice conditions in Nares Strait necessitated the use of Canada’s mostpowerful ice breaker, the CCGS Louis S. St-Laurent.The primary objective for the experiment was to collect informationto solve a long-standing controversy on the origins of Nares Strait.This controversy has resulted from an apparent incompatibilitybetween the onshore geology surrounding Nares Strait and platetectonic models describing the opening of the North Atlantic andresulting motions of Greenland. The major strength of this expeditionwas the ability to integrate targeted onshore geological field work withregional geophysical measurements to extend interpretations offshore.Additional scientific objectives of the program included studyinggeodetic, hydrographic, oceanographic, climatological, and biologicalissues. Four students from the community of Grise Fiord and the FreeUniversity of Amsterdam participated in many of these programs.The geodetic study was a combined effort coordinated betweenGeomatics Canada (GC) and the Danish Geodetic Department. Theinternational boundary between Canada and Greenland (Denmark)lies along Nares Strait and modern positioning methods are requiredto establish its location more accurately. Also, by re-occupying previouslymeasured stations, modern motions of the tectonic plates canbe established. Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) participated witha project to study water flow and mixing through the Canadian ArcticIslands, and the influence of the Pacific Ocean as a nutrient source onBIO-2001 IN REVIEW / 13

SCIENCE ACTIVITIES / Geological Survey of Canada (Atlantic)The red line is the cruise track, totaling 6400 km, between Ellesmere Island in thewest and Greenland to the east. Seismic data, bathymetric measurements, watersamples, and temperature profiles were collected along these lines. In the backgroundis the coast of Greenland south of 78 0 N.the Arctic ecosystem. The water samples and temperature profilescollected are also useful for monitoring short-term climate change.Sediment cores and grab samples were collected by GSC to study thepost-ice age evolution of the region. These data are required for understandinglong-term variability in the Earth’s climate. Because of thesensitivity of Arctic habitats, a marine mammal scientist was includedin the expedition to observe ice and weather conditions, distributionof wildlife, and provide a critical evaluation of the environmentalimpact posed by the scientific activities.Aeromagnetic data were acquired by towing a sensor from a helicopter.This style of surveying allows for direct correlation betweenonshore and offshore magnetic anomalies. A total of 9000 km ofaeromagnetic data were collected. In the northern part of NaresStrait, the magnetic anomaly map shows prominent northeasttrending linear features. Based on the onshore geological studies,these anomalies are coincident with sedimentary rocks having unusuallyhigh concentration of magnetic particles. Without the onshoremapping, these anomalies might have been interpreted as caused byigneous rocks. The existence of offshore sedimentary basins is alsointeresting because the regional geology indicates that there are bothsource and reservoir rocks for hydrocarbons. The fission trackstudies, to be performed in 2002 and beyond, as part of this program,will indicate if the thermal maturity of the basins is appropriate foroil and gas generation.The major geophysical component of the cruise was the acquisitionof three types of seismic data: 1) high resolution reflection for imaging100 m below the seafloor, 2) multichannel reflection for penetration to5 km, and 3) refraction to map large-scale structures from 0-40 km indepth. The ship’s bubbler system, used for assisting with difficult iceconditions, proved an asset for towing seismic equipment behind theship in ice infested waters. The bubbles moved the ice away from thestern, providing an ice-free zone behind the ship.The cliffs at Cape Lawrence (shown below), on Ellesmere Islandare formed by thrusting. The narrow bands of red rocks are about 600million years old. In contrast, the cliff face on the right, with the icefreewater in front of it, is 60 million years old. The seismic profileshows strata that are gently warped toward the surface. The interpretedseismic section reveals a basin formed in the space before thefrontal thrust along the coast. This is equivalent to the structures youThe aeromagnetic survey covering a portion of northern Nares Strait and onshoreEllesmere Island.The upper section is a photo of a thrust on the coast of Ellesmere Island near 80 0 N.It also illustrates the ice conditions encountered in Nares Strait. The open water areawas enlarged by the ship before the seismic gear was streamed. The lower half is aportion of the seismic reflection profile collected perpendicular to the photo.14 / BIO-2001 IN REVIEW

SCIENCE ACTIVITIES / Geological Survey of Canada (Atlantic)would encounter driving from Calgary toward Banff. The lessdeformed rocks of the foot hills would be crossed before the abruptface of the McConnell thrust is reached. The crustal shorteningobserved here is consistent with the second stage of deformationmotion predicted from the plate reconstructions.Nares Strait is a unique natural laboratory for studying continentaltranslation and compression because the amount and timingof it are quantitatively constrained by plate reconstructions. Thepreliminary analyses of the data are consistent with the hypothesisthat strike-slip motion was followed by compression.Postglacial Coastlines in Atlantic Canada: A New Perspective- John Shaw and Robert CourtneyRelative sea levels in Atlantic Canada have varied greatly since the endof the last ice age, primarily because of: 1) glacial isostasy (motions ofthe earth’s crust in response to the removal of glacier ice); and 2)eustasy (addition of meltwater to the oceans). The glacial isostaticeffect has varied regionally, so that in northern Newfoundland sealevel has been falling continually since the glaciers retreated. On theother hand, sea level at Halifax, Nova Scotia, has been rising for morethan 11,000 years.Although sea level histories have been compiled for locationsthroughout eastern Canada, the resulting regional variations in coastlineposition have rarely been demonstrated. Advances in GeographicInformation Systems (GIS) allow us to visualise coastline changes asnever before. A 1 km-grid digital elevation model (DEM) of AtlanticCanada has been constructed using relief and bathymetry data fromvarious sources. Relative sea-level values were extracted from radiocarbon-datedsea-level curves and contoured to produce isobase maps.These were used to generate gridded surfaces that were subtracted fromthe modern DEM to produce DEMs for 1000 year time slices for 13,000radiocarbon years before present (BP) onwards.On the isobase map relative sea level for 9000 BP was the same as todayIsobase map, showing relative sea levels (in metres relative to modern sea level)9000 radiocarbon years before present. Dots represent locations where relative sealevel is known.Geography of Atlantic Canada 9000 radiocarbon years before present; modern coastlineshown as a white line.along the zero line. Relative sea level was higher to the north and lower tothe south.As shown on the palaeogeography map for 9000 BP, large islandsexisted on the outer continental shelves. They had been much larger at13,000 BP, and had been slowly submerging since that time.Compared with today, the most significant change in geography9000 years ago was in the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence. A wide emergentzone surrounded the Magdalen Islands, and Prince EdwardIsland was connected to the mainland. The fact that NorthumberlandStrait was dry land at this time has been confirmed by a multibeamsurvey that shows a submerged landscape under ConfederationBridge, replete with river valleys and lake basins. In northern areas,where relative sea level was higher than today, many coasts were stillsubmerged 9000 years ago. Thus, the northern tip of Newfoundland’sGreat Northern Peninsula was partly submerged, and a large islandexisted at the north side of modern Hare Bay.The reconstruction of ancient coastlines has many significant andperhaps surprising ramifications. For example, they indicate toarchaeologists where to search for the remains of early cultures whowere adapted to coastal living. In northern Newfoundland, theremains lie far inland on raised beaches, whereas in NorthumberlandStrait they are submerged. Also, the reconstructions demonstrate thattidal regimes had to be much different in the past. One possibilityremaining to be explored is the running of tidal models using theancient DEMs. This would allow us to reconstruct ancient tidalregimes across the region.BIO-2001 IN REVIEW / 15

SCIENCE ACTIVITIES / Canadian Hydrographic ServiceCanadian Hydrographic ServiceThe Canadian Hydrographic Service in the International Forum– Gerard Costello and Tom RowsellHydrography is truly an international discipline. Whether it is trade,ocean science, resource exploration, coastal zone management, or anyof the other myriad issues surrounding the marine environment,hydrographic information is a key ingredient. To maximize the benefitsof hydrographic data, it is essential that hydrographic offices adhere tointernational standards and that advances are shared globally. In orderto promote this international view, CHS remains an active member ofthe International Hydrographic Organization (IHO).Many advances in hydrography in Canada have been achieved inpartnership with private industry. By leveraging developmentresources domestically, Canadian industry can build and provideproducts and services for the international community. Canadian-ledprogress in multibeam technology, electronic charting, and datamanagement all attest to the benefits of a partnership approach. CHSinterrelationships with hydrographic offices around the worldprovide the opportunity to promote Canadian solutions.CHS Atlantic participated in two major international exchanges in2001. In January, Hydrographic Project Leader, Tom Rowsell, travelledto Wellington, New Zealand to be Hydrographer-In-Charge of a sixweeksurvey centered in the Western Ross Sea and the Balleny Islandsof the Antarctic. One purpose of the exchange was to provide theCanadian private sector company contracted to complete the projectwith a Hydrographer-In-Charge who had completed an InternationalHydrographic Organization accredited hydrography program andwho had expertise in multibeam data collection and processing. Thesecond purpose was to transfer expertise to the private sector and ultimatelymake Canadian industry more competitive internationally.Through the exchange, New Zealand acquired hydrographic data forchart production and multibeam data that supports their UnitedNations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) initiative andCHS gained experience in using a deep-water multibeam system. InNew Zealand Research Vessel Tangaroa in the Ross Sea, Antarctica.order to create the products required by the primary client, LandInformation New Zealand (LINZ), Tom Rowsell participated in amonth of data processing following the field portion of the project.This survey was successful and further established Canadian industryin the international arena.In 1999, The Irish government announced 20 million poundsfunding over 7 years to map the seabed of the continental shelfsurrounding Ireland. The Geological Survey of Ireland (GSI), the leadagency, requested proposals from scientific consultants to help plan,design, and execute the Irish Seabed Mapping Project. The MarineInstitute of Ireland is also participating in the project. The CanadaCentre for Marine Communications, located in St. John’sNewfoundland, partnered with the CHS, the University of NewBrunswick, and Natural Resources Canada, under a Joint ProjectAgreement for this purpose and was awarded this contract.The survey team on the Celtic Voyager, Galway Bay hydrographic survey, August2001 (Gerard Costello is on the left).The Canadian team was involved in writing the specifications forthe project, evaluating the proposals, and training of GSI contractauthority in quality assurance. Data collection parameters includemultibeam, gravity, magnetics, sub-bottom characteristics, seismics,and ancillary data. Gerard Costello and John Cunningham, CHShydrographers, participated in this effort on several occasions. Thefocus of this exchange was a seabed survey, creating baseline products,and developing hydrographic capability in Ireland. Gerard Costellospent September and October 2001 in Ireland providing advice andorganizing a seminar where Canadian experts exchanged technicalinformation on multibeam sounding, geological mapping, and habitatinterpretation. Two Canadian private sector companies have recentlybeen awarded contracts as a result of this project.These projects exemplify the role CHS plays in the internationalarena in support of Canadian industry and also in support ofhydrographic offices. These continuing efforts in the internationalhydrographic community will have long-term benefits for CHS,Canadian industry, and ultimately the users of hydrographic productsand services.16 / BIO-2001 IN REVIEW

SCIENCE ACTIVITIES / Canadian Hydrographic ServiceThe Sea Road to ISO 9001:2000 Registration- Nicholas J. PalmerThe Canadian Hydrographic Service (CHS) has successfully implementeda Quality Management System. There is one Quality Policy andone Quality Manual with identical national procedures that haveregional flavours for region-specific processes. The Quality ManagementSystem (QMS) forms the basis for continuous improvement of processeswithin CHS, including the adoption of best practices. As part of thissystem, CHS is now registered as compliant with the InternationalOrganization for Standardization (IOS) ISO 9001:2000 standard.The IOS coordinates the development and adoption of a numberof international standards. In December 2000, a revised standard thatapplies to service-oriented organizations was adopted. Previously,ISO 9000 standards focused primarily on design and manufacturingindustries. The basic premise of ISO is, “Say what you do – do whatyou say – and be able to prove you did what you said you were goingto do”. This means that procedures must be documented andfollowed, and records of the process maintained. ISO registrationdoes not guarantee quality in a product or service. It does, however,certify that you have a Quality Management System relative to one ofthe ISO standards. Being ISO registered is a requirement for manybusinesses to compete internationally. As of December 2000, 158countries had businesses registered under ISO. In Canada, 11,435businesses have been awarded certificates of registration, however,few government agencies are registered.The new ISO 9001:2000 standard combines several of the ISO9000:1994 suite of standards and focuses on registration and compliance,as well as on living the Quality Management System (QMS).Continuous improvement is monitored and recorded in all aspects ofbusiness including administration, finance, training, and productionprocesses. There is an emphasis on management commitment to theQuality Management System. The QMS empowers all employees topropose changes to the system. It sets out procedures for processowners to evaluate proposals for change, and establishes managementaccountability to act on proposed changes. It provides a structuredprocess for reviewing changes, for addressing complaints and feedback,and for conducting internal and external audits of the QMS; thusmaking it a key responsibility of management.Why would CHS, a government agency, seek ISO registration?CHS provides both a public service and produces products such ascharts and nautical publications. In the production process, the divisionis similar to a factory. Raw materials are turned into products,checked, released, and distributed. Unlike a factory, CHS’s motives arepublic good and service to clients rather than profit. CHS has alwaysfocused on quality. We had quality processes for products but lackedquantitative performance measures to define their effectiveness ormeasure client satisfaction. Documented procedures of all supportingprocesses did not exist and 50% of the staff and their corporatememory can retire in the next ten years. The benefits of ISO registrationinclude: documented procedures for new staff, the adoption ofstandards of best practices and process review, and establishment of aculture where quality is everyone’s business and is instilled at eachstep of the process, not just at the end.The ISO journey for CHS started in 1998 with a pilot project inLaurentian Region when the new electronic chart productionprocesses were registered as compliant to the ISO 9002 Standard. Anevaluation of the benefits identified included: improved consistencyof the quality of products, the identification and resolution of rootcauses of nonconformities, and the establishment of a structure tomeasure and improve performance.In June 1999, the CHS Management Committee set a goal for allof CHS to become ISO registered within two years. A national ISOcoordination team was assembled with a fulltime chair. Training ofthe coordination team and CHS senior management was initiatedand a consultant was selected. The consulting firm provided an expertto guide each CHS office and document-writing teams were assembled,trained, and tasked. The next step was working with the documentationand refining it as more people used it. This was followedby the establishment and training of internal audit teams who auditedthe fit of the processes in use with those in the Quality ManagementSystem, and identified nonconformities and opportunities forimprovement. After using the QMS system for eight months andaddressing improvements, the system was audited externally.The external audits consisted of audits of the Quality Manual toensure the documentation conformed to the ISO 9001:2000 standard.The consultant’s auditors audited the use of the system and, after theirrecommendations were addressed, a registration audit was performedon each CHS region by the Registrar. The firm selected as Registrarwas Deloitte and Touche who performed the initial registration auditsand will do maintenance audits on a six-month basis for a three-yearperiod. The role of the Registrar is to ensure that CHS’s QMSconforms to the standard, that the system is being used, and to workwith CHS to improve the QMS by identifying nonconformities andopportunities for improvement.In a two-year period, all CHS employees learned about the ISO9001:2000 standard and terminology and documented procedures tothe appropriate level of detail. We have learned a lot about ourselvesand our processes have instilled a sense of pride in staff as they use theQuality Management System, and we have raised its accountability toCHS senior management. Performance measurement teams, internalaudit teams, and internal communications working groups have beenestablished along with a Quality Policy that mirrors the CHS Mission,Vision, and Values. We understand how the processes support theQMS and Quality Policy. The links between departmental objectivesand QMS are understood. These include responsiveness to clientneeds, maintenance of a challenging and rewarding workplace, cultivationof a spirit of partnering and team work, production of qualityproducts, and the use of innovative business practices to be both efficientand effective.The QMS is our system – we control it – we can change it. Havingprocesses documented and controlled and the change processes inplace is the starting point for a QMS that continuously improves.BIO-2001 IN REVIEW / 17

SCIENCE ACTIVITIES / Ocean SciencesOcean SciencesTales of the Unexpected from the Scotian Shelf- Erica Head and Leslie HarrisSince 1998, the Ocean Sciences Division has been collecting hydrographicdata and chemical and biological samples at selected sites onthe Scotian Shelf. The collections are made each spring and fall as partof the Atlantic Zone Monitoring Program (AZMP). This programwas set up to observe climate-related changes in environmental andbiological conditions of the lowest levels of the food chain (plankton)that might affect the status of higher trophic levels includingcommercial fish species. Zooplankton, the principal vectors for thetransfer of energy from the primary producers (phytoplankton) tothe higher trophic levels, are collected using plankton nets fitted witha 0.2mm mesh. This article describes several recent unusualzooplankton observations.Occurrence of a bloom of an exotic phytoplankton speciesOver the last few decades the introduction and geographic spread ofexotic, or non-indigenous, species has increased dramatically. Thechief mechanism is thought to be the ballast water exchanges carriedout by cargo ships. One well-known example is the introduction ofzebra mussels into the Great Lakes. Introductions of non-indigenousphytoplankton are often unnoticed until they reach “nuisance” status.Here,we are reporting the occurrence of a bloom of a species of nonindigenousdiatom on the Scotian Shelf, described as a nuisancespecies elsewhere, which has had no recorded effects here.In the spring 2000, plankton tows from most of the central andwestern Scotian Shelf sampling sites contained high levels of phytoplankton.This is not in itself unusual, since many phytoplanktonspecies, especially diatoms, form long chains of cells that can getcaught up in the 0.2mm mesh. When looking at our samples underthe microscope, however, we found that this was not the type ofphytoplankton usually seen (Fig. 1). Instead, it was in the form oflarge individual diatom cells, shaped like petrie dishes, which hadboth diameter and height of approximately 0.25mm.The diatoms were identified as Coscinodiscus wailseii (J. Martin,DFO, St. Andrews). This species was originally reported in only twoareas: the Pacific coast of North America and Japanese coastal waters.Since the late 1970s, however, C.wailseii has established itself as animmigrant in the waters around the United Kingdom and in the NorthSea. C. wailseii cells may be too big for many zooplankton, such as thecopepods in Fig. 1, to eat so that blooms may cause disruptions in thefood chain at its lowest level. Also, it has been reported that C. wailseiican clog fishing nets, by producing large amounts of mucilage, andthat it is noxious to Nori, a seaweed harvested in Japan. As yet,however no complaints have been reported of either of these potentialnuisance effects from around our coast.The history of occurrence of C. wailseii on the Scotian Shelf ispartially documented through Continuous Plankton Recorder (CPR)records. The CPR is a towed body, deployed from commercial ships,that collects, preserves, and saves plankton samples. C. wailseii did notFigure 1. Plankton net sample collected on Browns Bank in April 2000. Contents ofthe diatoms appear shrivelled due to chemical preservation. Preservation alsodestroys the colours of the phytoplankton and zooplankton (copepods)– photo by Dan Jackson.occur on the Scotian Shelf in the 1970s, but it had arrived by the early1990s. It is an interesting thought that the commercial vessels thatconduct long-term monitoring of exotic species invasions, such asthis one, may also contribute to their occurrence.Strange copepod mating behaviour on the Scotian ShelfOne species of copepod, Calanus finmarchicus, dominates thezooplankton in spring and early summer. Individuals spend thewinter as pre-adults in the deep waters surrounding the shelf or in theshelf basins, but as spring arrives they swim up to the surface to moultand develop into sexually mature males and females. Dr. CharlesMiller (Oregon State Univ.) has described the mating process. Newlymoultedfemales perform a “hop and sink” swimming routine, whilereleasing a trail of pheromones that attracts the males. The malesswim in broad horizontal loops until they get near a female at whichpoint their loops become smaller and three-dimensional. Someencounters do not result in successful mating, but in those that do,the male clasps the females and transfers a sac of sperm, called a spermatophore,to the genital segment of the female’s tail. This is thenormal routine, but samples collected from sites on the northeasternshelf (off Louisbourg) in April 2000, contained products of someapparently sexually deviant behaviour.Firstly, we saw juveniles of another related copepod species(Calanus hyperboreus) with spermatophores attached to one of theirtail segments (Fig. 2). These juveniles were approximately the samesize as female C. finmarchicus. Male C. finmarchicus were the only18 / BIO-2001 IN REVIEW

SCIENCE ACTIVITIES / Ocean Sciencesattached. In this case, however, not only had the female mated severaltimes, but since several of the sperm-sacs were empty, she had apparentlyabsorbed the sperm from several males into her body. Why sucha multiple mating should occur is not known. We can only conjecturethat perhaps she laid down a particularly strong pheromone trail,attracting multiple mates.Figure 2. A female Calanus finmarchicus with a spermatophore attached to hergenital segment (below) and a juvenile Calanus hyperboreus with one attached to atail segment (above). Both copepods are approximately 2mm in body length– photo by Dan Jackson.males in the samples of a size appropriate to produce such spermatophores.This looks like a case of mistaken identity. A male C.finmarchicus, perhaps in pursuit of a pheromone-releasing female,has his path interrupted by a copepod of the right size, mistakes it fora female of his own species and passes over his sac of sperm. We havenever heard of such an observation being made before. In one sample,approximately 18% of this stage of juvenile C. hyperboreus had spermatophoresattached when it was first examined. This proportion haddropped dramatically when the sample was re-examined sometimelater. Perhaps it is not surprising that the attachment of the spermatophoreis weak, but it opens the possibility that such strangeevents may not be unusual. Possibly we had a sample that hadreceived especially gentle treatment during capture and handling.This is something to consider as we collect samples in future.A second observation of unusual mating behaviour was that of afemale C. finmarchicus with multiple spermatophores attached (Fig.3). Although unusual, we occasionally see such females at sites all overthe Scotian Shelf during the mating season. Females need to mateonly once and most are observed with only one spermatophoreAn unusual jellyfish outbreak on Sable Island BankPlankton tows collected with a net fitted with a 0.2mm mesh generallycontain mainly zooplankton, and zooplankton communities onthe Scotian Shelf are generally dominated by copepods. Sometimes,however, we encounter sites where a copepod predator has proliferatedto such an extent that it has come close to eliminating its prey.We encountered such a site on Sable Island Bank in May 2001. At thissite, small hydroid jellyfish of approximately 2mm in length, of theFamily Tubulariidae, were found in very large numbers (>10,000 m -2or >150 m -3 ) (Fig. 4). These jellyfish do not have tentacles all aroundthe edge of the bell, but instead at only one point (hence theircommon name “one-armed” jellyfish). Roughly 17% had copepods intheir guts in various stages of digestion. We noticed that jellyfishhaving the least digested copepods in their guts often had their bellsinverted. Inversion may be how these jellyfish ingest large prey items;ingested copepods were often as big as they were. As the copepodbecomes more and more digested, presumably the jellyfish draws itsmanubrium (mouth and stomach) back into the bell.At this site, none of the common copepod species were too largefor these jellyfish to envelop. The concentration of Calanusfinmarchicus, one of the prey items commonly seen within jellyfishguts, was approximately 2,000 m -2 (approximately 30 m -3 ), fivetimes lower than that of the jellyfish. At sites 10-15 miles away,concentrations of C. finmarchicus were 2-7 times higher and none ofthese jellyfish were present. This is fortunate, not only for thesurvival of C. finmarchicus in the region, but also for the survival ofthe copepod predators. Among these predators are larval and juvenilefish, which are often concentrated on Sable Island Bank, since itis an important spawning area for many species including haddock,cod, and sand lance.Figure 3. A female Calanus finmarchicus with ten spermatophores attached to hergenital segment: seven empty, three full – photo by Dan Jackson.Figure 4. Tubulariid jellyfish from Sable Island Bank. Arrows indicate jellyfish withinverted bells and stomachs containing barely digested copepods– photo by Dan Jackson.BIO-2001 IN REVIEW / 19

SCIENCE ACTIVITIES / Ocean SciencesPacific Water in the North Atlantic Ocean- E. P. JonesThe earth’s water cycle shapes our climate and sustains life on earth.Water evaporates from the oceans into the atmosphere, is transportedover wide regions, falls as rain, and snow and returns to the oceanseither directly or via rivers. The oceans are not, however, merely apassive provider of water vapor to the atmosphere. Ocean dynamicsare controlled by seawater density, which in turn depends on the saltcontent and temperature of seawater. Through density, the oceans aregreatly affected by how, when, and where freshwater enters and leavesthe ocean through evaporation, precipitation, and run-off.In arctic regions, freshwater figures strongly in the formation ofdense water that sinks into the deep ocean as part of thermohalinecirculation or the Global Conveyor Belt (Figure 1). As ice is formed,freshwater is extracted from seawater, and the excluded salt drainsfrom the ice as brine to form dense water. This denser water formsthick mixed layers in the surface ocean or over shallow shelves triggeringdense plumes that flow down the continental slopes intodeeper water. In some regions, these waters are dense enough to penetrateto the lowest depths of the ocean; however, too much freshwaterin the surface layers might interfere with this process. The GreenlandSea is presently the source of much of the northern hemisphere’s deepwaters feeding the Global Conveyor Belt. Both freshwater from riversentering the Arctic Ocean, and ice produced within it, are exported tothe Greenland Sea and can affect its deep convection processes. Thefreshwater budgets in arctic regions are of direct relevance to theunderstanding and prediction of changes in thermohaline circulationand hence to global climate.The North Atlantic is the saltiest of the world’soceans while the North Pacific is the freshest.The Arctic Ocean provides a pathway thatmoves freshwater from the Pacific Oceanto the North Atlantic Ocean as lowsalinity surface water. This source offreshwater is comparable in volumeto river runoff.Pacific water enters the ArcticOcean through the shallow (50 mdeep) Bering Strait. Atlantic waterflows along the northern coast ofNorway,entering the Arctic Oceanthrough the much deeper FramStrait. Pacific and Atlantic waterspartially mix within the ArcticOcean, but with the Pacific water beingless dense (less saline) than the Atlanticwater, it remains confined in the Arcticsurface layers within the basins adjacent toNorth America. In addition to their different salinities,the two source waters haveother properties that distinguishone from the other. In particular,they have different relationships20 / BIO-2001 IN REVIEWFigure 1. The Global Conveyor Belt representing global thermohaline circulation in theArctic and Atlantic oceans (thanks to Greg Holloway). Warm water flows to polarregions, transporting heat and eventually becoming cooled and made dense enoughto sink to deep waters and flow south. Upwelling in equatorial regions closes the loop.Figure 2. Nitrate-phosphate relationships showing the distinction between waters ofAtlantic and Pacific origins. Pacific water has less nitrate relative to phosphate thandoes Atlantic water.between their dissolved nitrate and phosphate concentrations that haveenabled us to trace the pathway of Pacific water through the ArcticOcean into the North Atlantic Ocean (Figure 2).Two processes affect nutrient concentrations in the oceans.Photosynthesis reduces carbon, nitrate, and phosphate concentrationsin the ocean and increases oxygen concentrations. Decayreverses this process, increasing carbon (carbon dioxide), nitrate, andphosphate concentrations, and decreasing oxygen concentrations.Since photosynthesis utilizes these componentsin fixed ratios, the relationships betweennitrate and phosphate are maintained in awater mass that has not mixed withanother one. By observing the nitrateand phosphate concentrations, wehave been able to delineate boundariesand mixing regions betweenthe source waters in the near surfacewaters of the Arctic Ocean. This hasenabled us to infer the circulationof near-surface water (Figure 3).Once having entered the ArcticOcean, Pacific water is not confinedto it. Using nutrient concentrationsas tracers, we find Pacific water well tothe south in the Atlantic sector. Nearsurface water (typically the top 200 m)exits the Arctic Ocean through the CanadianArctic Archipelago and through Fram Strait tothe west of Greenland. Our analyses show thatmuch of the water flowing throughthe Canadian Archipelago is ofPacific origin. In Barrow Strait andJones Sound almost all is of Pacific

SCIENCE ACTIVITIES / Ocean SciencesFigure 3. Contours of the percentage of Pacific source water in the surface layer(upper 30 m) of the Arctic Ocean. Arrows show the flow pattern in the surface layersuggested by the relative distribution of Pacific and Atlantic source waters.origin. Atlantic water is only seen exiting through Smith Soundbetween Ellesmere Island and Greenland at depths greater than 100metres (Figure 4).An unexpected, but with hindsight not surprising, finding was thatthe seawater (that is, excluding contributions from rivers and sea icemeltwater) in Hudson Bay appears to have come from the PacificOcean. Since water flowing through Barrow Strait is of Pacific origin,water flowing south from Barrow Strait through Fury and Hecla straitsinto Hudson Bay could also be expected to be of Pacific origin.Pacific water flowing through the Canadian Archipelago joins theBaffin and Labrador currents and can be distinguished as far south asthe Grand Banks, and perhaps Flemish Cap, before it becomes toowell mixed with Atlantic water to be discernible.Pacific water also exits the Arctic Ocean through Fram Strait andalong the east coast of Greenland. As it travels south, it mixes withAtlantic water, but is still identifiable in Denmark Strait betweenGreenland and Iceland. Near the south of Greenland, available datashow no signs of Pacific water.Changes in the freshwater flow from the Arctic Ocean may havesignificant consequences for the climate and life on earth. At the least,Figure 4. Map showing locations of oceanographic sections where Pacific water is found.it could result in a cooling in northern regions if the thermohalinecirculation in the North Atlantic Ocean is weakened. More drastically,it has been postulated that past changes in the thermohaline circulation,a shutdown of the Global Conveyor Belt, may have been the causeof ice ages. We must become able to predict, with far greater certainty,the magnitude of such effects and the probability of their occurrencewithin a given time scale. Identifying where source waters originateand tracing their circulation is necessary so that ocean currents can beappropriately represented in models that describe ocean circulationand its interactions with the atmosphere. Such models are vital todescribing climate and predicting climate change.Recent Advances in Modelling the Organic Carbon Cycle in the CentralLabrador Sea and Perspectives for Climate Research- Alain VézinaThe oceans absorb roughly a quarter of the carbon dioxide (CO 2 )created by anthropogenic emissions. This alleviates the rise in atmosphericCO 2 and its potential climate impact. The evolution of thisocean carbon sink under an altered climate has enormous implicationsfor climate change scenarios. Relative to its size, the LabradorSea has a disproportionately large importance in the oceanic uptakeof CO 2 .Over the past decades, DFO has put considerable effort intomaking observations on the physical, chemical, and biologicalprocesses that regulate the transfer of carbon from the atmosphere tothe Labrador Sea. More recently, these observations have beensynthesized into state of the art ocean ecosystem models. TheLabrador Sea is important for the global oceans’ carbon cycle becauseit is one of the few regions where there is a direct connection betweenthe atmosphere and the deep ocean through deep winter convection.Deep winter convection occurs when winter cooling makes thesurface water heavy enough to sink to depths of two kilometers andBIO-2001 IN REVIEW / 21

SCIENCE ACTIVITIES / Ocean Sciencesdeeper. It plays a critical role in the uptake and long-term sequestrationof anthropogenic CO 2 .Less well known is the role of deep convective areas such as theLabrador Sea in the sequestration of CO 2 through the biologicalpump. The biological pump is the transfer of carbon from thesurface to the deep ocean through biological processes. It beginswith the production of organic carbon from dissolved CO 2 throughphotosynthesis. A fraction of that organic material escapes theocean’s surface, effectively removing CO 2 from the atmosphereoceansystem. In most of the world’s oceans, this export of organiccarbon is due mostly to the settling of detritus (sinking flux) and, toa lesser extent, to the vertical motions of marine biota (verticalmigration flux). Thus, in most of the world’s oceans, organic carbonmoves through the water column to reach the depths. In convectiveareas, however, such as the Labrador Sea, dissolved organic carbon(DOC) can be transported with the water to the depths where it canbe sequestered. A collaborative project with Memorial University inNewfoundland was formed to explore the strength of this DOC fluxrelative to other export fluxes and its sensitivity to climate usingecosystem models and physical information on the climate of theLabrador Sea.The project uses an ecosystem model that simulates the flows ofnitrogen among various ecosystem compartments and tracks thevertical motions of organic nitrogen. Nitrogen is used because it isassumed to limit biological activity in the ocean. The associatedcarbon flows are calculated using mostly fixed ratios. In some cases,we introduce simple rules that essentially say that organisms prefer toretain nitrogen in their bodies, because it is in short supply, and expelcarbon. This model has been tested extensively in the Gulf of St.Lawrence. When applied to the Labrador Sea, the model suggests thatthe DOC flux is as large as the sinking flux and is substantially largerthan the vertical migration flux (Figure 1). The model also suggeststhat the DOC flux is particularly efficient in moving organic carbonto depth, while retaining nitrogen in the surface ocean. This decouplingof carbon and nitrogen fluxes enhances the biological pumpwhen nutrients are limiting.We also examined the impact of variations in the strength ofwinter convection on carbon export (Figure 2). To study this effect,the ecosystem model was forced with data on the physical structureand climate of the Labrador Sea from periods when convection wasweak (the late 1960s and early 1970s) and when it was strong (early tomid-1990s). The results indicate that the sinking flux is relativelyinsensitive to the variations in ocean climate. In contrast, the DOCflux is very sensitive and is the main contributor to climate-relatedvariations in total export. This goes against prevailing views that thesinking flux is the main driver behind export variability. More to thepoint, this gives clues as to the potential impact of climate change onorganic carbon cycling in the Labrador Sea if climate warming doesresult in a reduction of winter convection. Lower organic carbonexport would leave more CO 2 in surface waters and lower the ocean’suptake of CO 2 .Relative change(100 is average convection)200150100500ShallowAverage DeepMigrationSinkingDOMExportFigure 2. Relative changes in export fluxes simulated by the physical-ecosystemmodel under shallow (< 200 m), average (300-1000 m) and deep (> 1500 m)maximum depth of winter convection in the central Labrador Sea.Figure 1. Relative importance of export fluxes in the Labrador Sea simulated by aphysical-ecosystem model. C export is the total downward organic carbon fluxacross the 200 m isobath (moles C/yr). C:N export is the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio ofthe exported organic matter (moles C/moles N); a C:N higher than 6.6, the averageC:N of organic matter, indicates that C is preferentially exported. C export and C:Nexport averaged across a number of simulations are given at the top of each barand are broken down into contributions from dissolved organic matter (DOM),particle sinking, and vertical migration.These results are preliminary and subject to change as the workevolves. Nevertheless, they are stimulating further research. Oneongoing effort is to develop and refine an ecosystem model thatcouples carbon and nitrogen flows across all compartments, asopposed to only some of the compartments in this model. A relatedeffort is to investigate the implications of the DOC flux for climatevariations at a global scale by coupling the improved ecosystemmodel to an atmosphere-ocean climate model. This work will be partof a new international research initiative (SOLAS or Surface OceanLower Atmosphere Study) that DFO has joined along with a networkof Canadian universities and other government laboratories. As partof a team working to understand the future of the ocean’s carbonsink, our goal is to learn more about potential interactions betweenDOC flux and climate.22 / BIO-2001 IN REVIEW

SCIENCE ACTIVITIES / Ocean SciencesMarine Storms and Extreme Waves- William PerrieSevere Atlantic storms, such as hurricanes, begin in the tropicsbetween 10 o -14 o N and 20 o -70 o W. They then propagate westward andsome move northward towards Atlantic Canada where they affectoffshore activities and cause wave and flood damage ashore. The 1990ssaw several very powerful storms when maximum waves achievedheights of around 30 metres. These include the Perfect Storm in 1991,the Storm of the Century in 1993 and Hurricane Luis in 1995. Thewinds and waves associated with the Perfect Storm are shown in Figure1, as observed at a buoy at the edge of the Scotian Shelf.aFigure 2. Hurricane and cyclonic storm tracks from 2000. As presented on the USNational Hurricane Center website.bthat feed the wave growth. Thus, the coupling of waves and winds hasimpact not only on winds, but also on the waves that we try to simulate.Figure 3 is an example taken from a 1997 storm. When the wavemodel is driven by winds that are not coupled, it under-predicts thewaves measured at buoy 44138 on Scotian Shelf. When the wavemodel is coupled to the atmospheric model, the simulation isimproved, particularly at the peak of the storm.Figure 1. Buoy (a) wind and (b) wave measurements for the Perfect Storm as measuredat buoy 44137 at 44.83N, 60.94W off Scotian Shelf. Sig wave, or HS , is themean of the highest third waves in the distribution (from Cameron and Parkes,1992, 3rd International Workshop on Wave Hindcasting and Forecasting).The tracks for hurricanes for the 2000 season are shown in Figure2. While there is a large scatter in the tracks, six of these fifteen hurricanesimpacted Canadian waters. Other severe marine storms beginover the mid-west and strengthen significantly as they move along theeastern seaboard of North America. Ocean Sciences Division has beenstudying the air-sea processes related to the development of the windsand the waves associated with the most severe of these storms.To predict the development of winds and waves with such storms,we need to consider the processes that couple these two phenomena.The wind, blowing over the sea surface, generates waves. The longerthe winds blow and the stronger the winds, the larger the waves grow.Computer wave models, developed and tested by the Ocean SciencesDivision, in collaboration with other researchers in the US andabroad, simulate wave growth and development. As waves grow anddevelop, they increase the roughness of the sea surface as experiencedby the atmospheric boundary layer. This affects the atmosphericdynamics and changes both the winds and the momentum transfersFigure 3. Observed significant wave height H S at buoy 44138 in comparison withestimates from the coupled and uncoupled models at 0800 UTC on March 8, 1997at the peak of a storm crossing the NW Atlantic. Coupled model is red, uncoupledmodel is blue and measured data is black. Units are in meters.Understanding the interactions of waves on waves is heavilydependent on numerical methods and computational work. As awave field develops, wave-wave interactions re-distribute energywithin the wave spectrum. These interactions are computationallyintensive. We were able to establish an efficient and accurate algorithmto compute the energy and momentum re-distribution causedby these interactions and to show the conditions when it wouldbecome inaccurate. Unfortunately this algorithm is still not efficientenough for implementation in the operational wave forecast modelsrun by weather forecast centres. Our objective continues to be theachievement of a better optimization that can be implemented.The improved-coupled model allows us to investigate other processesBIO-2001 IN REVIEW / 23

SCIENCE ACTIVITIES / Marine Environmental Sciencesassociated with winds and waves. Wave dissipation takes energy from thespectrum and puts it into surface currents. During a rapidly developingstorm, surface currents may be enhanced as much as 30-40% by wavedissipation. During quiescent periods when waves are small or are notrapidly developing, this surface current enhancement effect is small.Thus, waves interact with the atmospheric boundary layer thatforms and drives them. Through wave-induced roughness, sea sprayand other processes, the ocean exchanges mass, momentum, and heatwith the atmosphere. These effects are caused by the marine winds,and also have impact on the processes that create and determine thesewinds. The waves are also coupled to surface currents. These, in turn,affect the wave growth. Wave growth leads to wave breaking whichadds new momentum to these currents. It is only by working with acoupled upper ocean and atmospheric boundary layer that one canhope to arrive at an improved understanding of marine storms andtheir impacts on human activities in Atlantic Canada.Marine Environmental SciencesThe Grand Banks Otter Trawling Experiment– Donald C. Gordon Jr., Kent D. Gilkinson, Ellen L.R. Kenchington, Cynthia Bourbonnais,Kevin MacIsaac, David L. McKeown, and W. Peter VassMobile fishing gear such as beam trawls, otter trawls, scallop rakes,and clam dredges is widely used around the world to harvest fisheryresources. Concerns have been raised about their environmentaleffects. Understanding the impacts on benthic habitats and communitiesis difficult and expensive, especially for offshore fishing banks.Benthic habitats and communities display considerable natural variability,both spatially and temporally, which must be factored into thedesign of research programs.Over the past 50 years, otter trawls have been widely used inAtlantic Canada to capture bottom dwelling species such as cod,haddock, plaice, flounder, and shrimp. From 1993-1995, weconducted an experiment to examine the effects of intensive ottertrawling on a sandy bottom ecosystem at a depth of 120-146 m on theGrand Banks off Newfoundland. Analysis of historical effort dataindicated that the study site had not been trawled for at least 13 yearsand was therefore undisturbed. Three, 13 km long experimentalcorridors were trawled twelve times each year, with an Engel 145 ottertrawl equipped with rockhopper footgear. A broad array of imagingand sampling instrumentation was used to survey trawled and nearbyreference corridors both before and after experimental trawling overdifferent spatial scales. This instrumentation included sidescan sonar,an epibenthic sled, and a video-equipped grab.Location of study site on the Grand Banks and orientation of trawled (T) and reference(R) corridors (300 meters apart). All three corridors were trawled while theepibenthic sled and videograb samples were only collected in corridors A and B.The most pronounced impacts were the immediate physicaleffects on habitat. Sediment was resuspended by all parts of the ottertrawl, furrows and berms were formed by the doors, biological sedimentstructures were either modified or destroyed, and organicdetritus was dispersed. However, these physical effects appeared to berelatively short-lived. The available evidence suggested that thehabitat recovered in about a year or less.The most immediate biological effect was the removal of largeepibenthic organisms from the seabed by the otter trawl. Except forsnow crabs and basket stars, removal appears to have an insignificanteffect at the population level. This is because of the low efficiency ofthe otter trawl in catching epibenthic organisms.Less obvious, but more significant, was the immediate damagedone to epibenthic organisms that were left behind on the seabed.Some were killed outright, while others were damaged or exposed.Most susceptible were the larger epibenthic organisms that live on thesediment surface such as snow crabs, basket stars, sand dollars, brittlestars, sea urchins, and soft corals. The net effect was a 24% reductionin mean biomass, within a few days after trawling. This reduction inbiomass was due to removal by the otter trawl, predation by scavengingorganisms, displacement outside the disturbed area, andperhaps burial by resuspended sediment.Both the immediate and long-term impacts of otter trawling onbenthic infauna, which live within the sandy seabed, appeared to beminor. For the most part, significant effects were seen in a limitednumber of polychaetes and were restricted to one year of the experiment(1994). All available evidence suggested that the biologicalcommunity recovered from the trawling disturbance in less than ayear. Most of the affected epibenthic species have some power oflocomotion, and migration into the disturbed area from thesurrounding undisturbed area was highly probable. Effects wereobserved on only 25 species out of over 250 taxa, so the majority ofspecies present (including all the molluscs) were not affected by ottertrawling. No significant effects could be seen on the benthic communityafter three years of trawling. The habitat and biological communityat the experimental site were naturally dynamic and exhibitedmarked changes irrespective of trawling activity. The effects of24 / BIO-2001 IN REVIEW

SCIENCE ACTIVITIES / Biological SciencesTypical epibenthic sled sample showing dominant species.natural variability on the infaunal benthic community at the studysite appeared to over-shadow the effects of trawling.The results of this unique experiment are in agreement with thescientific literature. This literature indicates that the effects of ottertrawling are quite variable and depend upon numerous factors suchas previous fishing history, how the otter trawl is deployed, the intensityand frequency of use, the type of habitat, and the kind of organismspresent. In some instances, effects are negligible and short lived,while in other cases they may be profound and long lasting. Sandybottom ecosystems, such as the one studied in this experiment, tendto be the most resilient to trawling effects.Further research is needed to improve our knowledge of mobilegear impacts and to develop the information needed to adopt a moreecosystem-oriented approach to fisheries, habitat, and oceansmanagement. Information requirements include further gear impactexperiments to improve our understanding of the role that benthichabitat and communities play in marine ecosystems, mappingbenthic habitat and communities, and mapping the fine-scale spatialdistribution of fishing effort. Additional experiments are currentlybeing conducted by DFO to study the effects of otter trawling on acobble bottom on Western Bank and hydraulic clam dredging onBanquereau.Biological SciencesAquaculture Research at BIO- Dan Jackson, Bénédikte Vercaemer, Barry MacDonald, Koren Spence,Rajashree Gouda, and Ellen KenchingtonInvertebrate aquaculture research is a focus of research at BIO, withmost of this activity occurring in the facilities of the Fish Laboratorybuilding. Scientists from the Invertebrate Fisheries Division of DFOconduct research projects designed to advance the shellfish aquacultureindustry in Atlantic Canada. A strong emphasis is placed onapplying the latest developments in biotechnology to current problemsin aquaculture.Most of our studies are carried out on bivalves currently undercommercial production in Atlantic Canada which include sea scallops,bay scallops, oysters, and mussels. However, we also have amandate to conduct research into other species in which there isgrowing interest from the aquaculture industry, such as, abalone.Many of our activities are directed towards refining husbandry techniquesand dealing with specific biological problems in cultivation, aswell as dealing with general questions related to the life historyprocesses of shellfish. This information is used to help develop superiorperforming strains for aquaculture, and to address related ecologicaland genetic questions. The knowledge gained by our efforts isshared with commercial aquaculture ventures to assist in the developmentof this growing industry.Ongoing research in our labs includes studies on improving thequality and quantity of phytoplankton diets for cultured bivalves, andon better larval culture methods to improve the efficiency and qualityof bivalve production. Some of our work with mussels is intended toprovide Nova Scotian growers with guidance as to how the deploy-Bénédikte Vercaemer measuring oysters in the Fish Laboratory – photo by BarryMacDonald.BIO-2001 IN REVIEW / 25

SCIENCE ACTIVITIES / Biological SciencesShawn Roach and Barry MacDonald assess pedigree mussels in the BIO bivalveculture lab – photo by Dan Jackson.ment of spat collectors can affect farm yield on sites where twosimilar species of mussels, Mytilus edulis and Mytilus trossulus, exist.Other investigations include species identification using geneticmarkers, assessment of inbreeding levels in local European oysterbroodstock using genetic sequence data, and studies of the sex determinationmechanisms in the blue mussel. We are also developinggenetic techniques geared towards identifying disease resistant genesin oyster broodstock.BIO’s scallop triploid project, supported by the federal CanadianBiotechnology Strategy, is designed to produce scallops that grow fasterand have larger, higherquality meats. Our technologyinvolves manipulationof the fertilizationprocess to produce scallopsthat have threecomplete sets of chromosomesinstead of theusual two. These triploidanimals are sterile, and asa result they redirectenergy otherwise allocatedto reproductioninto increasing overallgrowth. Recent efforts inour lab have focussed onA juvenile scallop, approximately two months old –photo by Dan Jackson.the optimum methods of inducing triploidy in sea scallops, and assessmentof the physiological performance (growth and feeding rates) oftriploids and diploids.Our Canadian Biotechnology Strategy-funded genetic biotechnologyprojects examine genetic variability in wild haddock and integratemolecular techniques in attempts to enhance the efficiency of geneticimprovement programs for haddock aquaculture. This work isconducted in collaboration with scientists in the Centre for MarineBiodiversity, Diadromous Fish Division of DFO at BIO, and the St.Andrew’s Biological Station (DFO) in New Brunswick.The BIO facilities (including a phytoplankton production room,shellfish hatchery, nursery, and broodstock rooms, and supportinglabs) are well suited to support our research into the hatcheryproduction of molluscan species. We currently have 13 species ofphytoplankton under production that are used as feed for larval,juvenile, and adult bivalves. Our phytoplankton production labincludes 13 large culture tubes for producing up to 600 litres of algaedaily (at a density of approximately 6 to 7 million cells/ml) forfeeding both juveniles and adults. We also culture algae in 10 litrecarboys, which are used to supply bacteria-free food to the larvalstages. We can produce approximately 50 litres of this higher densityfood (10 to 12 million cells/ml) daily, which is enough to feed up to85 million newly hatched bivalve larvae.Bivalve larvae are usually reared in insulated tanks; we currentlyhave four 1000-litre tanks and fifteen 250-litre tanks, as well as anumber of smaller non-insulated culture vessels. Juvenile and adultanimals are held in a variety of fibreglass and plastic tanks, whichrange in size from six-foot diameter circular tanks to 60-litre plasticcontainers. Larval tanks are changed and cleaned every two daysand the larvae are fed daily, while the adult tanks are supplied witha constant flow of seawater and the juvenile tanks are set up on asemi-recirculating system. These allow for replicated experiments atall life history stages. In addition, BIO has a quarantine facility, withthree lab modules, that is used to support research on diseasedanimals and non-domestic species. These labs offer flexibility withrespect to the size and number of tanks, and have independentlighting and water options. The wastewater is monitored andtreated to ensure that the discharge water will not affect the localenvironment.As an essential part of our aquaculture research, we have developedadvanced laboratory facilities, including the BIO FlowCytometry and Scientific Imaging Laboratory. In this lab we have topgraderesearch microscopes and digital camera equipment that is usedto take high-resolution images of our experimental animals. Using thistechnology we can measure the sizes and other features of the animals,or perform more sophisticated image analysis routines such as fluorescentprobe studies or motion analysis. A flow cytometer is used tomeasure the ploidy level of scallops and mussels in support of ourtriploid research programme. Detailed bivalve feeding studies thatmeasure the type and amount of phytoplankton cells, which areingested by the animals, are also performed using the capabilities ofthe flow cytometer. The affiliated Centre for Marine BiodiversityLaboratory has a new state-of-the-art molecular level biology facility,which features an MJ BaseStation slab gel automated platform andsupporting equipment for performing genotyping and sequencing. Inthis lab, genetic markers are used and developed to address questionsrelated to population genetics or species identification and pedigreeanalysis of broodstock, providing a wide range of molecular biologicalinformation to biologists and researchers at BIO.26 / BIO-2001 IN REVIEW

SCIENCE ACTIVITIES / Biological SciencesThe Challenge of Developing New Fisheries– Bob MillerKelp bed – photo by Bob Semple.The inception of a new fishery is generally accompanied by regulatorychallenges. The newer fisheries such as sea cucumber, periwinkle,Jonah crab, toad crab, ocean quahog, and whelk have all experienceda sporadic history of exploitation. This highlights the importance ofan amicable working relationship between fisher and fishery scientistbecause even the most rudimentary assessment requires catch data.Fishery science questions that biologists usually addressthroughout the course of a fishery relate to growth, mortality, fecundity,size at maturity, sustainable yield, stock size, and stock boundaries.Most of this information is not needed at the outset. Early in thefishery, accurate data are neededon fish removals which includecatches sold through conventionalchannels, discard mortalities ofthe target species, bycatch by otherfishing fleets, the recreationalcatch, and poaching. At the beginningof a new fishery, fishing gearJonah crab – photo by Bob Semple.needs to be evaluated and possiblymodified to minimize waste ofnon-target species, discards ofundersized individuals of thetarget species, and habitatdamage. Because many fisherymanagement measures relate toSea cucumber – photo by Bob Semple. gear (size, number of units,bycatch, and gear conflicts) the fewer the gear types the easier thefishery is to manage. Fishing location is also important because mostparameters of interest are area specific. Even if a new fishery fails, areport on what was learned is produced for potential future use.The following are some species under new regulations. Althoughblood worm is an old fishery it has only recently become regulated.SPECIESBlood wormsKelpJonah craband rock crabSea cucumberFISHERY MANAGEMENT MEASURESMinimum worm size in grams, spawning seasonclosed, and temporary closure of overexploited areas.Limits on the largest patch that can be cut(15 m by 15 m), the fraction of a bed that canbe harvested in one year (one-third), andminimum plant size (1 m long).Minimum size to maintain reproductivepotential, season to reduce gear conflictswith other fisheries, and trap modifications toallow sublegal crabs to escape and to reducelobster bycatch.Seasons to avoid gear conflicts with thelobster fishery.BIO-2001 IN REVIEW / 27

SCIENCE ACTIVITIES / Biological SciencesMarine Fish Division/Invertebrate Fisheries Division Virtual Data Centre– R. Branton (MFD), G. Black (IFD), and J. McRuer (MFD)What is VDCMarine Fish (MFD) and Invertebrate Fisheries (IFD) divisions at BIOand Saint Andrews Biological Station (SABS) provide the scientificfoundation for the DFO Maritimes Region’s finfish and shellfishharvest fisheries management activities. The primary inputs are acomplex array of data from various sources including governmentresearch vessel surveys, industry surveys, fishers’ logbooks, commercialcatch statistics, port samples, and at-sea observers.Recent changes to DFO’s computing culture (adopting softwarestandards and declaring a Science Data Management Policy) haveprompted MFD and IFD to jointly develop an intranet website tofacilitate access to these data. This integrated science user-orientedfacility, otherwise referred to as the ‘Virtual Data Centre’ or VDC, is acompletely new data retrieval and analysis tool. This tool greatlyenhances research productivity by enabling diverse and disparate datasets to appear in common/familiar forms at a central location.The VDC offers a product-oriented approach to data analysisactivities. Data products are produced on demand directly from thedatabase, including a wide range of maps, graphs, reports, spreadsheets,images, and movies.VDC productsData products appear as pre-formed reports or as drop down menusand push buttons, which give the user the option of creating theirown report. These menus provide the ability to specify species names,stock area, survey series, and ranges of years, all appearing in acommon natural language form.Data tables, graphs and maps can be used in presentations orpasted directly into scientific documents.Using VDCThe VDC is accessed using Internet Explorer. Entry is controlled viaa central username/password login page.http://mfdvdc.bio.dfo.caSample line graph - research vessel survey information for Scotian Shelf redfish.New users automatically receive guest status to view pre-formedpublic material. Before viewing private or restricted material orquerying the underlying data, the guest must apply to site or groupadministrators for a username and password. Each groupcontributing to the site controls its own mini VDC consisting of stafflists, project pages, and data pages.Maps can be produced as data movies to facilitate exploration ofspatial and temporal trends within the data or as interactive graphicswhere the area of interest can be enlarged and triggered to provide spreadsheetsand/or detailed statistical analysis of the selected observations.45†UNIT3 REDFISH 4Xpqrs OT3- [Sample Request 38] 2001 April-June48†UNIT3 Redfish UnseparatedSUMMER Stratified Random 2001 Avg. Adj. TotNo4T3Pn44†4VnProject leaders and data managers administer their project anddata pages while individual staff can create links to frequently usedproject and data pages, as well as create and maintain their ownpersonal content.43†42†1233 MT, 5 minute sq. agg.4X10 samples with location665 subtrips selected67† 66† 65† 64†Total Wgt.3.79.218.427.645†42†TotNo5001250250050004W4Xmax = 7169.10 40 kmBottom Temp. (C)8.866† 63† 60†6.620 min. square aggregation4.4122 sets selected100 m 2.2200 mSample maps – (Right) research vessel survey information for Scotian Shelfredfish. (Left) commercial landings and port samples (otter trawlers

SCIENCE ACTIVITIES / Biological SciencesSample histogram - redfish port samples selected from map shown above.Data sources accessed via the VDC are documented with a fullfeatureddata dictionary describing all data tables, columns, and codes.User and Administrator manuals are available directly from thewebsite.Ready to use Structured Query Language (SQL) queries are alsoprovided for ad hoc access to the data.In addition to data, the VDC stores and retrieves digital images ofresearch activities, individual specimens, and sampled materials suchas the otoliths used to determine fish age.VDC benefitsStandardized data management methods have allowed MFD and IFDto improve data collection activities. For example, survey data arenow routinely available for analysis within a day or two of thecompletion of a research vessel cruise. The VDC, coupled withimproved data collection, has increased data accessibility, thusincreasing overall analytical capability and facilitating the resourcestatus evaluation process. The VDC provides a focus for liaison withresource managers and external clients, as it allows research managersto quickly develop and review stock indicators to determine whensignificant changes in stock status have occurred.New analytical modules are continually being added, with a newrelease of the VDC core expected in early 2002. DFO MaritimesInformatics Branch is in the process of adopting the new VDC intothe realm of supported systems and will use it to form the basis of asystem of regional and potentially national virtual data centres.Redfish otolith – photo by Steven Campana.VDC detailsThe VDC was created as part of the computing revitalization initiativesarising from the government-wide Year 2000 project. Externalfunds from the Census of Marine Life Project and FisheriesInformation Management Project are now being used to makefurther improvements.The VDC is the interplay of several technologies. Key hardwarecomponents are the DFO intranet, Oracle Databases & WebApplication Servers, ACON data visualization system and SplusStatserver. Primary programming languages are: HTM, SQL, PL/SQL,C++, and Splus.Redfish or ocean perch.VDC contactsBob Brantonbrantonb@mar.dfo-mpo.gc.ca (902) 426-3537Jerry Blackblackj@mar.dfo-mpo.gc.ca (902) 426-2950Jeff McRuermcruerj@mar.dfo-mpo.gc.ca (902) 426-3585Shelley Bond*bonds@mar.dfo-mpo.gc.ca (902) 426-4315*VDC site administratorBIO-2001 IN REVIEW / 29

SCIENCE ACTIVITIES / Biological SciencesThe Scotian Shelf and Southern Grand Banks Atlantic Halibut(Hippoglossus hippoglossus) Survey– Collaboration Between the Fishing and Fisheries Science Communities- K.C.T. Zwanenburg and S. WilsonSince 1970, Canada has conducted standardized otter trawl surveys toderive estimates of fish population abundance on the Scotian Shelf.These surveys give highly variable abundance estimates for Atlantichalibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus), a very valuable, commerciallyexploited species. The groundfish surveys were not designed to estimateabundance of this non-schooling species and do not cover theentire geographic range of the population.In 1998, a longline survey for Atlantic halibut was implemented toimprove these estimates by using fishing gear that captures halibutmore effectively and by covering more of the geographic range of thepopulation (Figure 1). The survey is a collaboration between DFOand the community of expert halibut fishermen who exploit thisspecies on the Scotian Shelf and southern Grand Banks. A selffunding,long-term (10 year plus), two-stage design consisting ofstratified random and commercial index phases was adopted. Thestratified random phase picked 220 sampling locations which are nowfixed positions sampled each year, while the commercial index phaseallows the commercial fishermen to pick varying sampling locationsbased on their experience. The stratified random phase providesunbiased estimates of population abundance while the commercialindex phase provides estimates of commercial catch per unit effortand allows fishermen to contribute their knowledge and expertise toimproving our understanding of this species.The ongoing survey has already provided a wealth of informationon halibut distribution, population size structure, and diet composition,and has also collected large numbers of halibut otoliths (earbones) to be used in determining the age structure of the population.The halibut survey has provided more information on the distribution,abundance and biology of halibut than was collected by theprevious 30 years of trawl surveys.The fourth year of this important survey, conducted by 10–15commercial fishing vessels each year, was completed in July of 2001.Although it is still too early to draw firm conclusions based on onlyfour years of data, we do see that halibut population numbers havebeen relatively stable over the course of the survey (Figure 2) asjudged by both the stratified random and the commercial indexportions of the survey. The missing piece of the puzzle is whether thepopulation is stable at high or low numbers relative to its history.Relative population sizeFigure 2. Results of the Scotian Shelf and Grand Banks longline halibut surveyshowing catch rates for both the stratified random and commercial index phases.Figure 1A. Geographic distribution ofhalibut survey commercial index catchrates (kg per 1000 hooks adjusted forsoak time).Figure 1B. Geographic distribution ofhalibut survey fixed station catch rates(kg per 1000 hooks adjusted for soaktime).We are also in the process of verifying the ages of halibut as determinedby counting the growth rings in the otoliths. This study usesthe detectable fall-out from nuclear testing, started in the 1950s, as amarker in the otoliths to judge whether each observed ring is equivalentto a single year’s growth. Preliminary results indicate that this isthe case and we are now in position to determine the ages of all thefish sampled. Knowing the age structure of any fish population isimportant because it tells us the probability of surviving from one ageto the next, and what impact fisheries have on that probability. Thelarge numbers of otoliths collected will allow us to develop detailedestimates of population age structure and survival rates.This survey has provided important information on the halibut ofthe Scotian Shelf and southern Grand Banks and has fostered cooperationbetween scientists and fishermen.30 / BIO-2001 IN REVIEW

SCIENCE ACTIVITIES / Biological SciencesFreshwater Biodiversity Facilities- T. R. Goff, S. F. O’Neil, and T. L. MarshallDeclines in abundance of Atlantic salmon, closures of many fisheries,and the recognition that many stocks are either endangered or threatened,dictated a new focus for DFO Maritimes Region’s three hatcheries.That focus is the development and maintenance of living genebanks. This is done through captive production of broodstock, DNAbasedselected matings to maximize genetic variability, early stockingof their progeny to maximize natural selection in freshwater, and latercollection of older parr for renewed production of broodstock. Thiscircumvents the current harsh marine conditions affecting thesalmon’s normal life history, and maximizes their potential forrecovery once conditions for survival improve. The new focus essentiallyeliminates smolt and juvenile stocking for “enhancement offisheries”. This has prompted DFO Science Branch to rename facilitiesat Mactaquac near Fredericton, NB, Coldbrook, NS, and Mersey, nearLiverpool NS as “Biodiversity Facilities”.Aerial view of the Mactaquac Biodiversity Facility (bottom), Mactaquac Dam (topcenter) and Early Rearing Facility (complex downstream and right of the dam).Location of Freshwater Biodiversity Facilities, inner Bay of Fundy watersheds andNS Southern Upland.Mactaquac Biodiversity FacilityThe Mactaquac Fish Culture Station was opened in 1968 to mitigatelosses of salmon to hydroelectric development on the Saint JohnRiver. Mitigation relied on releases of smolts. Smolt quality wasimproved over time by the deepening of ponds, reductions in fishdensities, and construction of an Early Rearing Facility that reducedage-at-smoltification from two to one year. By the 1990s, juvenileproduction, principally for the Saint John River and tributaries, wasabout 300,000 age-1 sea-going smolts and an equal or greater numberof age-0 parr for river stocking.In 1998, a few of the facility’s many ponds were dedicated to thefirst phase of live gene banking of New Brunswick’s “endangered”inner Bay of Fundy salmon. This involved rearing captured wild juvenilesalmon from the Big Salmon River through to the adult stage, andtheir subsequent mating. All fish were subjected to DNA analysis forstock origin and family grouping so that mating of siblings was minimizedand family representation was optimized.This program is expected to yield about 2.5 million eggs per yearfor re-population of inner Bay of Fundy rivers and production of nextgeneration parr, and ultimately broodstock. Plans are to continue thisprocess until such time as marine survival improves.In 2000, a similar but smaller scale program was initiated for thenear-extirpated Magaguadavic River stock of the outer Bay of Fundy.Further, the Mactaquac program is now shifting from using wildbrood fish captured at Mactaquac Dam for production and release ofsmolts, to using wild juvenile salmon captured upstream of the damfor the production of broodstock and release of adult spawners. Thisdeparture from past practices is due to:•a 20-year and 10-fold decline in the number of adult returnsoriginating both at and upstream of Mactaquac, and•emerging confidence in the ability to produce adult fish in freshwaterfrom juveniles.Recovery to previous stock numbers is unlikely to occur untilmarine survival improves. Recovery will be impossible howeverwithout a stable freshwater population of wild juveniles. Adult releasesfrom the captive rearing program will have the potential to deposit 12million eggs or about 40% of the conservation requirement for theriver upstream of Mactaquac. This will eliminate the need to retainbroodstock from valuable wild adults returning to the dam.BIO-2001 IN REVIEW / 31

SCIENCE ACTIVITIES / Biological SciencesStock assessments, research, and outreachIn addition to rearing fish, the Mactaquac Biodiversity Facility yieldsbiological information. In particular, its trapping facility at theMactaquac Dam yields important information for the assessment ofsalmon, alewife, blueback herring, American eel, striped bass, andAtlantic and shortnose sturgeon. Research is also conducted in cooperationwith universities, private industry, and fish and wildlifeorganizations. Investigations have included the viability of triploidsalmonids for aquaculture, vaccine development, and growth andcondition of fish reared at various temperature regimes. Cooperativeprograms with local First Nations contribute to the facility’s operations,including a Visitor Interpretation Center. The Visitor Centerexhibits the operations of the facilities and the life cycle of theAtlantic salmon.Coldbrook and Mersey Biodiversity facilitiesThe Coldbrook and Mersey Biodiversity facilities engage in live genebanking of Atlantic salmon, stocking of salmon in rivers negativelyimpacted by acid precipitation, and research on a variety of salmonand endangered Atlantic whitefish initiatives. These activities replaceprevious enhancement programs.Living gene banksAs was the case at Mactaquac in 1998, a few of the many ponds atColdbrook were dedicated to the first phase of live gene bankingthe endangered Nova Scotia inner Bay of Fundy salmon. In thiscase, wild juvenile salmon from the Stewiacke River are beingreared through to maturity at Coldbrook. Between 0.5 and 1.0million eggs will be hatched and grown at Mersey for release intothe Stewiacke and other inner Bay of Fundy rivers, from whichsalmon have been extirpated. Implicit in our direction for theliving gene banks is a DNA-based prescriptive mating strategy likethat described for Mactaquac.Additionally, progeny of adult salmon of the inner Bay of Fundy’sunique Gaspereau River are reared and returned to the river. Juvenilesfrom several other Nova Scotia inner Bay of Fundy rivers have beencollected for possible inclusion in the inner Bay gene bank program.Intervention in acid-impacted riversAcid precipitation has contributed to serious declines, and in somecases, extirpation, of salmon in over 50 rivers of the Nova ScotiaSouthern Upland. Adult salmon are being collected from severalrivers to supplement smolt production due to losses caused by acidprecipitation. Genetic analysis of many other river stocks is ongoingand in the short term, supplementation with cultured fish and orlive gene banking should avoid complete loss of the unique stocks.Research, First Nations support, and outreachBreeding, rearing, and stocking fish in support of fisheries was theprevious principal activity of federal fish hatcheries in Nova Scotia.Few fisheries now remain and the preservation of stocks and theirgenetic diversity is becoming the goal.Confined to a single watershed in Nova Scotia, the endangeredAtlantic whitefish (Coregonus huntsmani) is being cultured at Merseyto ascertain the influence of environmental variables on its survivaland growth. Ultimately, the goal is to develop technical capability torepatriate the species to its former range.Mersey Biodiversity Facility upper ponds and culture and research buildings.The Mersey and Coldbrook Biodiversity facilities are operatedjointly to meet program objectives. The brood fish for all salmonprograms are held at Coldbrook, where surface and well waterprovide temperature control and flexibility. Rearing of young takesplace at Mersey where the greater water supply permits the productionof up to 300,000 age-1 sea-going smolts, and an equal or greaternumber of age-0 parr for river stocking.Endangered Atlantic whitefish, Coregonus huntsmani.The facilities also support salmon conservation initiatives identifiedby First Nations, welcome tour groups, and offer training forcommunity college students.32 / BIO-2001 IN REVIEW

SCIENCE ACTIVITIES / Biological SciencesResearch Voyages– D. L. McKeownCCGS Alfred NeedlerCCGS Alfred Needler is a50m offshore fisheriesresearch trawler. InJanuary 2001, the vesselwas engaged in fishbehaviour studies offCape Breton and duringFebruary and March,carried out shellfish andwinter groundfish surveyson the Scotian Shelf.From May to November,DFO scientists from theBedford Institute ofOceanography, Gulf Fisheries Centre, and the Maurice LamontagneInstitute used the vessel to conduct offshore finfish and shellfishecosystem surveys and related research programs on the Scotian Shelffrom Georges Bank to Cabot Strait and into the Gulf of St. Lawrence. InDecember, the ship undertook groundfish surveys for the NewfoundlandRegion in place of the Teleost that had mechanical equipment problems.CCGS HudsonCCGS Hudson is a 90m offshoreoceanographic research andsurvey vessel. During the winter of2000/2001, the vessel completedthe second phase of an extensiverefit to prolong its working lifeanother seven to ten years. OnMay 1, it departed on the annualspring cruise to collect physicaland biological oceanographic datafor the Atlantic Zone MonitoringProgram (AZMP). This cruiseencompassed a series of surveyRedfish catch – summer 2001 groundfish surveyof the CCGS Alfred Needler on the easternScotian Shelf – photo by J.G. Reid.Towcam being deployed on the CCGSHudson by Peter Vass and Dwight Reimer.lines across the Scotian Shelf ranging from southern Nova Scotia toCabot Strait. In early June, the ship journeyed to the Labrador Sea toservice oceanographic moorings and conduct hydrographic (conductivity/temperature/depth)survey operations as part of Canada’s contributionto global climate studies. After returning to BIO to change staffand re-configure equipment, the ship served as a platform for NaturalResources Canada and Dalhousie University staff who conducted amajor seismic refraction survey on the Scotian Shelf.After another stop at BIO to reconfigure scientific equipment, thevessel carried out a series of geoscience studies on the Grand Bank,Scotian Slope, and Scotian Shelf from mid-July to mid-September. A teamof BIO and Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Centre scientists then boardedthe ship to conduct benthic and fisheries habitat studies on several of theoffshore banks from Banquereau to Georges and to survey and sampledeep sea corals in the Gully and along the continental slope. From mid-October to mid-December, staff from BIO, the Northwest AtlanticFisheries Centre and the Maurice Lamontange Institute conducted threeconsecutive cruises to obtain the autumn AZMP physical and biologicaloceanographic data set. The scientific season concluded on December 9when the ship was laid up at BIO for the winter season.CCGS MatthewCCGS Matthew is a 50m coastal research and survey vessel. Its seasonbegan in May when a group of BIO physical and chemical oceanographerstook the vessel to Sydney Harbour to collect sediment samplesand water column data for toxicological studies. At the beginning ofJune, the ship proceeded to the south coast of Newfoundland tocommence its annual hydrographic charting program. After a briefgeoscience survey in Notre Dame Bay, the vessel moved to the LabradorCoast to continue hydrographic surveys until early October. After beingreconfigured with geophysical equipment at BIO, it carried out ageoscience survey near Rustico, Prince Edward Island. Its operationalseason ended at BIO on November 2.The launch Pipit approaching the CCGS Matthew – Isle aux Morts, south shore ofNewfoundland.CCGS J.L.Hart, CCGS Navicula, CCGS Opilio and CCGS Pandalus IIIThe DFO Maritimes Region also operates several smaller inshore fisheriesresearch trawlers. These vessels are used by a large number of scientiststo pursue a wide range of scientific program including stock assessment,fisheries and habitat research and geophysical surveys. CCGSJ.L.Hart (20m), operating out of the St. Andrews Biological Station, spentmost of the 2001 season supporting research programs in the Bay ofFundy area. The CCGS Opilio (18m), based in Shipigan, New Brunswick,enabled staff of the Gulf Fisheries Centre to carry out research programsin the Northumberland Strait and in the Bay of Chaleur area. The CCGSNavicula (20m) served as a platform for a cooperative DFO/First Nationsfisheries research program in the Bras d’Or Lakes as well as supporting anumber of other fisheries and habitat research programs in the Bay ofFundy and Cape Breton coastal areas of Nova Scotia. The CCGSPandalus III (13m) operating out of the St. Andrews Biological Stationconducted numerous daily trips in the local area throughout the year.BIO-2001 IN REVIEW / 33

Cross CuttingIssuesPartnering between First Nations and DFO Science and Oceansand Environment Branches- K. Paul, R. Lavoie, and T. L. MarshallThe Marshall decision of 1999 brought significant changes to theAtlantic fishery and to DFO’s relationship with First Nations. DFOScience has a long history of working with First Nations; in 2001 therewas an enhancement of cooperative activities, particularly on CapeBreton Island.The Eskasoni Fish and Wildlife Commission (EF&WC) is locatedin the Mi’kmaw community of Eskasoni, Nova Scotia, on the shores ofthe Bras d’Or Lakes. The EF&WC is a Native-run, non-profit organizationthat deals with environmental and scientific issues that affectthe entire Bras d’Or Lakes watershed. Over the past decade, EF&WChas developed a good working relationship with DFO Science at BIOand has collaborated on issues concerning the health of the Bras d’OrLakes ecosystem. Earlier projects in this area include water testing, andfisheries studies.In the early 1960s, the Gillis Cove Oyster Culture Station was setup to study the reproduction of the American oyster and to developtechniques to grow high quality oysters from seed to market size.Since the mid-1990s, a joint project run by an Aboriginal biologist hasused the station to experiment with new techniques and to trainyoung Natives in the production of seed oysters.With the Union of Nova Scotia Indians, the EF&WC recentlyincorporated the Unama’ki Institute of Natural Resources (UINR) todeal with the environmental issues and scientific opportunities forthe Native communities in Nova Scotia. Memoranda ofUnderstanding (MOUs) were signed between DFO and the UINRfor the use of the CCG research vessel Navicula for data collection,collaboration on scientific research, cross training for DFO andEF&WC staff, sharing of lab facilities, staff exchanges, and informationsharing on the Bras d’Or Lakes ecosystem. A second MOU isready for signing in 2002.DFO Science launched an initiative called SIMBOL (Science forIntegrated Management of the Bras d’Or Lakes) to address stakeholderconcerns identified at a Bras d’Or Lakes Ecosystem Workshopheld at the Canadian Coast Guard College in October 1999. A moreCharlie Joe Dennis being presented with the DFO Deputy Minister’s Certificate ofRecognition for his extensive work with DFO on preserving and developing therenewable natural resources of the Bras d’Or Lakes. (left to right) Kenneth Paul,Diana Denny, René Lavoie, Charlie Joe Dennis, Shelley Denny and Mike Sinclair –photo by George Paul.detailed article on SIMBOL is contained later in this section of thereport. Now in its second year, SIMBOL has enabled:• historical data rescue,••••••benthic habitat mapping,deployment of moorings to monitor winter processes,satellite data extraction,DFO and Environment Canada water quality monitoring,surveys of green crab distribution, anddata collection using CASI (Compact AirborneSpectrographic Imager).During the winter and spring of 2001, the regional DFO Science and34 / BIO-2001 IN REVIEW

CROSS CUTTING ISSUESA Talking Circle meeting between First Nations Elders, DFO scientists and managers, staff of the Eskasoni Fish and Wildlife Commissions, and Environment Canada at theWagmatcook Cultural Center, Cape Breton Island, May 23, 2001 - photo by George Paul.Oceans and Environment branches and the Eskasoni First Nationjointly organized a number of meetings including Mi’kmaw culturalawareness sessions for BIO staff. A meeting at Wagmatcook CulturalCenter in May 2001 culminated in a large Talking Circle with DFOand Environment Canada staff, and Mi’kmaw Elders. This gatheringof peace and friendship is intended as a first step towards integratingMi’kmaw traditional knowledge with DFO Science.Each of the Chapel Island, Membertou, Waycobah, Eskasoni andWagmatcook First Nations of Cape Breton also have a special interestin the plight of Atlantic salmon and each has partnered in pastsalmon assessment activities. In 2001, Wagmatcook First Nation continuedits involvement in surveys of juvenile salmon in the Middleand Baddeck rivers. However, in 2001, their usual assistance in the fallswim-through surveys of adult salmon in the same rivers was precludedby low water.At the Mactaquac Biodiversity Facility in New Brunswick, anapprenticeship program continued for three Kingsclear First Nationgraduates of the aquaculture program at the St. Andrews CommunityCollege. St. Mary’s First Nation also continued to share in the trainingof an assistant fish culture technician and Oromocto First Nationassisted in important juvenile salmon marking activities. Kingsclearand Oromocto First Nations assisted in the deployment and operationof the Nashwaak River adult salmon counting fence.In the summer of 2001, the following communities of the Saint JohnFisheries staff of Oromocto First Nation pause during installation of a portable“fence” to capture adult Atlantic salmon – photo by Ross Jones.River basin were involved in the electrofishing surveys of juvenile salmon:• Oromocto First Nation on the Nashwaak and areas south,•Woodstock First Nation on tributaries in the Woodstock and BigSalmon River areas, and• Maliseet First Nation on the Tobique River and areas north.Also in 2001, Woodstock and Kingsclear First Nations assisted insalmon research/monitoring activities on the “endangered” BigSalmon River population of Atlantic salmon. Oromocto First Nationassisted in the monitoring of salmon smolts on the Nashwaak Riverand Fort Folly First Nation on the Petitcodiac River, made significantcommitments for 2002 to monitor and conduct research on Atlanticsalmon in several nearby inner Bay of Fundy rivers.Other initiatives at BIO in 2001 included:• Two interns (one from Membertou working for the Eskasoni Fishand Wildlife Commission, and one from Acadia now working forthe Band as a Fisheries Coordinator) received training in aquaculture,sea sampling techniques, and conference organization.• A summer student from the Gwitchin First Nation in the Yukonwas employed on aquaculture projects.• With the scientific guidance of a DFO scientist, a biologist from Eskasoniconducted an oyster predation project in the Fish Lab facilities.• Provision of scientific advice both at BIO and Eskasoni on severalprojects involving shellfish resources and aquaculture.• In July and August, a summer student from the Oromocto First Nationworked at BIO on projects focussing on lobster and juvenile fish.Cooperative research and integrating traditional knowledge with sciencein the spirit of peace and friendship will continue to be a priorityat BIO and Mactaquac.BIO-2001 IN REVIEW / 35

CROSS CUTTING ISSUESInteractions between Offshore Oil and Gas Operations andthe Marine Environment- Peter Cranford, Shelley Armsworthy, Kenneth Lee, Tim Milligan, Kee Muschenheim (MarineEnvironmental Sciences Division [DFO]), Charles Hannah, John Loder (Ocean Sciences Division [DFO]),Michael Li, Gary Sonnichsen, and Edward King (Geological Survey of Canada – Atlantic [NRCan])Offshore oil and gas operations off the east coast of Canada haveincreased dramatically within the last decade, and are expanding toinclude shallow coastal and deep slope waters (Fig. 1). Environmentalfactors such as ice, waves, currents, and seabed structure and stabilitycan greatly affect these activities. Conversely, there is also the potentialthat some oil and gas activities may impact the environment. DFOand NRCan have an ongoing research program, largely supported bythe federal Program for Energy Research and Development, to studythe potential impacts of discharges into the environment and environmentalfactors that affect oil and gas activities.Potential environmental impacts associated with the exposure ofmarine organisms to low-level operational waste discharges are anongoing concern. Drilling wastes (spent drilling mud and well cuttings)are the primary concern during exploration and developmentoperations, while produced water recovered from the hydrocarbonbearing strata is the highest volume waste generated during production.Produced water may contain elevated concentrations of metals,nutrients, radionuclides, hydrocarbons, and trace amounts of chemicalagents. A multidisciplinary research program has been initiated byDFO to study the environmental pathways, transport rate, and ultimatefate and effects of drilling and production wastes.Figure 1. Map of the eastern Canadian shelf showing areas where licences have been issued for oil and gas explorationand production.36 / BIO-2001 IN REVIEWFlocculation (the adhesion of smaller particles to form large particles)and surface adsorption (the adhesion of small particles to largerparticles and/or droplets) are important processes in the transportof material in the ocean. Laboratory studies of the behaviour of finedrilling waste particles in seawater suggest that flocculation couldresult in the rapid transport of this material to the seafloor. This is incontrast to the previous view that these particles settle too slowly toaccumulate to levels that can impact benthic organisms. While dissolvedcontaminants are expected to rapidly dilute with seawater toharmless levels, potential toxic metals in produced water wereobserved to transform from dissolved to particulate forms that settledrapidly. Studies also showed that buoyant oil droplets in producedwater could sequester particles on their surface. These studies demonstratethe importance of aggregation processes that mediate the rapidtransport of contaminants to both the surface microlayer and theseabed (Fig. 2). New sampling methods have been developed at BIOto study waste dispersion around drilling platforms. Application ofthese technologies has revealed that elevated concentrations ofdrilling wastes occasionally exist on and above the seafloor arounddrilling platforms. However, elevated concentrations appear to betransient (days to months) as the wastes are eventually dispersed bycurrents and waves.Given these new insights into the fate ofwaste discharges, laboratory studies arebeing conducted to assess the potentialimpact on selected marine organisms.Scallops feed on particles in an area immediatelyabove the seafloor, the benthicboundary layer, where wastes can accumulate.Exposure to different drilling wastesshowed that important biological effectscan result at waste levels that are lowerthan previously reported for other speciestested. Observed impacts on growth andreproduction were not caused by wastetoxicity, but resulted from fine waste particlesinterfering with the animals’ ability tofeed. Research is currently in progress toassess the utility of deploying caged scallopsaround drilling platforms to verifylaboratory observations and to monitorimpacts at offshore drilling sites.Laboratory biotests with produced waterfrom the Scotian Shelf showed that the tox-

CROSS CUTTING ISSUESFigure 2. Major processes controlling the environmental fate of wastes from offshore oil and gas drilling andproduction activities.Figure 3. Multibeam image showing sand ridges and instrument deployment transects(white lines) on Sable Island Bank. The black line is a section of gas pipelinerunning through the area.icity of produced water was altered as a result of chemical changesthat occur following its discharge. Toxicity was associated with bothdissolved and particulate fractions. Preliminary studies suggest thatchemical components within produced water, such as inorganicnutrients and hydrocarbons, may stimulate the rates of primary productionand/or induce changes in microbial communities in offshorewaters.To determine the potential trajectories and dispersion of operationalwastes at drilling sites, the research program has included aquantitative description of the physical environment. Data from currentmoorings have been used to develop comprehensive threedimensionalcirculation models of the eastern Canadian continentalshelf. A benthic boundary layer transport model was developed to useinformation on the currents, the bottom stress, and the settling velocityof the drilling mud to calculate the fate ofwaste discharges. Model predictions have beenintegrated with results of biological and chemicalstudies to assess the risk of environmentalimpacts resulting from offshore oil and gasdevelopments. The model has recently beenmodified to include an improved representationof the combined effects of currents and waveson the fate of drilling wastes. We have alsoincluded a simple model of flocculation andbreak-up processes to allow the settling rate ofwastes to adjust to local environmental conditions.Evaluations of the reliability of models areongoing, including comparisons with industryobservations of waste distributions.Another important environmental concernfor offshore oil and gas developments is thepresence of seabed geohazards. These includedifficult foundation conditions (for example,weak sediment strata, mass failures, shallow gas,faults, and bouldery till), and geologic processesthat may alter seabed stability (e.g. sediment transport and erosion,and seabed iceberg scouring). Detailed knowledge of these seabed stabilityissues and processes is critical to pipeline routing, drilling siteselection, safe and cost-effective engineering designs, and the protectionof offshore structures and the environment. Geological coringand sampling, geophysical and multibeam surveys, sediment transportmeasurements, and modeling are all used to identify and assessthe nature of seabed instabilities and geologic processes which poseconstraints to offshore hydrocarbon developments.Cutting-edge instruments (http://agcwww.bio.ns.ca/support/equipment) have been deployed on Sable Island Bank to measure flowintensity, seabed scouring, sediment transport, and mobility of smallto medium scale bedforms during storms. Instrument deploymentshave been combined with repetitive sidescan and multibeam surveysto understand the morphology, sediment transport processes, andmigration of sand ridges (Fig. 3). Geological studies have compiled adetailed database of surface and subsurface sediment features onSable Island Bank. Past glacial events and related changes in sea-levelhave given rise to a complex suite of shallow marine sand and claybodies. Shallow gas manifests as small pockets or widespread zones,and tends to be concentrated in specific geologic settings. Mass sedimentfailure events were found to be rare, except on the outer slope.Iceberg scour research has focused on the northeastern sector ofGrand Banks. A database of almost 6000 scour features (distribution,dimensions, and occurrence frequency) has been compiled. A studywas conducted to document the seabed effects of scouring icebergsand to provide insights into the processes and rates of scour decay.Nine grounding sites were surveyed using sidescan sonar, sub-bottomprofiler, a remotely operated vehicle, and towed cameras. These surveysprovide case histories for iceberg impacts and form a unique andcomprehensive data set.Research conducted at BIO on these topics and other environmentalfactors, such as sea ice and waves, enhances our ability toaddress environmental issues expressed by clients related to offshoreoil and gas operations. The knowledge obtained forms the basis forcodes, standards, regulations, and advice. This knowledge is designedto reduce costs to industry while protecting the public, workers, andthe environment from the effects of energy related activities.BIO-2001 IN REVIEW / 37

CROSS CUTTING ISSUESThe Sable Gully- Jason NaugThe Sable Gully (the Gully) is the largest submarine canyon in easternNorth America. In recent years, the ecological characteristics of the areahave attracted the attention of a number of government and non-governmentalorganizations. To evaluate these characteristics and associatedconservation and management requirements, the Oceans and CoastalManagement Division (OCMD) is assessing the Gully under the criteriaof DFO’s Marine Protected Area (MPA) Program. This work has beensupported by extensive scientific investigations into the Gully ecosystem.Physical settingBisecting the Sable Island Bank and Banquereau, the Gully is locatedapproximately 200 km southeast of Nova Scotia on the eastern ScotianShelf. The Gully can be divided into two general areas, the trough andthe canyon. The trough is characterized as a wide (30 km x 70 km), andrelatively shallow basin, on the northern portion of the Gully linking itto the inner shelf. The canyon is a narrower feature (10 km x 40 km)extending into the continental slope and characterized by steep slopesand a depth of over 2 km at its mouth. Many of the physical characteristicsof the Gully have important implications for local circulation,nutrient fluxes, sediment dynamics, and the distribution and structureof biological communities. These communities include a wide diversityof species ranging from deep sea corals to shallow and deep water fish,pelagic seabirds, and 13 species of whales and dolphins, including a significantand vulnerable population of northern bottlenose whales.DFO’s Marine Protected Areas ProgramIn 1998, DFO produced a Conservation Strategy for the Gully basedon a review of the current science, a description of conservationissues, and stakeholder viewpoints. The overall objective of the strategyis to, “conserve and protect the natural biological diversity andintegrity of the Sable Gully ecosystem to ensure its long-term healthand sustainable use”. The conservation strategy included a recommendationthat the Gully (encompassing approximately 1850 km 2 )be identified as an Area of Interest (AOI) in the Marine ProtectedArea (MPA) Program under the Oceans Act.Assessing the Gully as a potential MPA requires that DFO and theoceans community work together in a multi-step planning processoutlined in the 1998 draft national framework for MPA establishmentreleased by DFO.MPA designation under Canada’s Oceans Act is the ultimate goalfor this challenging offshore site. Canadian approaches to establishingoffshore MPAs remain developmental and untested. In this regard,the Gully initiative is providing a valuable learning experience forDFO, other regulators, maritime industries, researchers, and nongovernmentorganizations (NGOs).Management activitiesTo evaluate the Gully as an Area of Interest under the Marine ProtectedArea Program, the OCMD has lead a number of activities including:Engaging stakeholders: To date, a wide range of stakeholders withinterests and responsibilities in and around the Gully have beenengaged. These include federal and provincial governmentdepartments and agencies, industrial sectors such as oil and gasand fisheries, First Nations, academia, NGOs, and the public.Broad stakeholder involvement has been sought to ensure meaningfulparticipation and lasting protection.Multibeam bathymetry of Sable Gully (from G.B. J. Fader and J. Strang, in associationwith the Geological Survey of Canada, Natural Resources Canada, theCanadian Hydrographic Service, Oceans and Environment Branch of DFO and theoffshore exploration industry).Assessing the Gully’s socio-economic profile: An assessment of theresources and activities in the Gully area is ongoing. The resourcesectors under analysis include fisheries, oil and gas explorationand development, conservation, research and education, transportation,National Defence and Coast Guard, tourism, andmarine mining. In addition, important ecological componentssuch as marine mammals and deep sea corals are also reviewed.Interim protection measures: Since the announcement of the Gully asan Area of Interest, DFO has implemented interim protection38 / BIO-2001 IN REVIEW

CROSS CUTTING ISSUESmeasures that include limiting new activities. New fisheries havebeen excluded, and with the cooperation of the Canada-NovaScotia Offshore Petroleum Board, oil and gas activities have beenrestricted in the Gully. In addition, activities in and around theGully have been continually monitored and advice provided toregulators and users on the protection needs for the area.Developing a Gully Management Plan: A management plan is beingprepared. It will summarize the research activities to date, describethe conservation goals, evaluate the key conservation issues, andmake recommendations including regulatory processes requiredfor final MPA designation and management. This plan will be furtherdeveloped in 2002 with the participation of interested parties.Science activitiesIn addition to research by Dalhousie University, DFO MaritimesRegion has undertaken a program of scientific activities to provide ascientific basis for decision making in the planning and managementprocess. In 1998, a review team of DFO, Natural Resources Canada(NRCan), university, and non-governmental scientists met to reviewexisting information, describe the ecosystem of the Gully and surroundingarea, and characterize any special features. Major scientificdisciplines participated and the contributions were reviewed by theMaritimes Regional Advisory Process. Many of the important characteristicsof the Gully were identified and the need for further researchhighlighted to better characterize and understand the Gully ecosystem.In 1999, as a result of this review, two years of research on the Gullybegan at BIO. This multidisciplinary effort included research intomultibeam bathymetry, geology, benthic assemblages and habitats, patternsof epifaunal biomass and respiration, seasonal circulation and tidalcurrents, tidal mixing, nutrient chemistry, seasonal plankton production,and the seasonal abundance and distribution of plankton communities.This research was reviewed at a workshop held in May 2001, andhas been a major contribution to advancing the understanding of theGully ecosystem. The workshop report will be released in early 2002.Research is ongoing to understand the interconnections between ecosystemelements and the potential impacts of human activities.SummaryThe Gully’s important physical processes and biological communitieshave been formally recognized by nomination to DFO’s MPAProgram. As a candidate MPA in the offshore, the Gully attempts toaddress issues related to the protection of benthic habitat, marinemammals, and biodiversity, and also provides a learning experiencefor DFO and other stakeholders. The OCMD has been facilitatingthe MPA process through engaging stakeholders, monitoring andassessing uses, and management planning. This work has been supportedby scientific research by BIO staff and has provided opportunitiesfor multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, oceanplanners, and managers. The research on this large-scale ecosystemhas expanded our knowledge of deep ocean science, and has provideda basis for management of the area.Bras d’Or Lakes Research – SIMBOL(Science for Integrated Management of the Bras d’Or Lakes)– Gary Bugden, Ed Horne, and Brian Petrie (Ocean Sciences [DFO]),Tim Lambert (Marine Fish [DFO]),Barry Hargrave, Tim Milligan, Peter Strain, and Phil Yeats (Marine Environmental Sciences [DFO]),Ken Paul (Canadian Hydrographic Service [DFO]), David Piper, John Shaw, and Bob Taylor (GeologicalSurvey of Canada [NRCan]), Janice Raymond (Policy and Economics [DFO]), and John Tremblay (InvertebrateFisheries [DFO])The Bras d’Or Lakes, situated in central Cape Breton Island in NovaScotia, make up the last, nearly pristine, saltwater inland sea on theeast coast of North America. The unique Bras d’Or Lakes ecosystemretains much of its original purity, but is increasingly threatened bythe demands of a growing local population and the need for economicdevelopment. Several years ago, it became apparent that acoordinated effort was required to help stakeholders and regulatorsreach general agreement on the best mix of conservation, sustainableresource use, and economic development to maintain a healthyecosystem in the lakes. Under the authority of the Oceans Act, DFOprovides specialized information, scientific and technical advice, andresearch on the coastal marine environment that is needed to developintegrated management plans.One of the first steps in defining the scientific research requiredfor Integrated Management of the lakes was taken in March 1996when the Cape Breton First Nations communities organized anEcological Research and Monitoring Workshop. As a result of thisworkshop, several small programs were initiated at BIO. However, itwas apparent that an expanded research program was necessary. InOctober 1999, a secondworkshop outlined broadenedresearch goals for thelakes. A Memorandum ofUnderstanding between DFOand the Unama’ki Institute ofNatural Resources (a cooperativeventure of the fiveMi’kmaw bands of CapeBreton), for the use of aresearch vessel was signed atthis workshop. Additionaldetails are contained in thearticle on Partnering betweenFirst Nations and DFO Scienceand Oceans and EnvironmentBranches earlier in this sectionof the report. Subsequent discussionshave focussed onRecovering a sediment trap from the watersof the Bras d’Or Lakes. The trap has beenmoored upright beneath the water surfacefor about six months. The small bottles visibleat the bottom of the trap contain samplesof the particles falling through the water collectedduring pre-programmed intervals.BIO-2001 IN REVIEW / 39

CROSS CUTTING ISSUESCompact Airborne Spectral Imager (CASI) image of a small portion of the Brasd’Or Lakes showing delineation of underwater features in depths of 5-10 m. Thesefeatures will be associated with benthic habitat types through ground truth studiesand comparison with multibeam sonar data.determining the scientific programs required to address the concernsraised at the 1999 workshop.As a result of the workshop, a number of multi-disciplinary programsthat span divisions, branches and government departments areunderway at BIO and several more are in the planning stages. Theseinclude an ecosystem baseline study, benthic habitat mappingemploying multibeam sonar combined with aircraft remote sensing,and the maintenance of an instrumented mooring in the deepest partof the lakes. The ecosystem study will permit a comparison betweenthe Bras d’Or Lakes and nearby continental shelf ecosystems as wellas describing the timing and extent of seasonal production cycles andthe distribution and abundance of major populations within thelakes. The mapping project will delineate sensitive habitats and helpplan future sampling programs. The mooring will provide informationon physical, chemical, and biological processes during the winterand early spring. Another project of interest is the preparation of apublic monograph describing the oceanography of the lakes. Thispublication will include chapters on the ecology of the lakes, theinvertebrates, and the demographics of the surrounding population.In addition, there will be chapters on the general physics, chemistry,geology, and coastal morphology of the lakes.The readily accessible waters of the Bras d’Or Lakes provide an areafor the application of existing tools and methods as well as an excellentnatural laboratory for innovative research and the development of newscientific techniques. The enclosed nature of the lakes provides morecontrol over experimental variables than is possible in other regions. Awide variety of conditions can be found, ranging from high currentswith oceanic temperatures and salinities to quiet brackish backwaters.At each of the Bras d’Or Lakes ecosystem workshops, a commontheme was more community involvement and the prompt public disseminationof research results. Each of the projects presently underwayis attempting to involve the local community as much as possible,particularly through cooperation with the Unama’ki Institute ofNatural Resources and the River Denys Watershed Group.These research initiatives, combined with proper ecosystem-basedmanagement, will help ensure that future generations will be able toenjoy the unique ecosystem of the Bras d’Or Lakes.Impact of Multibeam Surveys on Scallop Fishing Efficiencyand Stock Assessment- Ginette Robert and the Canadian Offshore Scallop Industry Mapping Group 1There have been progressive changes for the offshore scallop industrylately. Multibeam technologies combined with satellite tracking andbetter monitoring tools on scallop stocks have changed the way thisindustry operates and how the resource is managed. Fishing efficiencyhas improved. Resource management has been refined with greaterinsight provided on the distribution of scallop beds and habitat.The offshore scallop license holders have formed the CanadianOffshore Scallop Industry Mapping Group (COSIMG), which includesfive of the seven offshore companies. COSIMG partnered with theCanadian Hydrographic Service and the Geological Survey of Canadato map areas of commercial interest with multibeam technology. Withthese data, three-dimensional bathymetric charts, geological charts,and sediment maps of commercial scallop fishing areas were created.A traditional hydrographic chart provides little information otherthan depth to a captain; personal knowledge of the area may be amore reliable guide. However, a three-dimensional bathymetric chartin the captain’s toolbox allows him to avoid seabed hazards, reducethe area of sea bottom fished, and consequently, reduce by-catch ofFigure 1. Using a three-dimensional bathymetric chart of Browns Bank, a captainis able to alter course during tows to avoid rough bottom and obstacles that coulddamage the gear.non-target species (Figure 1).Because of this initiative, industry-driven changes have resulted inimportant benefits. Attitudes have shifted among participants andrelationships have improved as a result of closer working arrange-1 The Canadian Offshore Scallop Industry Mapping Group (COSIMG) consists of the following companies: Adams & Knickle Limited, Clearwater Fine Foods Incorporated, Comeau’s SeaFoods Limited, LaHave Seafoods Limited, and Scotia Trawler Equipment Limited.40 / BIO-2001 IN REVIEW

CROSS CUTTING ISSUESments with scientists and fishery managers.Significant increases in efficiency have been achieved through theimplementation of multibeam technology, reducing the amount of effortrequired to catch each tonne of scallop meat. Other benefits in efficiencyand for the marine environment are presented in the following table:ADVANTAGE OF MULTIBEAM MAPPING IMAGERYFor one tonne of scallop meat:Without imagery With imagery ReductionFishing effort 6.37 hours 2.41 hours 62%For a scallop quota of 13,640 kilos:Before imagery With imagery ReductionTime gear on bottom 162 hours 43 hours 73%Area of bottom towed 1,176 km 2 311 km 2 74%Fuel usage 27,697 liters 17,545 liters 36%lower catch-rate.In 2000, with the new charts (Figure 3), the captain was able to targetonly the scallop habitat and caught 70 bushels of scallops in onetow. The tow covered a smaller area of the bottom and resulted in lessby-catch of non-target species. The geological maps may help to identifypotentially sensitive habitats that the scallop fleet could avoid.The new mapping technology is also used in the management andstock assessment of the scallop fishery. From managing a fishing areasuch as Browns Bank, it will soon be possible to micro-manage a scallopbed. Stock assessment is moving toward defining the area of distributionand species abundance on a much finer scale. Determining thehealth of a scallop bed requires integrated monitoring programs on thecatch and refining the sampling design for stock surveys. While monitoringtools are being developed, scallop stock surveys are distinctlyfocusing on scallop habitat. Scallops prefer gravelly bottoms to a mixtureof gravel and sand. They may be five times more abundant ongravel than on gravel with a thin layer of sand (Figure 4). Consideringscallop-preferred habitat while allocating survey tows on Browns Bankhas reduced the coefficient of variation in the estimated number ofscallops per tow by 33% compared to the traditional allocation design.Because scallops grow best on certain bottom types, maps were producedfrom the multibeam data. The effects of these new maps on thescallop fishery have yet to be quantified although benefits to the operationof the fishery and to habitat conservation are beginning to show.Figures 2 and 3 show fishing operations over the same scallop bed,one year apart, before and after a sediment map was available. In 1999(Figure 2), a vessel made four 20-minute tows for an average of 20bushels of scallops per tow. Displayed against the sediment map, thetows passed over two bottom types of which only one was prime scallophabitat. However, the captain was unaware that segments of thetows over the light blue-gray areas meant lost time, wasted fuel, andFigure 2. Path of four 20-minute tows on a scallop bed in 1999.Figure 3. The new chart of the scallop bed available to the captain in 2000.Figure 4. Number of scallops per survey tow according to bottom types grouped in5-mm shell height intervals (x-axis).BIO-2001 IN REVIEW / 41

ResourceManagementHighlightsFisheries and Oceans Canada, Maritimes RegionalContribution to National Policy on Ecosystem-based Management- Bob O’Boyle, Mike Sinclair, and Faith ScattolonWith the passage of the Oceans Act in 1997, Canada became one ofthe first countries in the world to make a legislative commitment toa comprehensive approach for the protection and development ofoceans and coastal waters. Over the past century, agencies involvedin managing oceans activities have typically been concerned withmanaging a single species or a single activity. Too often, resourcedevelopment has proceeded independently in various sectors, withoutfull consideration of long-term, direct and indirect social, economic,and environmental impacts. In contrast, the principles guidingoceans and coastal management under the Oceans Act includeecosystem-based management, sustainable development, the precautionaryapproach, conservation, shared responsibility, flexibility,and inclusiveness.One of the major challenges facing us is to make the ecosystembasedapproach, envisaged under the Oceans Act,a reality. Since 1997,the DFO Maritimes Region has been at the forefront of efforts to bothinterpret the Oceans Act and implement ‘Integrated Management’ ofCanada’s oceans. The first significant initiative was the OceansChallenge Conference in February 1999, organized by the then OceanAct Coordination Office (OACO), and held in Sydney, Nova Scotia. Ageneral outline of what was needed to implement the Oceans Act rapidlybecame apparent. Ocean Management Areas (OMAs) would berequired and within these, all ocean industries would be governed bya common set of ecosystem-level objectives, including the conservationof biodiversity and ecosystem productivity. New governancestructures would also be needed to supplement those that alreadyexisted. This conference set the stage for many subsequent developmentson Integrated Management, both regionally and nationally.The Sydney conference focused on the new requirements forDFO for Oceans Act implementation, however, the need for outreachto those who depend upon the ocean for their livelihood was recognizedas the next step. Therefore, in August 1999, a workshop wasorganized in Truro, Nova Scotia to discuss the implications of theOceans Act for the fishing industry. Representatives from DFO managementand science, provincial governments, non-governmentalorganizations (NGOs), and all sectors of the fishing industry discussedthe concerns and issues to be addressed and activities to bejointly undertaken to implement Integrated Management. One ofthe key messages from the workshop was the need to take an incrementalapproach to change.The initial steps focused on the concepts of IntegratedManagement, but now it was time to determine the detailed scientificrequirements. To develop and test the approaches under the OceansAct,a number of initiatives had already been started across the country.In 1998, the Eastern Scotian Shelf Integrated Management(ESSIM) project was initiated. This was the first offshore IntegratedManagement intiative under the Oceans Act. In June 2000, a scienceworkshop was held at BIO to discuss the objectives, indicators, andreference points that would guide the conservation objectives ofESSIM. Experts were invited from Australia and the United States,nations who are active in attempting to implement an ecosystemapproach to management. The workshop initiated scientific dialogueon the technical requirements of Integrated Management.One of the main products of the ESSIM workshop was a frameworkfor setting conservation objectives that did not exist at a nationallevel. Those developed in the Maritimes Region were thought tohave potential for national application. Therefore, in June 2000, theapproach to Integrated Management developed at the ESSIM workshopwas presented to DFO’s National Policy Committee. The committeeendorsed the approach and tasked a national working groupwith moving the objectives from the conceptual (for example, conservationof the diversity of Canada’s ocean ecosystems) to the operationallevel. A national workshop of DFO scientists and managerswas organized in Sidney, BC to further explore the conservation42 / BIO-2001 IN REVIEW

RESOURCE MANAGEMENT HIGHLIGHTSobjectives of an ecosystem approach and discuss how these could beimplemented. The DFO Maritimes Region was influential in organizingand conducting this successful workshop which established thebasis for implementation of ecosystem-based management throughoutCanada. It confirmed the need to conserve ecosystem diversity (atthe community, species, and population level) and productivity (atthe base of the food chain, and of ecologically linked and commerciallytargeted populations). It also recognized the need to conservethe physical and chemical properties of habitat. Further, the workshopoutlined a means to make objectives operational. Finally, theworkshop explored how the many indicators and reference points ofIntegrated Management could be incorporated into one overallassessment framework.DFO Maritimes Region has been influential in the formative yearsof ecosystem-based management within Canada. Further nationalinitiatives are being planned to advance the agenda of the Oceans Act,with scientists of the region playing important roles. The next step willbe to ‘road test’ many of the principles discussed and debated. In theMaritimes Region, ESSIM will be the focus of this testing, and theexperience gained in ESSIM, and similar projects across this country,will allow Canada to fully meet the intent and aims of that trulyunique piece of legislation – the Canada Oceans Act.Habitat Stewardship Projects of the Habitat Management Division- Chad Ziai and Shayne McQuaidThe objective of the Policy for the Management of Fish Habitat is toachieve a net gain in the productive capacity of fish habitat. In workingtowards this objective, the Habitat Management Division (HMD)continues to support stewardship and habitat restoration projects.In the fiscal year 2000-2001, approximately 225,000 m 2 of fishhabitat was restored in Nova Scotian rivers. These fish habitatimprovement projects were conducted by watershed managementgroups with advice from HMD. Types of projects included: in-streamhabitat improvement structures, bank stabilization, water qualitymonitoring and improvement programs, development of watershedmanagement plans, community education programs, and riparianzone re-planting. Three specific HMD stewardship initiatives aredescribed below.Habitat restoration: shoreline stabilization.Salmon River (Clare) ProjectThe pH levels of waterways in southwestern Nova Scotia are extremelylow due to acid precipitation. This is aggravated by the poor bufferingcapacity of the local geologic formation and soils. Acidic watersare detrimental to fish survival within the affected river systems.Projects to neutralize waterways have been attempted in the pastthrough the application of limestone to winter ice or the placement oflimestone behind in-stream restoration structures. These methodshave had varying levels of success. The main problems are the highcost of obtaining and shipping the limestone, the intensive labourrequired to place the limestone in the waterways, and the tendency ofthe limestone to be washed downstream away from the intended area.Calcium kiln dust (CKD), a by-product of the cement-makingprocess, has recently been presented as a plausible alternative tolimestone. CKD is inexpensive, and believed to be effective in neutralizingwatercourses in concentrations as low as 7 parts per million.The trial project calls for the CKD to be applied using an automatedhopper, thus greatly reducing the labour involved. LaFarge Canadahas offered to supply and deliver the necessary quantities of CKD tocarry out a trial neutralization project. This DFO initiative has beenimplemented in partnership with other government departments,private corporations, angling associations, development agencies,educational institutions, and community groups. The project will beused to determine the viability of CKD as a liming option and thismethod may be adapted to other parts of the region where similarproblems exist.Central Colchester Model Watershed CommitteeThe work of the Central Colchester Model Watershed Committee(CCMWC) is the first completely integrated watershed managementmodel attempted by HMD within Nova Scotia. CCMWC was developedto take a holistic or ecosystem approach to watershed planningand management for the Salmon River Watershed. The committeeconsists of 22 partners including DFO, other government departments,private corporations, development agencies, educational institutions,forest industry representatives, First Nations, and communityparticipants. CCMWC is currently developing a watershed managementplan funded by DFO’s Oceans and Environment Branch aspart of their integrated management approach for coastal communities.This watershed management plan will assess the value of all naturalresources within the watershed, how those resources are currentlybeing used, and where inappropriate uses are leading to pollutionand other environmental degradation. Using that information, theplan will then identify stakeholders within the watershed, and waysthat they can begin to work in partnership to solve resource use problems.The CCMWC model project will complement the Nova ScotiaBIO-2001 IN REVIEW / 43

RESOURCE MANAGEMENT HIGHLIGHTSWater quality monitoring and improvement.Department of Environment and Labour’s watershed stewardshipinitiatives and can serve as a model for other communities.Habitat enhancement: rock sill structure.Denys Basin: A pilot project torestore a watershed on the Bras d’Or LakesThe Denys Basin has been chosen as a pilot area for a watershed managementinitiative. The project started in 1997 when concerns wereexpressed about the water quality in the River Denys Basin. Oysterbeds were being closed, due in part to fecal coliform pollution, inwhat was traditionally one of the most productive oyster areas inNova Scotia.A number of programs are currently underway in the DenysBasin, with more planned for 2002. The Eskasoni Fish and WildlifeCommission and Environment Canada are carrying out a water samplingprogram and a shoreline survey to identify potential sources ofpollution in the watershed. A survey has been undertaken to assessthe potential value of shellfish if the closed areas could be reopened,and a resource survey is planned to collect information regarding thechemistry and currents within the basin. Mapping the bottom habitatsbegan in 1999 and will continue through 2002. Placement of instreamhabitat improvement structures including rock sills, diggerlogs, fording sites, and bank stabilization structures began on BigBrook with the assistance of Georgia Pacific Corporation.A wide range of organizations and community groups are committedto the project and its long-term goal of cleaning up the Brasd’Or Lakes. Equally important, the Denys Basin initiative is a pilotproject from which experiences and results can be applied to otherprojects in the region.DFO – Maritimes Region and the Offshore Oil and Gas Industry– Julia McCleaveSince the decision to proceed with the Sable Offshore Energy Project,oil and gas exploration and development in Nova Scotia’s offshore hasincreased considerably. DFO plays an important role in both the regulationof, and research into, oil and gas exploration and development.The Oceans and Environment Branch is the lead for DFO inproviding advice on the oil and gas file but it is very much a teameffort with all branches and divisions involved in the many differentissues related to this growing industry.Several oil and gas exploration, development, and pipeline exportsystem projects are currently underway or being proposed for NovaScotia’s offshore. There has been a four-fold increase in oil and gasexploration and development activity from 2000 to 2001. In June2001, the Call for Bids for nine parcels of land resulted in total bids inexcess of $527 million. The Sable Offshore Energy Project has committed$1 billion to its Tier II phase that will add three newunmanned platforms to its operations in the near future. In February2001, PanCanadian Energy announced it had made a significant gasdiscovery after drilling several exploration wells under the Panuke oilfields. The Deep Panuke Offshore Gas Development ProjectDescription was submitted to the Canada – Nova Scotia OffshorePetroleum Board (CNSOPB) in July 2001. This project, representinga work commitment of over $2 billion, is currently undergoing theenvironmental assessment review process with production forecast tobegin in the first quarter of 2005.DFO plays an important role in the regulatory process of oil andgas exploration and development. Many work authorizations grantedby the CNSOPB must undergo an environmental assessment. DFOreviews many of these assessments in terms of impacts to fish and fishhabitat as well as navigation. All offshore production projects triggerthe Canadian Environmental Assessment Act (CEAA) and must undergoeither a Comprehensive Study or Panel Study. For many of theseprojects (like Deep Panuke), DFO is a “Responsible Authority” and isinvolved in the entire regulatory process of that particular project.Finally, the CNSOPB sometimes develops class screening or genericassessments in order to streamline the regulatory process. DFO playsan important role in developing and reviewing these documents.Scientists at DFO are conducting scientific research on theimpacts of oil and gas exploration and development and providing44 / BIO-2001 IN REVIEW

RESOURCE MANAGEMENT HIGHLIGHTSwas formed to co-ordinate the flow of scientific adviceand respond to oil and gas issues at DFO – Maritimes Region.• The Atlantic Zone Science Advisory Committee for Oil and Gaswas formed to address scientific support to oil and gas issues inthe four regions of DFO’s Atlantic Zone.• The National Working Group on Oil and Gas (NWGOG) wasrecently formed to develop and recommend guidelines, policies,and common approaches, on a national scale, to help DFOassume, in an effective and uniform way, the responsibilities conferredby the Fisheries Act, the Oceans Act, and CEAA relating tooil and gas exploration, development, and monitoring.Jim Dickey, CNSOPB and Neil Bellefontaine, DFO signing the MOU July 2001.scientific advice to the regulatory process. Much remains to be investigatedin this area, such as the impacts of seismic activity on fish andfish larvae, the mapping of sensitive fish habitat in the offshore, andthe impacts of contaminants on the marine biota. Scientists at BIOare also playing a major role in research of environmental factors suchas sea ice, waves, winds, currents, seabed stability, and ocean climatevariations that affect offshore oil and gas activities.Several working groups and committees related to oil and gas haverecently been formed at BIO:(SACOPA)• The Science Advisory Committee on Offshore Petroleum ActivitiesIn July 2001, DFO and the CNSOPB signed a Memorandum ofUnderstanding (MOU) and Work Plan. The intent of the MOU is: tofacilitate and promote sound management of activities and measuresrelated to the oil and gas industry; to ensure the conservation andprotection of fish species and their habitat, promote biodiversity, andprotect the marine environment; and to ensure safe navigation. Thesedocuments form the basis of a strong working relationship betweenDFO and the CNSOPB.The growth in the offshore oil and gas industry represents a significantincrease in workload that will continue to grow along withthe industry. DFO expects an increase in requests for advice andexpertise from the CNSOPB and the industry and remains a criticalplayer in this field.Maritimes Aquatic Species at Risk Office (MASARO)- Jerry Conway and John LochIn 2001, the Species at Risk Office has co-ordinated a number of initiativesthat contribute to the federal/provincial Accord for theProtection of Species at Risk, and Environment Canada’s HabitatStewardship Program.These programs are designed to help the recoveryof species identified as being at risk of extinction. Specifically, thefocus has been on the North Atlantic right whale and the leatherbackturtle, both listed as endangered by the Committee on the Status ofEndangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC). Other species listed byCOSEWIC as endangered and under review at the Species at RiskOffice, are the inner Bay of Fundy Atlantic salmon and the Atlanticwhitefish.In developing these initiatives, MASARO has consulted withprovincial governments, stakeholders, and with interests in theUnited States (including the Federal Government) as a number ofthese species are considered to be transboundary by virtue of theirmigratory patterns.AccomplishmentsThe North Atlantic right whale is considered the world’s most endangeredlarge whale. The existing population of approximately 300 animalsfrequents the waters of Atlantic Canada during the summermonths including the Bay of Fundy and Roseway Basin on theScotian Shelf. The proximity of these whales to shore provides anexcellent opportunity to study their natural life processes. The goal ofthis research is to develop a better understanding of why the rightwhale population has not recovered to a sustainable level despiteinternational protection since 1935.Fisheries and Oceans Canada, in partnership with World WildlifeFund (Canada), brought together a number of stakeholders andinterested parties to develop a Recovery Plan for the North Atlanticright whale. The plan made 42 recommendations that may lead to thespecies’ eventual recovery. These recommendations deal with shipstrikes, entanglement in fishing gear, human-related disturbances,habitat degradation, population monitoring, and research. To theextent possible, Canadian initiatives are complimentary to the U.S.Right Whale Recovery Plan for this transboundary species.To co-ordinate the recovery program and to implement the recommendations,Fisheries and Oceans Canada, through the Species atRisk Office, established and funded the “North Atlantic Right WhaleImplementation Team”. This team is made up of federal and provincialrepresentatives as well as stakeholders; it identifies and priorizesprojects, reviews project proposals, and identifies resources requiredto carry out the projects.In 2001, projects have focused on mitigating ship strikes, fishingBIO-2001 IN REVIEW / 45

RESOURCE MANAGEMENT HIGHLIGHTSMeeting of the North Atlantic Right Whale Implementation Team, November 2001.gear entanglements, education, and outreach. Under the auspices ofthe Implementation Team, the Ship Strike and Fishing Gear workinggroups have been established. Projects developed by the workinggroups were funded in part through Environment Canada’s HabitatStewardship Program.The Ship Strike Working Group has focused on potential changesto the shipping lanes in the Bay of Fundy and will be presenting aproposal at the 2002 International Maritime Organization meeting inthe U.K. In addition, the working group is investigating the relevanceof vessel speed as a contributing factor to right whale mortality.In collaboration with U.S. fishing interests, the Fishing GearWorking Group has been working toward “whale-friendly” modificationsto fixed fishing gear. They are also part of a whale advisory systemthat will allow the fishing industry to plan their day to day operationswith knowledge of the location of local whale populations.To augment these and other initiatives under the RecoveryStrategy, a comprehensive education and outreach program has beendeveloped with the participation of NGOs and stakeholders.MASARO has produced a North Atlantic Right Whale poster as part ofthe endangered species program and a booklet identifying commonlyfound marine mammals and sea turtles within the region.The Nova Scotia Leatherback Turtle Working Group (NSLTWG),in collaboration with MASARO, and with funding assistance throughEnvironment Canada’s Habitat Stewardship Program, has continued itscommunity outreach programs. This involved visiting fishing wharvesand attending community events across Southwestern Nova Scotia,the Eastern Shore, and Cape Breton Island to raise awareness in thefishing communities about leatherback turtles. The NSLTWG alsoresponded to three leatherback turtle stranding events. In August2001, at the first international conference on Putting Fishers Knowledgeto Work held at the University of British Columbia, the NSLTWG presenteda paper describing the group’s methodology for establishing anetwork of volunteer fishers to collect scientific data.In the summer 2001, in collaboration with the Marine FishDivision of BIO, Dalhousie University’s leatherback turtle satellitetelemetry study team deployed 13 satellite tags on turtles along theScotian Shelf. Male and female animals were tagged, and for the firsttime, subadults. Data collected to date revealed foraging behavior indisparate areas, including southerly portions of the LaurentianChannel and waters off New York and New Jersey. Depth-sensitivetransmitters deployed on three turtles collected data that will contributeto enhanced understanding of leatherback diving behavior athigh latitudes. Over the past two years, a total of 18 turtles have beentagged in waters off Nova Scotia.Managing Multiple Ocean Use in the Offshore– Jason NaugWhile traditionally considered the domain of the fishing and marinetransportation sectors, Canada’s ocean space is becoming increasinglyshared among a wider range of users, with new and potential useson the horizon. These new uses may pose challenges related to use ofphysical space and have indirect effects on the quality of the marineenvironment on which other users depend. The Oceans and CoastalManagement Division (OCMD) of DFO Maritimes Region has beenworking toward the management of both ocean resource use andspace based on the principles and approaches contained in Canada’sOceans Act (1997). These include sustainable development, integratedmanagement, precaution, an ecosystem approach, and collaboration.While all the principles and approaches articulated in the Act areessential to ensure a balanced consideration of social, economic andenvironmental values, integrated management and collaboration areparticularly challenging in light of the multiple uses of our oceans. Inaddition to fishing and marine transportation, a description of someof the key offshore users follows.Offshore oil and gasExploration for oil and gas in Nova Scotia’s offshore has expandedrapidly, resulting in an industry poised to provide a significant role inNova Scotia’s economy. To date, over 300,000 km of seismic trackshave been surveyed and 173 exploratory wells have been drilled, cost-Drilling rig near Sable Island (DFO).46 / BIO-2001 IN REVIEW

RESOURCE MANAGEMENT HIGHLIGHTSing an estimated $ 4.6 billion between 1967 and 1997. Over the pastdecade more than $ 1.5 billion has been tendered by petroleum companiesfor 78,132 km 2 of petroleum license areas on the Scotian Shelf– an area 40% larger than Nova Scotia’s landmass. Technical summariesof significant and commercial discoveries point to a potentialresource of approximately 18 trillion cubic feet of natural gas, 366million barrels of condensate, and 707 million barrels of oil. Theactivities of the offshore oil and gas industry involve the use of oceanspace and may influence the ocean environment during exploration,construction, production, and abandonment phases.Potential ocean miningBased on the known occurrences of mineral deposits on the seabed ofNova Scotia, the potential for an offshore mineral industry is currentlybeing explored. The eastern Scotian Shelf has been identified as beingrich in large aggregate (sand and gravel) deposits including extensiveareas of > 95% silica sand. These minerals are becoming increasinglyrequired in large amounts for industries such as road construction,with potential markets in the northeastern United States and throughoutAtlantic Canada. An Offshore Minerals Management Initiative iscurrently being discussed with the intent of making recommendationson the development and management of offshore non-fuel minerals inCanada. While an offshore ocean mining industry and associated managementregime are still in the planning stages, issues relating to conflictsin ocean space, extraction methodologies, and mitigation will allhave to be addressed.Submarine telecommunication cablesMarine communications is one of the fastest growing ocean technologyindustries worldwide, driven by the demand generated byInternet use and corporate data traffic. Today, there are approximately370,000 km of fibre-optic cable on the seabed, with a global valueof approximately $1 trillion (US). The seabed of Canada’s Atlanticcontinental shelf and exclusive economic zone (EEZ) is being usedincreasingly for the laying of submarine fibre-optic telecommunicationscables to Europe and the USA. There are currently six activesubmarine cables on the Scotian Shelf, as well as the billion dollartrans-Atlantic fibre-optic cable linking Boston, USA; Halifax, Canada;Dublin, Ireland; and Liverpool, England. There are also numerousinactive cables, and international cables, that cross Canada’s Atlanticcontinental shelf and link the northeastern United States withEurope. The presence of submarine cables off the coast of Nova Scotiahas the potential to impact, or be impacted by, industries such as fishingwhose gear may damage or be damaged by these cables. The interactionbetween cables and fisheries is an issue of increasing importancein the region.Submarine cable laying vessel (DFO).Conservation and protectionConservation and protection, including the creation of MarineProtected Areas and other areas where productive or sensitive areaconsiderations take precedence, are becoming recognized as legitimateforms of ocean use that compete for ocean space and resources.Currently, DFO, Environment Canada, and Heritage Canada (ParksCanada) are working toward designating specific areas of ocean spacefor special protection through their respective protected areas programs.The compatibility of conservation and protection with otherocean uses may vary, depending on the specific environmental objectivesbeing pursued for a given area.Recreation and tourismThe tourism industry in Nova Scotia generates over $ 1 billion in revenuesannually and is one of the top contributors to the provincialeconomy. Activities in this industry include many marine-relatedpursuits, such as whale watching, sailing, saltwater fishing, and seakayaking.While many of these activities occur primarily in coastalareas, there have been recent increases in activity offshore, includinga growing cruise ship industry. Marine-related tourism relies on boththe accessibility and quality of the marine environment.Cruise ship (DFO).Maritime defenceCanada’s naval presence on the East Coast is provided through MaritimeForces Atlantic (MARLANT). The MARLANT area of responsibilityextends from the Canada-US boundary in the Gulf of Maine toGreenland. The Department of National Defence spending is one of thelargest ocean-based contributors to the Nova Scotian economy.Defence-related activities include a wide range of domestic and nationaloperations. These include sovereignty patrols, maritime surveillance,naval training and combat readiness, search and rescue, naval route surveys,mine countermeasures, humanitarian relief and aid to civil authorities,and operational support to other government departments, such asthe RCMP (drug lawenforcement) and DFO(fisheries patrols). Toundertake these activities,marine vessels and equipmentare employed thatoccupy ocean space, oftenexclusively, and have thepotential to affect theoceanic environment. HMCS Athabaskan.BIO-2001 IN REVIEW / 47

RESOURCE MANAGEMENT HIGHLIGHTSBulk carrier (DFO).Other usesIn addition to the major ocean uses identified above, there is a rangeof uses that occur on a smaller scale or are still in the early developmentalstages. These include physical and biological scientificoceanographic research, a rapidly growing coastal aquaculture industrywhich may expand offshore, and an oceans technology industryinvolved in areas such as ocean charting and survival training. Otheruses that arise, may do so unexpectedly and will need to be accommodatedamongst the existing marine users.ChallengesThe OCMD is addressing several key challenges arising from theapplication of the Oceans Act to the management of this diverserange of marine users. There is a need to ensure that the integratedmanagement and planning processes, including the collection andassimilation of scientific data and meaningful stakeholder participation,are keeping pace with the rate at which offshore sectors aredeveloping. In addition, the diversity of marine users results inpotential for conflicts in both space and time. Identifying and workingtogether to moderate these conflicts will be essential, whetherthey occur between or within sectors, and where the sharing ofmarine space may be partially or wholly incompatible. Finally, aprocess to prioritize activities and define the information requiredfor decision making is needed to ensure a balance of the social, economic,and environmental values of all the sectors involved. To theseends, the OCMD is currently leading, facilitating, and participatingin several ocean management projects. These include the EasternScotian Shelf Integrated Management and Bras d’Or Lakes initiativesand the Sable Gully candidatemarine protected area.These projects involve othergovernment departments,user groups, and the publicto identify issues, coordinateregulatory processes, creategovernance structures andundertake planning that willensure a balanced and equitablemanagement processClam dragging vessel (DFO).for all users.The Eastern Scotian Shelf Integrated Management (ESSIM) Initiative– Jason NaugBackgroundThe DFO Maritimes Region, Oceans and Coastal ManagementDivision (OCMD) is leading in the development of Canada’s firstOcean Management Area with an offshore focus under the OceansAct. The Eastern Scotian Shelf Integrated Management (ESSIM)initiative addresses a requirement of the Oceans Act that theMinister of Fisheries and Oceans “lead and facilitate the developmentand implementation of plans for the integrated management ofall activities or measures in or affecting estuaries, coastal waters andmarine waters” (Part II, Section 31). The eastern Scotian Shelf waschosen because of its important living and non-living marineresources, high biological diversity, and productivity. Additionalreasons for selecting this area included, the increasing levels ofmultiple use and competition for ocean space and resources, and itsposition relative to the Sable Gully Area of Interest under DFO’sMarine Protected Area Program. Key ocean uses across the areainclude fisheries, oil and gas, shipping, maritime defence operations,submarine cables, science, research and development, recreationand tourism, marine conservation, and potential offshoremineral development.The objectives of the ESSIM initiative are to integrate the managementof all activities across the area, encourage the conservationand responsible use of marine resources, support the maintenance ofnatural biological diversity and productivity, and foster opportunitiesfor economic diversification and the generation of sustainable wealth.These objectives support the overall goal of designing an intergovernmentaland multi-stakeholder management and planning processthat develops and implements an integrated Oceans ManagementPlan for this large offshore marine area.ActivitiesSince the formal announcement of the ESSIM initiative by the DFOMinister in December 1998, the OCMD has undertaken a number ofkey activities as part of the overall integrated management and planningprocess. These include:Definition of management area: The Eastern Scotian ShelfOceans Management Area has been defined with an offshore focusand encompasses approximately 325,000 square kilometres. Itsboundaries have been derived through a mix of ecological, human,political, and administrative criteria to encompass an offshore ecozonebased on major oceanographic and bathymetric features. TheESSIM map shows that, the western and eastern boundaries correspondgenerally with NAFO Division 4VW, while the outer boundaryextends beyond the 200 nautical miles Exclusive Economic Zone48 / BIO-2001 IN REVIEW

RESOURCE MANAGEMENT HIGHLIGHTSEastern Scotian Shelf Integrated Management (ESSIM) Project (S. Johnston).(EEZ). As the ESSIM initiative is focussed currently on offshoremanagement and planning, the inner extent is defined by the 12nautical mile territorial sea. In keeping with the dynamic nature ofthe planning process, the Oceans Management Area is expected toeventually cover the entire Scotian Shelf and to encompass a seriesof smaller, nested coastal management areas along the AtlanticCoast of Nova Scotia.Use, issue, and regulatory overviews: Gaining an understanding ofthe human activities in or affecting the Ocean Management Area hasbeen an essential component of the ESSIM process. The OCMD hasbeen reviewing and analyzing the full range of activities and managementapproaches in the eastern Scotian Shelf area. This work hashelped identify and understand the principal ocean activities andstakeholders involved and highlight the current regulatory, management,and legal frameworks in operation. Key oceans managementissues include those related to multiple ocean use, marine resourcemanagement and conservation, marine and public safety, complianceand enforcement, and scientific research and development. Theknowledge gained from these activities will assist in creating an overallOcean Management Plan that considers all users and their needsand seeks greater regulatory efficiency.Ecosystem overview: The ESSIM initiative has served as an importantcatalyst for improving our understanding of ecosystems and ecologicalprocesses in the eastern Scotian Shelf area. The initiative isproviding opportunities to build and strengthen collaborative partnershipsamong scientists, ocean planners, and policy makers. TheOCMD has recently reviewed the current state of knowledge of theScotian Shelf ecosystems and is assisting in the development ofecosystem characterization approaches in support of the maintenanceof diversity of ecosystem types in the region. In addition, DFOis developing and adopting objectives and indicators for ecosystembasedmanagement and is involved in a number of related science initiatives.Highlights of this ongoing work include:• an inventory and assessment of contaminants on the Scotian Shelf,•an inventory of existing standards, guidelines, and measures formarine environmental quality,• an understanding of the Sable Gully ecosystem through nutrientstudies and the mapping of benthic communities and zooplankton,and• an assessment of noise levels and potential impacts on whales.This information, when captured in the management plan, will beused to ensure the protection of key ecological processes andresources.Stakeholder engagement: One of the key activities and challengesfor the ESSIM initiative has been the engagement of the numerousand diverse oceans interests involved in the area. The main focus forthe OCMD has been to build support and capacity within DFO,with other levels of government, and the broader oceans community.The Maritimes Region Federal Interdepartmental Committee onOceans includes representation from all federal oceans-relateddepartments, boards and agencies and has provided a useful forumfor exchange of information on the ESSIM initiative.In January 2001, a Federal-Provincial ESSIM Working Groupwas established to move the initiative forward. The Working Groupis comprised of over 20 oceans-related federal and provincialdepartments, agencies and boards, and provides an importantforum to address policy, management, and regulatory co-ordination.Key activities of the Working Group have been issue identificationand prioritization, completion of a federal-provincial regulatoryoverview, design of a collaborative management and planningprocess, development of a draft framework for the future OceansManagement Plan, and the implementation of a communicationand engagement strategy for the initiative.The OCMD has also continued to meet with stakeholders,including industry and resource user groups, First Nations, nongovernmentorganizations, community groups, academia, and thepublic. These meetings provide an opportunity to share information,identify and discuss oceans management issues, and facilitateinvolvement in the integrated management and planning process.Plans for the ESSIM initiative are focussed on establishing a multistakeholderESSIM Forum that will facilitate information exchangeamong the groups involved and advise on the development, implementation,and operation of the Eastern Scotian Shelf OceansManagement Plan.SummaryThe OCMD is continuing to work with its partners to develop anintegrated approach to oceans management in the eastern ScotianShelf area. The initial stages of the ESSIM initiative have been successfulin building a strong foundation for this long-term collaborativemanagement and planning process.BIO-2001 IN REVIEW / 49

RESOURCE MANAGEMENT HIGHLIGHTSAquaculture Co-ordination Office – Maritimes Region– Cindy WebsterAquaculture is one of the world’s fastest growing food productionactivities and presents an opportunity to provide high quality fishproducts to the world’s food industry. The value of aquaculture to theeconomy of the Maritime Provinces is significant, particularly incoastal communities. Ninety percent of the production and processingjobs in the Canadian aquaculture industry are located in rural andcoastal communities.Preliminary figures indicatethat in 2000, aquaculturerevenues totalled$271.2 million in NewBrunswick and $43.5 millionin Nova Scotia. (1)In 1995, Fisheries andOceans Canada was giventhe mandate as the leadfederal agency for the aquacultureindustry. The federalrole in aquaculture wasdefined as enabling industrydevelopment, complementingthe roles andresponsibilities of industry,academia, provincial andterritorial governments toenable a sustainable andenvironmentally soundaquaculture industry.In 1999, aquaculture Marine aquaculture site – New Brunswick.was identified as one offour policy renewal initiatives in DFO’s strategic plan. The aquaculturepolicy has two key objectives: increase public confidence andincrease the industry competitiveness.In August 2000, the Honourable Herb Dhaliwal announced a $75million investment over the next 5 years for the sustainable and environmentallysound development of Canada’s aquaculture industry.Part of this funding was allocated for the establishment of the institutionalstructures within the federal government to support andrespond to the development of aquaculture.Although there had been an aquaculture co-ordination functionwithin the region since 1995, the role of the office was significantlyreduced during the federal government reductions in the 1996-97period. The Aquaculture Co-ordination Office (ACO) was expandedin the Maritimes Region in the spring of 2000 as part of the policyrenewal initiative. This policy and planning group is responsible forthe co-ordination of regional policies and ensures a consistentapproach throughout the Maritimes Region. The group also providesa seamless process withinDFO for dealing withoperational issues pertainingto the aquacultureindustry. The ACO is aone-stop shop for DFOcommunications with theindustry, the provinces,and the public. The office,located at BIO, has a staffof four and reports tothe Associate RegionalDirector General. TheACO also has the responsibilityto ensure that stafffrom all relevant DFO programs,including Science,Fisheries Management,Habitat Management, andthe Coast Guard are consultedin response to aquacultureissues. Staff alsowork with other federaland provincial agencieswith responsibilities for aquaculture. They participate or lead federal/provincial committees established under agreements on aquaculturedevelopment in N.B. and N.S., co-ordinate the review process withinDFO on aquaculture site applications, and provide advice to the leasing/licensingauthorities. Other responsibilities include the provisionof recommendations on introductions or transfers of fish to be usedin aquaculture and the co-ordination of requests by aquaculturists forbroodstock/seedstock.(1) Taken from: The Daily, September 27, 2001, Statistics Canada website at(www.statcan.ca/Daily).50 / BIO-2001 IN REVIEW

TechnicalSupportHighlights2001 - Outreach at BIO– Joni Henderson, Jennifer Bates, Rob Fensome, John Shaw, John Shimeld, and Graham WilliamsSince 1991, the Bedford Institute of Oceanography has been conductingand continually developing a tour program that offers both guidedand self-guided tours to the public. The program is intended toincrease the visibility of BIO and promote science via public education.Because of a steady increase in the number of visitors, two studenttour guides and an attendant for the Sea Pavilion were hired forthe four-month period May-August. In an effort to meet demand,guided tours were offered on a contractual basis for the first time duringthe off season. Through the use of videos, exhibits, displays, andguest speakers, the tour provided visitors with an informative look atthe various types of oceanographic research conducted at BIO.As a result of visitor feedback gathered from tour evaluationforms, improvements to the tour route were implemented this year.They included new plaque-mounted maps with accompanying informationpanels and a continuous video on seabed mapping in theSeaMap Room. The Iceberg Model, which gives insight to the actualsize of an iceberg beneath the water and serves to complement theTitanic exhibit, also received a much-needed facelift. As well, a numberof microscopes were installed in Minitheatre #2 to allow visitorsto view otoliths. An explanation of what otoliths are and how they areused to determine the age of fish is located on a display board abovethe microscopes. In the auditorium, a new large screen is available forvideo viewing, slide shows, and power-point presentations. Even theBIO Gift Shop, in its second year of offering promotional items forsale to the public, enjoyed some improvements including paint,paper, and displays.BIO employees continued to support educational initiativesthroughout the year. Many visited schools in the Halifax-Dartmoutharea to speak on oceans-related topics, acted as judges at science fairs,and represented the Institute at exhibitions and public events. A numberof highly successful student placements at BIO contributed to thesuccess of the High School Co-operative Education Program. Staffhosted a workshop for Science, Public Relations, and Journalism studentsthat focussed on opening lines of communications among thethree disciplines. The BIO website (www.bio.gc.ca) also received someattention during the summer and further development is planned.The ever popular Oceans Day Poster Contest received over 300entries this year. Winners were invited to BIO where, following a tourof the Institute, they were presented with framed photographs oftheir entries and Oceans Day sweatshirts by DFO and NRCanDirectors. The day was rounded off with a luncheon on board theCCGS, Louis S. St.-Laurent hosted by Captain Stu Klebert.Kimberly Piccott, winner of the BIO Oceans Day Poster Contest receiving a plaquefrom Mike Sinclair, Regional Director of Science.BIO-2001 IN REVIEW / 51

TECHNICAL SUPPORT HIGHLIGHTSParrsboro 2001 – EdGEO (geoscience education for teachers) Workshop.NRCan InitiativesGeoscientists at the Geological Survey of Canada (Atlantic) of NaturalResources Canada, with fellow members of the Nova Scotia EdGEOWorkshop Committee, staged the group’s eighth teachers’ workshop.Thirty teachers travelled from locations throughout Nova Scotia toattend the two-day workshop held this year at the Fundy GeologicalMuseum in Parrsboro. The program included interactive presentationson the basics (rocks and minerals, fossils, dinosaurs, and geologicaltime) plus new sessions on soil, climate change, and oil and gas. A halfday field trip gave the teachers an excellent overview of the geology ofthe Parrsboro area. This program is very popular with the education sectorand attracts both teachers and those involved with museum programs,science centres, and private sector educational services. Fundingwas provided by the National EdGEO Program, the Nova ScotiaAssociation of Science Teachers, and the Geological Survey of Canada.The Geological Survey of Canada (Atlantic), the Nova ScotiaDepartment of Natural Resources, Dalhousie University, FundyGeological Museum, the Halifax Regional Muncipality School Board,and Atlantic ScienceLinks Association generouslyprovided inkindsupport. EdGEO2002 will be heldAugust 19-20, in Digby,Nova Scotia.This year markedthe publication of TheLast Billion Years - abook that ‘unearths’the fascinating andcomplex story of theMaritimes’ geologicalpast. It is the firstmodern book writtenfor the general readeron the geological historyof the Cover image of The Last Billion Years.MaritimeProvinces of Canada. GSC Atlantic staff led an extensive team ofcontributors from the geoscience and arts worlds to assemble thispublication. The book is beautifully illustrated in full colour withnever-before-published paintings of ancient vistas, over 150 photographs,and crisp explanatory diagrams and sketches. To supplementthe story, a series of illustrated talks is taking place at the Nova ScotiaMuseum of Natural History in Halifax until May 2002. The talks aregeared toward a general audience. The public and schools haveexpressed keen interest in the book that has resulted in the first twoprintings being sold out within weeks of the date of release. The publisheris considering a third printing in the spring of 2002. A website(agc.bio.ns.ca/lby/) presents excerpts from the book and purchasinginformation. The book is co-published by the Atlantic GeoscienceSociety and Nimbus Publishing.EarthNet, the educational website for Canadian teachers and thepublic (earthnet.bio.ns.ca), continues to increase its readership andgarner comments from users such as, “EarthNet is one of the mostuseful educational sites I’ve seen”, and “What a terrific resource forteachers!!” Developments in 2001 included Geology of Communities,GeoToolbox, and Hall of Fame as well as additions to the teachingresource database, activities, and the illustrated glossary. Also, in2001, EarthNet was a featured site on StudyWeb, an on-line instructionalsite that named it one of the best educational resources on theweb. EarthNet is sponsored and funded by a number of Canadiangeoscience organizations and would not exist without the contributionsmade by the many geoscientists and educators from acrossCanada.BIO 2002BIO has been humming with Open House preparatory activity during2001. Much planning and exhibit preparation has already gone intowhat will be our largest Open House ever taking place in the spring of2002. One exciting addition will highlight our scientists of the futurewhen the regional winners of junior and senior high school sciencefairs from around the Province come together in a single exhibit atOpen House. The Open House will be one of a series of special eventsto take place in commemoration of the 40th anniversary of BIO.52 / BIO-2001 IN REVIEW

BIO Supporting the Community– Shelley ArmsworthyTECHNICAL SUPPORT HIGHLIGHTSEach year, staff and retirees of the Bedford Institute of Oceanographysupport the community by donating time, financial support, andgoodwill to numerous charitable events. Some of the formal eventsconducted at BIO are described below.The Government of Canada Workplace Charitable Campaign inthe Halifax/Dartmouth area is the largest organized charitable eventand involves the United Way/Centraide, Health Partners, and numerousother registered charities across Canada. In 2001, theGovernment of Canada Workplace Charitable Campaign raised$31,162 at BIO. In addition to cash donations from staff and retirees,substantial funds were raised from a number of interesting and entertainingcharitable events organized and hosted by volunteering BIOstaff. These events included monthly 50/50 draws, a golf tournamentat Fox Hollow Golf Club in Stewiacke, a book sale, a silent auction,and the 11 th annual staff hockey game, family skate, and Christmasparty.In February and March, 180 bouquets of daffodils were sold atBIO and raised $1080 for the Canadian Cancer Society. As part of theCanadian Cancer Society’s Head for a Cure Event, Kees Zwanenburgraised $1365 by having his head shaved at an outdoor, lunch-hourgathering in the BIO courtyard in July.In April, the third annual Beat the Winter Blues Kitchen Party washeld in the BIO Auditorium featuring a combination of musical talentfrom within BIO and from the local folk music community.Admission, in the form of either a cash donation or a non-perishablefood item, provided 16 bags of groceries and $155 for the ParkerStreet Furniture andFood Bank in Halifax.BIO staff collectedpersonal care items onbehalf of the CanadianRed Cross for airline passengersstranded inHalifax after the terroristattack on New York andWashington, USA onSeptember 11, 2001.Just before Christmas,volunteers from BIOassembled and deliveredboxed Christmas dinnersto people in need onbehalf of the Parker StreetFurniture and FoodBank. The process tookthree days to completeand involved unloadinggroceries from trucks,George States at the Beat the Winter Blues KitchenParty - BIO 2001.BIO volunteers assembling Christmas dinners at the Parker Street Furniture and Food Bank.sorting and repackagingit for delivery. Theboxes included typicalingredients for a completeChristmas dinner.Those who werenot able to pick-uptheir box at the foodbank had them deliveredby BIO staff. Thisyear the volunteersprepared 550 foodboxes.Not only have BIOstaff and retirees demonstrated their philanthropy in 2001, but havealso shown compassion and generosity for homeless or abuseddomestic animals. Lynn Doubleday, of the BIO cafeteria, representsthe Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (SPCA).Throughout the year, Lynn collects donations of old blankets andtowels, cleaning products, non-perishable pet food items, and Sobey’sreceipts. Hand-made crafts and pet emergency door stickers are soldseasonally in the cafeteria. In 2001, Lynn collected over $1000 for theSPCA. The society uses the donations and sales proceeds to help ourfour-legged friends whose situations are dire.The generosity and participation of staff and retirees makes BIO avibrant part of the community.BIO-2001 IN REVIEW / 53

TECHNICAL SUPPORT HIGHLIGHTSPublic Works and Government Services (PWGSC)Wharf Rejuvenation for Bedford Institute of Oceanography– Wilf LushBIO in the autumn of 2001 showing the jetty and the new warehouse complex.The Bedford Institute of Oceanography is being rejuvenated througha series of building and infrastructure upgrades that started in 2000and are scheduled for completion in 2009. Public Works andGovernment Services Canada is the Real Property Service agent toFisheries and Oceans Canada and is the manager of these projects.The Institute’s jetty was completely renovated in 2001. This wasthe first major upgrade of the jetty since its original construction in1961-62. The majority of the work consisted of removal of the structure’soriginal concrete and replacement with reinforced concrete toobtain a stable surface. After forty years of exposure, the original concretewas severely deteriorated, particularly in the tide range.Within the same contract, the jetty infrastructure in support ofthe fleet was replaced to address a list of Occupational Safety andHealth issues, thereby providing a safer work place. All services weredesigned to eliminate, or minimize, the requirement for access to thejetty service tunnel (classified as a confined space) to performrequired maintenance. The main projects included:• Replacement of the ship’s water supply lines, which frequentlyfroze during the winter months, and were considered inadequatefor fire protection.• Installation of new lighting, electrical, and communications systemsto meet current code standards.• The jetty’s main electrical building was enlarged with built-incapacity to convert from 480v to 600v in anticipation of thearrival of the Canadian Coast Guard ships.• A new marina electrical building was constructed, as well as a newtide gauge building for the Canadian Hydrographic Service.Also in 2001, an 800m 2 warehouse complex (noted by the arrow) wasconstructed north of the main building to replace “in house” storage.In 2002, a new cooling plant is planned to provide BIO with a centralizedair conditioning component to its air handling system, andreplacement of the existing steam heating system with a hydronic (hotwater) system. The new cooling plant will replace several disparatechillers and window-installed residential type air conditioning units.The construction of a new laboratory building will begin in mid2003 and is slated for completion in late 2004. This building isdesigned to Level II containment standards and will centralize severallaboratory support spaces.54 / BIO-2001 IN REVIEW

OtherProgramsThe Center for Marine Biodiversity– Ellen KenchingtonThe Center for Marine Biodiversity (CMB) is a non-profit societythat was established in the autumn of 2000 to enhance scientificcapacity in support of protection of marine biodiversity in theNorthwest Atlantic. The CMB office is on the campus of the BedfordInstitute of Oceanography with Dr. Ellen Kenchington as theDirector. Membership includes specialists from university, government,industry, and non-governmental organizations throughouteastern and central Canada.The CMB was formed in response to the 1992 Convention forBiological Diversity and the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fishingof the United Nations’ Fisheries and Agriculture Organization (FAO).Both have established an international framework for broader conservationobjectives for managing ocean-use activities. In 1997, Canada’sOceans Act defined our obligation to incorporate ecosystem considerationswithin an Oceans Management Strategy. In addition, the pendinglegislation under the Species-At-Risk Act (SARA) addresses a highprofile component of these broader conservation objectives. Underthe new legislation, Fisheries and Oceans Canada will take the lead indeveloping the Oceans Management Strategy, and will be responsiblefor protection of marine species identified under SARA.The administrative arm of the CMB is led by an advisory board withmembers from a variety of backgrounds. Currently, the advisory boardconsists of an international group of individuals with diverse expertiseand includes representatives from: the Sloan Foundation, DalhousieUniversity, Fisheries andThe gorgonacean, Primnoa resedaeformis, oneof the most common and abundant corals offAtlantic Canada - photographed with Campodin the Northeast Channel at around 400 meters- DFO photo.Ampelisca macrocephalia – photo by Dan Jackson.Oceans Canada, the WorldWildlife Fund of Canada,and the government ofNova Scotia.The mandate of theCenter is to provide a focusfor structuring independentresearch efforts towardan overall synthesis ofinformation on marinebiodiversity. Scientistsworking under the auspicesof the CMB undertake leading-edge research in fisheries,marine ecology, physical oceanography, and related sciences. Whencombined with other CMB projects, this research will contribute toan overall ecosystem approach to fisheries management and biodiversityissues.Since the CMB has only recently been established, research activitiesare in their initial stages and are “works in progress”. Some ongoinginitiatives include:• A program to uncover the links between habitat and fisheries withinthe Eastern Scotian Shelf Integrated Management (ESSIM) area(see the article on ESSIM in the Resource Management Section ofthis report for a map of the area). Research will attempt to answerquestions regarding how the different demersal fish utilize benthichabitat and associated epibenthic organisms during their lifestages. It will include an examination of the kinds of habitatrequired to support these fish at their various life stages, the spatialdistribution of these habitats, and their vulnerability to speciesinteractions and to human disturbances. This work involves a pro-BIO-2001 IN REVIEW / 55

OTHER PROGRAMSEchinarachnius parma - photo by Dan Jackson.posed three-year program and will build on previous initiatives ofDFO and Natural Resources Canada.• The development of historical and contemporary inventories offinfish species richness. One of the most profound and importantempirical observations in ecology is that species diversity is predictablyrelated to the area of habitat in both continental andisland faunas. This is known as the species-area relationship.Recent research has established the existence of a highly significantpositive relationship between the number of finfish speciesand bank area. Banks of similar size yield similar species richnessregardless of the distance between them. The ecological basis ofthis relationship is being explored. Other aspects of this workinclude application of analytical techniques to establish an appropriatesample size for quantifying finfish diversity, and understandingpopulation dynamics and finfish migration through ametapopulation community model. Dr. K. Frank of Fisheries andOceans Canada at BIO is undertaking this research.• An assessment of the impact of invading species on the structureand function of a marine ecosystem in Canadian waters.Synergistic interactions between invasive species such as an epiphyticbryozoan, Membranipora membranacea, and a green alga,Codium fragile ssp. tomentosoides have resulted in large-scalereplacement of kelps by the alga along the rocky coast of AtlanticNova Scotia. Changes in species composition and abundance ofinvertebrates and fish associated with this alteration of biogenichabitat have important implications for the management ofcoastal resources, including assessment of biodiversity and identificationof species/habitats at risk. Drs. R. Scheibling ofDalhousie and E. Kenchington, Fisheries and Oceans Canada areundertaking this research.• Capital support has been provided for genetic and species-area relationshipprograms. Genetic diversity and maintenance of withinspeciesdiversity are both elements of biodiversity. The CMB isinvolved with Live Gene Bank facilities currently operating forAtlantic salmon and whitefish. This project links directly to therecovery plan for the Atlantic salmon, whitefish, and the dwarf smelt.Additional projects include research on deep-sea coral, the ecology ofnon-commercial marine fish species, research on sponges andhydroids, and a working group on the State of the Ecosystem in theNorthwest Atlantic.Membership is open to individuals with an active involvement inscientific issues related to marine biodiversity and who concur with themandate of the society. The CMB does not have an advocacy function.The Center for Marine Biodiversity has established a public lectureseries on biodiversity issues. We invite you to visit our website at(www.marinebiodiveristy.ca) for additional information on the lectureseries, the CMB, or biodiversity in Canada.The BIO Oceans Association Beluga Recognition Award- Dale BuckleyCongratulations to Roger Belanger, the first recipient of the BedfordInstitute of Oceanography’s Oceans Association (BIO-OA) BelugaRecognition Award. Roger joined the BIO photographic unit in 1966,after working with photo-reconnaissance units in the military for 11years. Over the years, Roger has provided photographic records,archives, and technical documentation for numerous and diverseocean research projects.Early oceanographic expeditions included a CCGS Hudson voyageto the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, and a multidisciplinary project in theCaribbean. After the major oil spill from the tanker Arrow inChedabucto Bay in 1970, Roger was involved in photographic documentationof the immediate impact of the spill, as well as follow-upstudies over the next two decades. In 1979, Roger participated in apioneering survey of the Arctic Ocean from an ice camp on theLOREX experiments, where he helped develop a system to lower andrecover deep-sea cameras through the ice.Roger made a number of innovative contributions to oceanographicphotography and TV imaging using scuba. He was involvedin developing photographic and electronic imaging technology fromsubmarines and remotely-operated submersibles. In addition, hehelped develop a photographic system for remotely monitoring sedimentmovement in inter-tidal areas of the Bay of Fundy using a tetheredballoon. In the later years of his career, he developed a photographicsystem to be used on Coast Guard helicopters to documentcoastal features, oil spills, coastal erosion, and sewage effluents.Not all of Roger’s contributions were scientific or technical. He56 / BIO-2001 IN REVIEW

OTHER PROGRAMSRoger Belanger (right) receiving the Beluga Recognition Award from Dr. Paul Brodie.has an artist’s eye for aesthetics and evidence of his talents in photographyis still found around BIO and in treasured memories of manywho have worked at the Institute.Roger retired in 1991 tospend time at his homein Grand Desert (nearLawrencetown, N.S.) wherehe devotes part of his timeto assembling personal photographicmemoirs of hiscareer at BIO.The Beluga Award wasconceived by the BIOOceans Association andwas introduced in 2001 tohonour individuals whoThe BIO Oceans Association BelugaRecognition Award.have contributed their talents and work to making BIO a successfuland well-recognized oceanographic institute. Any person who hasworked, or is still working, at BIO is eligible for consideration. Thebeluga whale was chosen because it is a well-recognized symbol of theoceans and is a recognized Canadian symbol. Dr. Paul Brodie, arenowned marine mammalogist and sculptor, created the 11 inchesmodel beluga whale. Amos Pewter of Mahone Bay, Nova Scotia castthe whale. The final product, a pewter whale, has a satin polish finishand sits on a granite and acrylic base that was fabricated by AtlantexCreative Works, East Chezzetcook, Nova Scotia.The Third Meeting of the Partnershipfor Observation of the Global Oceans (POGO)– Shubha SathyendranathThe Third Annual Meeting of the Partnership for Observation of theGlobal Oceans took place at White Point in Nova Scotia, Canada on27-29 November 2001. Participants representing oceanographic institutionsfrom some thirteen countries (Argentina, Australia, Brazil,Canada, Chile, Germany, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, Russia, SouthAfrica, United Kingdom, and the United States of America) attendedthe meeting. Several international organizations, such as the ArgoProgramme, CLIVAR (CLImate VARiability and predictability),CoML (Census of Marine Life), COOP (the Coastal OceanObservation Panel), IOC (Intergovernmental OceanographicCommission), IOCCG (International Ocean Colour Co-ordinatingGroup), JCOMM (Joint Commission on Oceanography and MarineMeteorology), PICES (North Pacific Marine Science Organisation),and SCOR (Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research) were alsorepresented. In all, there were over forty participants. The meetingwas hosted by Dr. Mike Sinclair, Director of the Bedford Institute ofOceanography. Mr. Neil Bellefontaine, Regional Director General,Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO), welcomed the participants.The meeting began with presentations related to some of the mainthemes of POGO: the Argo project (a fleet of buoys distributed on theworld’s oceans to collect oceanographic data), time-series observations,and biological observations. Dr. Dean Roemmich, Chairman ofthe Argo Science Team, provided updates on the programme. He suggestedthat POGO member institutions encourage the applications ofthe Argo data stream, which is freely available, as this was essential toensure the long-term viability of the programme. Dr. Bob WellerParticipants at the third meeting of POGO at White Point Beach Resort.reported on the findings of the first meeting of the Time SeriesWorking Group. Prof. John Field summarized the recommendationsfrom the POGO Biology Workshop, and Dr. Jesse Ausubel spoke ofrecent advances in the Census of Marine Life (CoML) and its linkswith POGO.The group reviewed issues related to capacity building on the secondday of the meeting. The POGO-IOC-SCOR FellowshipProgramme, which was initiated at POGO-2, is now well established.The programme receives generous financial support from IOC andSCOR. So far, 13 fellowships have been offered under this programme,which allows trainees from developing countries and economies intransition to travel to oceanographic laboratories in other countries fortraining on selected aspects of ocean observation. POGO also partici-BIO-2001 IN REVIEW / 57

OTHER PROGRAMSpated in, and co-sponsored, training programmes in South America(through the Austral Summer Institute organized by the University ofConcepción and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution) and inIndia (in collaboration with the IOCCG). The members resolved tocontinue such efforts in the future. IOC and SCOR have decided tocontinue their support of the Fellowship Programme. There were alsodiscussions on the possibility of organizing a training cruise on boarda Russian research vessel, in collaboration with the IOCCG. POGOdecided to continue its support of SEREAD (Scientific EducationalResources and Experience Associated with the Deployment of Argodrifting floats in the South Pacific Ocean).As an impressive follow-up to the São Paulo Declaration of POGO,which called for increased observations in the Southern Hemisphere,the JAMSTSEC team proposed a circumpolar cruise on their researchvessel Mirai, in the Southern Hemisphere, in partnership with othermembers of POGO. This was seen as an important step towards rectifyingthe imbalance in observations between the northern and southernhemispheres. The proposal was received warmly by the POGOmembers, and there were many offers of help and collaboration. Prof.Ulloa from Chile spoke of their plans to enhance the observationalcapacity of Chile, and in particular, of their efforts to obtain a replacementfor their ageing research vessel. Members were invited to explorepossibilities for addressing the matter.There were presentations at the meeting regarding CoML, COOP,CLIVAR, the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS), IOC, IGOS,IOCCG, JCOMM, the Ocean Observing Panel for Climate (OOPC),and PICES, and their links to POGO. There were presentations fromseveral institutions, including: AOML (Atlantic Oceanographic andMeteorological Laboratory), BIO, Dalhousie University, the NewZealand National Institute for Water and Atmospheric Research(NIWA), the Shirshov Institute of Oceanology (Russia), University ofCape Town (South Africa), and University of Concepción (Chile)regarding their on-going activities of relevance to POGO.A principal focus of this meeting was biological observations.Following the recommendations of the biology workshop, thePartnership resolved to initiate a biological observation system tomonitor phytoplankton dynamics, and to organize a workshop inSouth America to promote regional observations of marine biodiversity.The establishment of a network of open-ocean, fixed-point,time-series observations also received special attention. The activitiesof the Time Series Working Group are to continue, and the nextmeeting is to take place in Hawaii, in February 2002.In 2001, POGO was registered as a not-for-profit society in NovaScotia, Canada. Several institutions and consortia of institutions havebecome members of the Society, and more are poised to becomemembers in 2002. This strengthens the position of POGO as a selffunded,non-governmental organization. Dr. Rolf Weber (Universityof São Paulo) and Dr. Robert Gagosian (Woods Hole OceanographicInstitution) rotated out of the POGO Executive Committee. Dr.Howard Roe (Southampton Oceanography Centre) was elected theincoming Chair, and Mr. Takuya Hirano (President, Japan MarineScience and Technology Centre) and Dr. Nan Bray (Director, CSIROMarine Research) became the new members of the POGO Executive.Dr. Charles Kennel (Scripps Institution of Oceanography) continuesfor one more year as the POGO Chair.It was resolved to hold the next meeting of POGO in January 2003in Hobart, Tasmania, Australia. The regional focus of the meeting isto be the Indian Ocean.Fishermen and Scientists Research Society (FSRS)Lobster Recruitment Index from Standard Traps (LRIST)- by John Tremblay, Carl MacDonald, Douglas Pezzack, and Peter HurleyThe Fishermen and Scientists Research Society is a non-profit organizationformed to foster cooperation between those who spend agood part of their lives on the water, and those who are active instudying the dynamics of marine populations. Started in 1994, theFSRS has undertaken a number of projects with the cooperation ofinterested fishermen and scientists. The society has an office at BIO.In 1999, the LRIST project was initiated to monitor the catch ratesof sub-legal sizes of lobsters captured in traps. The objective of theproject is to develop an index of the quantity of lobsters that willenter the fishery in one to two years.One of the strengths of this FSRS project is the level of involvementof fishermen. Fishermen were involved in the design of the standardrecruitment trap used in the project and in the planning phase of theproject. Annual training sessions for data collection are held before thefishing season. The project results are reviewed at workshops at the endof each lobster season. The FSRS employs six community technicians,with support from DFO, through the Science and Technology YouthInternship Program, to work on Society projects. Intern duties includeworking directly with participating lobster fishermen, and samplingcatches at sea. Support for the project also comes from the participatingfishermen, who purchase the standard recruitment traps at areduced cost from the FSRS. Hence, all participants contribute towardsthe goal of understanding lobster recruitment within the project area.14 inchesStandard trap used in LRIST.40 inchesWidth21 inchesIn coastal Nova Scotia, lobsters are fished during the spring (CapeBreton and the Eastern Shore) and from fall to spring (South Shore,58 / BIO-2001 IN REVIEW

OTHER PROGRAMSSouthwest Nova Scotia, Bay of Fundy). The LRIST project had 67fishermen participants in the 2000-2001 fall-winter fisheries, and 123fishermen participants in the spring 2001 fisheries. The spring 2001participants were spread along the Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia.Size composition of lobsters captured in FSRS traps and commercial traps offNorthern Cape Breton. 1143 lobsters were captured in 533 FSRS trap hauls and4370 lobsters were captured in 1829 commercial trap hauls.Location of recruitment traps during the spring fisheries. The numbered areas outlinedon the map are Lobster Fishing Areas (LFAs).Participating fishermen fish between 1 and 5 recruitment traps,and record daily catch numbers, sex of lobsters, and size using a projectmeasuring gauge.To evaluate whether the catch rate data are useful for predictingrecruitment, a time series of five or more years is needed. In the interim,the LRIST data are proving useful for other purposes. These include:• supplementing data collected by DFO’s Invertebrate FisheriesDivision used to assess lobster stock status,• developing of a method for estimating fishing mortality (based onseasonal changes in the retained and non-retained portions of thecatch), and• evaluating area differences in population biology.An example of the area differences in population biology is the smalleregg-bearing females in the north (LFA 27) compared to those fromthe south (LFA 34). This observation is consistent with independentmeasurements of female maturity.Size composition of egg-bearing females captured in FSRS traps in spring 2001.Lobster measuring guage.In the future, the FSRS data have the potential to be important inthe development of criteria for evaluating stock status. The fact thatthe data are collected by volunteer fishermen provides an opportunityfor better discussion of the various management options.The LRIST traps have reduced mesh openings (1”) and no escapegaps. In regular commercial traps such gaps are required to allow theescape of sublegal sizes that are attracted to the baited traps.The combination of the smaller mesh openings and no escapegaps results in greater retention of smaller lobsters compared tocommercial traps.BIO-2001 IN REVIEW / 59

Financial andHuman ResourcesWhere the Institute obtainsfunding and how it is spent.Annual appropriation from government by parliametary vote21%Science DFOOceans & Env.DEPARTMENT SECTOR AMOUNT ($000)DFO Science 24,409*All NRCanDFO Oceans 6,17016%63%NRCan All 8,072*Includes funds allocated for the operation and maintenance of researchvessels.Environment Canada and DND have staff working at BIO. These resources are not captured in the above figures.Other sources of funding100%DEPARTMENT SECTOR GOVERNMENT INSTITUTIONS INDUSTRY($000) ($000) ($000)DFO Science 8,298 0.71 83250%DFO Oceans 2,573 2760%ScienceDFOOceans & Env.DFOAllNRCanNRCan All 845 2,000Industry Institutions Government60 / BIO-2001 IN REVIEW

FINANCIAL AND HUMAN RESOURCESProgram spendingDFO Science13%Science DFOHydrographySECTOR AMOUNT ($000)Science Branch 21,186Hydrography 3,22387%DFO Oceans and Environment51%17%32%Habitat ManagenentOceansEnvironmental ScienceSECTOR AMOUNT ($000)Habitat Management 1,525Oceans 2,887Environmental Science 4,605NRCan25%ResearchTechnology/EquipAMOUNT ($000)Research 8,212Technology/Equipment 2,70575%BIO staff by Department/or organizational unit

People at BIO in 2001DEPARTMENT OFNATIONAL DEFENCELCdr Jim BradfordLt(N) Scott MoodyCPO2 Ian RossPO1 Nancy KentPO2 Claude PageauPO2 Chris MoncriefMS Jim BartlettMS Corey BrayallMS Krista SmithLS Sean TruswellENVIRONMENT CANADAChristopher CraigKate Collins, StudentEarland Hart, StudentDavid MacArthurRick McCulloch, StudentBernard RichardMike Ripley, StudentDiane TremblayJamie YoungDEPARTMENT OF FISHERIESAND OCEANSCanadian Coast Guard– Technical ServicesMechanical & Oceanographic SystemsDevelopmentGeorge Steeves, SupervisorGaron AwaltArthur CosgroveKelly BenthamBob EllisFrancis KellyMike LaPierreDaniel MoffattGlen MortonNeil MacKinnonVal PattendenTodd PetersNelson RiceGreg SiddallHeinz WieleTechnical MaintenanceJim Wilson, SupervisorGerry DeaseDon EisenerRoger GallantJason GreenDavid LevyRobert MacGregorMorley WrightMike O’RourkeMark RobbinsVessel SupportAndrew Muise, SupervisorDerrick AndrewsGeorge LakeMartin LaFitteRichard LaPierreLeonard MombourquetteRichard MyersStanley MyersSteve MyersLloyd OickleBill PrestonHarvey RossFreeman SavouryRaymond SmithDavid UsherScience BranchRegional Director’s OfficeMichael Sinclair, DirectorAlyson Campbell, StudentLori Chisholm, StudentMarie Charlebois-SerdynskaRichard EisnerDianne GeddesGabriela GruberJoni HendersonSharon MorganBettyann PowerCanadian Hydrographic Service (Atlantic)Richard MacDougall, DirectorBruce AndersonCarol BealsDave BlaneyFrank BurgessBob BurkeFred CarmichaelMike CollinsChris CoolenGerard CostelloAndy CraftJohn CunninghamElizabeth CruxTammy DoyleTheresa DugasMike EarleSteve ForbesJohn FergusonClaudine FraserDoug FrizzleJon GriffinJames HanwayJudy HammondMalcolm JayRoger JonesHeather JoyceGlen KingMike LamplughChristopher LeBlancKirk MacDonaldBruce MacGowanGrant MacLeodClare McCarthyDave McCarthyPaul McCarthyMark McCrackenDale NicholsonLarry NortonStephen NunnCharlie O’ReillyNick PalmerRichard PalmerPaul ParksStephen ParsonsKen PaulBob PietrzakVicki RandhawaDoug RegularGlenn RodgerDave RoopTom RowsellChris RozonMike RuxtonTerm and casual employees, interns, students, and contractors are listed if they worked at BIO for at least four months in the year 2001.*Retired in 2001.62 / BIO-2001 IN REVIEW

FINANCIAL AND HUMAN RESOURCES / People at BIO in 2001Cathy SchipilowJune SenayAlan SmithAndrew SmithNick StuifbergenMichel TherrienDavid TrudelHerman VarmaDustin WhalenKeith WhiteWendy WoodfordCraig ZellerDiadromous Fish DivisionLarry Marshall, ManagerDoug AitkenPeter AmiroRod BradfordHenry CaracristiCarolyn HarviePhil HubleyEric JeffersonBrian JessopPaul LeBlancDave LongardBlythe MahaneyShane O’NeilPatrick O’ReillyKimberley Robichaud-LeBlancKaren RutherfordDebbie StewartKatherine McKeen SweatDaisy WilliamsInvertebrate Fisheries DivisionRené Lavoie, ManagerJerry BlackAnn ButlerMaureen ButlerManon CassistaAmy ChisholmVictoria ClaytonRoss ClaytorMichele CoveyRon DugganEmily DumaresqCheryl FrailKen Freeman*Amanda GinnishRaj Gouda, StudentNathalie GreenLea-Anne Henry, StudentDaniel JacksonShaka James, StudentEllen KenchingtonPeter KoellerMark LundyBarry MacDonaldBob MillerStephen NolanDoug PezzackAlan ReevesGinette RobertDale RoddickAmanda SabattisBob SempleGlyn SharpStephen SmithAmy ThompsonJohn TremblayBénédikte VercaemerCathy WentzellTim Willis, InternKristana WorcesterMarine Fish DivisionWayne Stobo, ManagerSusan BakerDiane BeanlandsDon BowenBob BrantonAlida BundySteve CampanaPeter ComeauPaul FanningWanda FarrellMark FowlerKen FrankCaihong FuDarren Gillis, Visiting ScientistRalph HallidayLei HarrisPeter HurleyBill MacEachernLinda MarksJim McMillanJeff McRuerBob MohnJim ReidNancy ShackellMark ShowellJim SimonNancy StoboIain Suthers, Visiting ScientistKim WhynotScott WilsonGerry YoungKees ZwanenburgOcean Sciences DivisionAllyn Clarke, ManagerBarbie HenneberryPat WilliamsBiological OceanographyGlen Harrison, HeadJeffrey AnningFlorence Berreville, StudentHeather Bouman, StudentJay BugdenCarla CaverhillEmmanuel Devred, PDFPaul DickieAndrew Edwards, PDFGretchen Fitzgerald, StudentCesar Fuentes-Yaco, PDFLee GeddesRajashree Gouda, StudentLeslie HarrisErica HeadEdward HorneBrian Irwin*Mary KennedyPaul KepkayMarilyn LandryWilliam LiSvetlana Loza, PDFHeidi MaassAnitha Nair, StudentMarkus Pahlow, PDFKevin PauleyLinda PayzantTrevor PlattCatherine PorterDouglas SameotoDawn Shepherd, StudentJeffrey SpryAlain VézinaLouisa Watts, PDFGeorge WhiteCoastal Ocean SciencePeter Smith, HeadDave BrickmanGary BugdenSandy BurtchJason ChaffeyJoel ChasséBrendan DeTraceyKen DrinkwaterFrederic Dupont, PDFDave GreenbergCharles HannahNicolai Kliem, PDFDon LawrenceBob LivelyMathieu OuelletIngrid PetersonBrian PetrieLiam PetrieRoger PettipasTerm and casual employees, interns, students, and contractors are listed if they worked at BIO for at least four months in the year 2001.*Retired in 2001.BIO-2001 IN REVIEW / 63

FINANCIAL AND HUMAN RESOURCES / People at BIO in 2001Simon PrinsenbergHoward ReidCharles TangTed TedfordTom YaoChou WangZhigang XuOcean CirculationJohn Loder, A/HeadRobert AndersonKaren AtkinsonNancy ChenSharon Gillam-LockeBlair GreenanDouglas GregoryHelen HaydenRoss HendryAnthony IsenorJeff JacksonPeter JonesDavid KellowZhenxia Long, PDFNeil OakeyWilliam PerrieMarion SmithBrenda ToplissBash ToulanyDan WrightFrank ZemlyakOcean PhysicsMichel Mitchel, HeadBrian BeanlandsDon BelliveauNorman CochraneKatherine CollierJohn ConrodGeorge FowlerJim HamiltonAlex HermanRandy KingGeorge StatesTed PhillipsScott YoungTechnical OperationsDave McKeown, HeadLarry BellefontaineRick BoyceDerek BrittainBert HartlingBruce NickersonBob RyanMurray ScotneyMaritimes Regional Advisory Process (RAP)Bob O’Boyle, CoordinatorValerie MyraMaritimes Aquatic Species at Risk OfficeJohn Loch, ManagerBob BarnesJennifer BartonJerry ConwayLynn CullenOceans and Environment BranchRegional Director’s OfficeFaith Scattolon, Regional DirectorJane AveryTed PotterRobert St-LaurentHabitat Management DivisionBrian Thompson, ManagerBrooke CookJoey CrockerRick DevineJoy DubeJoanne GoughAnita HamiltonTony HendersonDarren HiltzCraig HominickBrian JollymoreDarria LangillJim LeadbetterJack LeemanMelanie MacLeanShayne McQuaidMarci Penney-FergusonJim RossCarol SampsonCarol SimmonsReg SweeneyPhil ZamoraChad ZiaiMarine Environmental Sciences DivisionPaul Keizer, ManagerJim AbrielByron AmiraultDebbie AndersonCarol AnsteyShelley ArmsworthyMark BeasyRobert BenjaminPaul BoudreauCynthia BourbonnaisChiu ChouPierre ClementSusan CobanliPeter CranfordJohn DalzielJason DearingJennifer DixonLisa DoucetteGrazyna FolwarcznaDon GordonGareth HardingBarry HargraveJocelyn HellouKory JollymoreThomas KingBrent LawKen LeeJim LeonardKevin MacIsaacSarah Magee, InternTim MilliganJohn MoffattLene MortensenPål Mortensen, PDFRick NelsonSherry NivenLisa PaonGeorgina PhillipsSarah RobertsonSylvia RumboltSheila ShellnutJudy SimmsJohn SmithSean StellerAndrew StewartPeter StrainPeter VassGary WohlgeschaffenPhilip YeatsOceans and Coastal Management DivisionJoe Arbour, ManagerDebi CampbellLesley CarterScott Coffen-SmoutChantal CoutureDave DugganDerek FentonJennifer HackettTim HallGlen HerbertStanley JohnstonPaul MacnabDenise McCulloughJason NaugCeleine RenaudBob RutherfordMaxine WestheadTerm and casual employees, interns, students, and contractors are listed if they worked at BIO for at least four months in the year 2001.*Retired in 2001.64 / BIO-2001 IN REVIEW

FINANCIAL AND HUMAN RESOURCES / People at BIO in 2001Aquaculture CoordinationMike Murphy,CoordinatorDarrell HarrisCindy WebsterSharon Young-CurrieFinance & AdministrationLibraryAnna Fiander, ManagerSusan BoutilierCarole Broome, StudentCathy BudgellRhonda CollLori CollinsHelen DussaultLois LoewenMaureen MartinMarilynn RudiDiane StewartProcurementJoan Hebert-SellarsStoresLarry MacDonaldCharles Mitchell, InternBob PageRay RosseCommunications BranchCarl MyersInformaticsTechnology ServicesGary Somerton, ChiefChris ArchibaldEric AshfordPatrice BoivinDoug BrineMike ClarkeJim CuthbertGary Collins*Paul DunphyBruce FillmoreHeather FraserJudy FredericksPamela GardnerLori GauthierRon GirardMarc HemphillMike LemayJacqueline LeschiedCharles LeverNancy MacNeilCharles MasonSue PatersonKevin RitterMike StepanczakCharlene WilliamsPaddy WongClient ServicesSandra Gallagher, HeadKevin DunphyCarol LevacJuanita PooleyRecordsJim Martell, Site SupervisorMyrtle BarkhouseCarla SearsApplicationsTobias Spears, A/HeadLenore BajonaShelley BondFlo HumAnthony JoyceRoger SoulodreKohila ThanaNATURAL RESOURCES CANADAGeological Survey Of Canada (Atlantic)Director’s OfficeJacob Verhoef, DirectorPat DennisAdministrationGeorge McCormack, ManagerCheryl BoydTerry HayesTerry HendersonCecilia MiddletonBarb VeteseMarine Resources GeoscienceDon McAlpine, ManagerMike AveryJennifer BatesDarrell BeaverBernie CrilleyRob FensomeGary GrantKen HaleIris HardyEvelyn InglisArthur JacksonChris JauerNelly KozielPaul LakeBill MacMillanAndrew MacRaeAnne MazerallSusan MerchantPhil MoirPhil O’ReganJohn ShimeldFrank ThomasHans WielensGraham WilliamsMarine Environmental GeoscienceDick Pickrill, ManagerKen AspreyAnthony AtkinsonSteve BlascoAustin BoyceCalvin CampbellBorden ChapmanDonald Clattenburg*Ray CranstonGordon FaderRobert FitzgeraldDonald ForbesDavid FrobelPierre GareauMike Gorveatt*Jennifer StrangRobert HarmesDavid HefflerKimberley JennerFred JodreyHeiner JosenhansEdward KingBill LeBlancMichael LiMaureen MacDonaldBill MacKinnonGavin MansonSabastian MigeonBob MillerDavid MosherPeta Mudie*Bob MurphyDavid PiperKevin Robertson*Andre RochonJohn ShawAndy SherinSteve SolomonGary SonnichsenBob TaylorTerm and casual employees, interns, students, and contractors are listed if they worked at BIO for at least four months in the year 2001.*Retired in 2001.BIO-2001 IN REVIEW / 65

FINANCIAL AND HUMAN RESOURCES / People at BIO in 2001Brian ToddBruce WileMarine Regional GeoscienceMark Williamson, ManagerRoss BoutilierBob CourtneyClaudia CurrieSonya DehlerCarmelita FisherPeter GilesPaul GirouardNathan HaywardRuth JacksonRon Macnab*Gordon OakeyRussell ParrottStephen PerryPatrick PotterWayne PrimeMatt SalisburyPhilip SpencerBarbara SzlavkoMarie-Claude WilliamsonBIO TOUR GUIDESSteven Fancy, StudentJasmine Marshall, StudentDarcy O’Brien, StudentPUBLIC WORKS AND GOVERNMENTSERVICESLeo Lohnes, Property ManagerDiane AndrewsBob CameronPaul FraserJim FrostGeoff GrittenGreg GromackWilf LushRalph LynasAllan MacNeilGarry MacNeillJune MeldrumJohn MilesPaul MilesRichard NethertonFred RaheyPhil WilliamsBill WoodHEALTH CANADAHeather SkinnerNATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCILCANADADon DouglasCOMMISSIONAIRESWilliam BewsherPaul BergeronDave CyrJohn DunlopDonnie HotteRex LaneLeonard MonMinieFrancis NoonanPierre RemillardYves TessierLester TraceyCAFETERIA STAFFKelly BezansonRandy DixonValerie DonovanLynn DoubledayMark VickersOTHERS ON THE BIO CAMPUSInternational Ocean Colour CoordinatingGroup (IOCCG)Venetia Stuart, Executive ScientistAbhijit BhadéBart HulshofPartnership for Observation of the GlobalOceans (POGO)Shubha Sathyendranath, Executive DirectorSeaMapGary RockwellFishermen and ScientistsResearch Society (FSRS)Jeff GravesCarl MacDonaldJill Moore, InternShannon ScottGeoforce Consultants Ltd.Mike BelliveauGraham StandenMartin UyesugiMaritime Tel & TelPaul BrownTim ConleyContractorsKumiko Azetsu-Scott, Ocean CirculationLinda Bonang, RecordsShawna Bourque, CHSPierre Brien, Marine FishDerek Broughton, Marine FishWalter Burke, CHSClare Carver, InvertebratesErin Carruthers, Ocean CirculationBenoit Casault, Biol. OceanographyBarbara Corbin, RecordsTania Davignon-Burton, Marine FishEwa Dunlap, Ocean CirculationMike Friis, RecordsBob Gershey, Ocean CirculationYuri Geshelin, Coastal Ocean Sci.Bin He, Ocean CirculationGary Henderson, CHSYongcun Hu, Ocean CirculationTara Jewett, Marine FishWarren Joyce, Marine FishEdward Kimball, Ocean CirculationCarrie MacIsaac, CHSKee Muschenheim, MESDSean Oakey, Coastal Ocean Sci.Tim Perry, Biol. OceanographyBret Pilgrim, InvertebratesJohn Price, Ocean CirculationSylvie Roy, MESDVictor Soukhovtsev, Coastal Ocean Sci.Jacqueline Spry, Biol. OceanographyPatricia Stoffyn, MESDTieneke Van der baaren, Coastal Ocean Sci.Rosalie Wamboldt, Coastal Zone Canada Assn.Term and casual employees, interns, students, and contractors are listed if they worked at BIO for at least four months in the year 2001.*Retired in 2001.66 / BIO-2001 IN REVIEW

FINANCIAL AND HUMAN RESOURCES / People at BIO in 2001Pamela Wentzell, InvertebratesWesley White, Diadromous FishCraig Wright, CHSIgor Yashayaev, Ocean CirculationIna Yashayaev, Ocean CirculationAlicia York, Marine FishIndividuals who retired in 2001Fisheries and Oceans CanadaNatural Resources CanadaScientist EmeritusPiero AscoliDale BuckleyLloyd DickieFred DobsonJim ElliottAlan GrantPeter HacquebardLubos JansaCharlotte KeenTim LambertJohn LazierMike LewisDoug LoringBrian MacLeanKen MannClive MasonGeorge NeedlerCharlie QuonCharlie RossHal SandstromCharles SchaferStuart SmithShiri SrivastavaJames StewartJohn WadeRecognitionBIO staff wish to recognize the contributionand support provided by the Captains andcrew of Canadian Coast Guard vessels taskedto assist BIO-based research.Gary Collins retired from the InformaticsBranch in April 2001 after 30 years of outstandingservice. Gary originally emigratedfrom Ireland after working for the BritishNuclear Commission. Upon his arrival inCanada he worked for Atomic Energy beforejoining DFO in 1970. He was chief of Statisticsand Computing Services at corporate headquartersprior to transferring to BIO in 1980.Gary initially worked for Science ComputingServices and was instrumental in the replacementof the Cyber mainframe and the integrationof mass storage management. Gary iswell respected by his colleagues and clientsalike. His hobbies include photography, classicalguitar, astronomy, and skydiving.After 35 years of service, Ken Freemanretired effective October 24th, 2001. Overmany years at BIO, the Halifax FisheriesResearch Laboratory, and then back to BIO,Ken developed a reputation as a shellfishbiologist who worked hard to serve theindustry. He is well known and appreciatedby the mussel culture industry. Ken also contributeda great deal to the industry’s awarenessof the potential impacts on shellfishgrowers and fishermen of disease and contamination.Brian Irwin retired in May 2001 after 35 yearsof outstanding service in the BiologicalOceanography Section at BIO. Brian was headof the Section’s sea-going and laboratory technicalsupport group and ran the primary productionprogram for three decades. Brian’sresearch took him to virtually all of the majoroceans of the world during his career.For 34 years, Donald Clattenburg ran theNRCan sedimentology laboratory. He developedthe lab into a world class facility andmentored many students.Mike Gorveatt retired in November after 34years with Natural Resources Canada.During the latter half of Mike’s career hemanaged the NRCan Technical Supportgroup, and was responsible for mobilizingfield programs throughout Canada, includingthe Arctic.Ron Macnab retired in November after 33years with Natural Resources Canada.During his tenure at NRCan, Ron led severalinternational efforts to compile unique datasets, and was a key resource for issues relatedto the Law of the Sea.After 20 years, Peta Mudie retired inDecember as a palynologist. Dr. Mudie willbe remembered for her contribution to paleoceanographicstudies in the Atlantic andArctic oceans.After 35 years with Natural ResourcesCanada, Kevin Robertson retired asNRCan’s Laboratory Manager in October2001. Throughout his career, Kevin played apivotal role in the development of the laboratoryinfrastructure, facilitating cooperativeprograms within the Institute, and on healthand safety committees.Term and casual employees, interns, students, and contractors are listed if they worked at BIO for at least four months in the year 2001.*Retired in 2001.BIO-2001 IN REVIEW / 67

Publications andProducts 2001FISHERIES AND OCEANS CANADA – MARITIMES REGION1) Biological SciencesRecognized Scientific Journals:Addison, R.F., and W.T. Stobo. 2001. Trends in organochlorine residue concentrations and burdens in grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) fromSable Is., N.S., between 1974 and 1994. Environ. Pollut. 112: 505-513.Bowen, W.D., D.J. Boness, S.J. Iverson, and O.T. Oftedal. 2001. Foraging effort, food intake, and lactation performance depend on maternalmass in a small phocid seal. Funct. Ecol. 15: 325-334.Bowen, W.D., S. Ellis, S.J. Iverson, and D.J. Boness. 2001. Maternal effects on offspring growth rate and weaning mass in harbour seals. Can. J.Zool. 79: 1088-1101.Bundy, A. 2001. Fishing on ecosystems: The interplay of fishing and predation in Newfoundland-Labrador. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 58(6): 1153-1167.Bundy, A., and D. Pauly. 2001. Selective harvesting by small scale fisheries: Ecosystem analysis of San Miguel Bay, Philippines. Fish. Res.53(3): 263-281.Campana, S.E. 2001. Accuracy, precision and quality control in age determination, including a review of the use and abuse of age validationmethods. J. Fish Biol. 59: 197-242.Campana, S.E., and S.R. Thorrold. 2001. Otoliths, increments and elements: keys to a comprehensive understanding of fish populations?Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 58: 30-38.Comeau, L.A., S.E. Campana, G.A. Chouinard, and J.M. Hanson. 2001. Timing of Atlantic cod Gadus morhua seasonal migrations in relationto serum levels of gonadal and thyroidal hormones. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 221: 245-253.Duggan, R.E., and R.J. Miller. 2001. External tags for the green sea urchin. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 258: 115-122.Fu, C., R.K. Mohn, and L.P. Fanning. 2001. Why the Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) stock off eastern Nova Scotia has not recovered. Can. J.Fish. Aquat. Sci. 58: 1613-1623.Gislason, H., M. Sinclair, K. Sainsbury, and R.N. O’Boyle. 2000 1 .Symposium overview: Incorporating ecosystem objectives within fisheriesmanagement. ICES (Int. Counc. Explor. Sea) J. Mar. Sci. 57: 468-475.Hansen, M.M., E. Kenchington, and E.E. Nielsen. 2001. Assigning individual fish to populations using microsatellite DNA markers. FishFish. Ser 2: 93-112.Kenchington, E.L.R., J. Prena, K.D. Gilkinson, D.C. Gordon, Jr., K. MacIsaac, C. Bourbonnais, P.J. Schwinghamer, T.W. Rowell, D.L.McKeown, and W.P. Vass. 2001. Effects of experimental otter trawling on the macrofauna of a sandy bottom ecosystem on the GrandBanks of Newfoundland. Can. J. Fish. Aquatic. Sci. 58: 1043-1057.1Citation year is 1999 or 2000; however, publication occurred after publication of Bedford Institute of Oceanography 2000.68 / BIO-2001 IN REVIEW

PUBLICATIONS AND PRODUCTS 2001Koeller, P.A. 2000 1 .Relative importance of environmental and ecological factors to the management of the northern shrimp (Pandalus borealis)fishery on the Scotian Shelf. J. Northw. Atl. Fish. Sci. 27: 21-33.Koeller, P.A., R. Mohn, and M. Etter. 2000 1 .Density dependent sex-reversal in pink shrimp (Pandalus borealis) on the Scotian Shelf. J.Northw.Atl. Fish. Sci. 27: 107-118.Koeller, P.A., L. Savard, D. Parsons, and C. Fu. 2000 1 .A precautionary approach to assessment and management of shrimp stocks in theNorthwest Atlantic. J. Northw. Atl. Fish. Sci. 27: 235-246.Lidgard, D.C., D.J. Boness, and W.D. Bowen. 2001. A novel mobile approach to investigating mating tactics in male grey seals (Halichoerusgrypus).J.Zool., Lond. 255: 313-320.Nielsen, E.E., and E. Kenchington. 2001. Prioritizing marine fish and shellfish populations for conservation: A useful concept? Fish Fish. Ser. 2: 328-343.Pinhorn, A.T., and R.G. Halliday. 2001. The regulation of exploitation pattern in North Atlantic groundfish stocks. Fish. Res. 53: 25-37.Ramseier, R.O., C. Garrity, D.G. Parsons, and P. Koeller. 2000 1 .Influence of particulate organic carbon sedimentation within the seasonal seaiceregime on the catch distribution of northern shrimp (Pandalus borealis).J.Northw. Atl. Fish. Sci. 27: 35-44.Tremblay, M.J., and S.J. Smith. 2001. Lobster (Homarus americanus) catchability in different habitats in late spring and early fall. Mar. Freshw.Res. 52: 1321-1332.Departmental Reports:Carr, J. 2001. A review of downstream movements of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in the dam-impacted Saint John River drainage.Can. Manuscr. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2573. 76 p.Claytor, R.R. 2001. Fishery acoustic indices for assessing Atlantic herring populations. Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2359. 213 p.Claytor, R.R., S. Power, K. Leroux, A. Clay, and C. LeBlanc. 2001. Herring purse seine fishing activity in the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence,1995-1998. Can. Data Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1075. 231 p.Jessop, B.M. 2001. Change in length, weight and condition of American eel (Anguilla rostrata) elvers preserved in 4% and 10% formalin.Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2339. 21 p.Tremblay, M.J., and B. Sainte-Marie [ed.]. 2001. Canadian Lobster Atlantic Wide Studies (CLAWS) Symposium: Abstracts and ProceedingsSummary. Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2328: ix + 111 p.Special Publications 2 :Amiro, P.G., D.A. Longard, and E.M. Jefferson. 2000 1 .Assessments of Atlantic salmon stocks of Salmon Fishing areas 20 and 21, the SouthernUplands of Nova Scotia, for 1999. DFO Can. Stock Assess. Sec. Res. Doc. 2000/009. 28 p.Bradford, R.G., D. Cairns, and B. Jessop. 2001. Update on the status of striped bass (Morone saxatilis) in eastern Canada in 1998. DFO Can.Science Advis. Sec. Res. Doc. 2001/007. 14 p.Bradford, R.G., G. Chaput, S. Douglas, and J. Hayward. 2001. Status of striped bass in the Gulf of St. Lawrence in 1998. DFO Can.Science Advis. Sec. Res. Doc. 2001/006. 30 p.Branton, R., and G. Black. 2001. 2001 Summer groundfish survey update for selected Scotia-Fundy groundfish stocks. DFO Can. ScienceAdvis. Sec. Res. Doc. 2001/096. 62 p.Campana, S., L. Marks, W. Joyce, and S. Harley. 2001. Analytical assessment of the porbeagle shark (Lamna nasus) population in theNorthwest Atlantic, with estimates of long-term sustainable yield. DFO Can. Science Advis. Sec. Res. Doc. 2001/067. 59 p.1Citation year is 1999 or 2000; however, publication occurred after publication of Bedford Institute of Oceanography 2000.2The name of the DFO secretariat, CSAS, changed in 2001 from the Canadian Stock Assessment Secretariat to the Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat. Therefore, the CSAS Secretariat’sResearch Documents and Proceedings have been changed to the DFO Can. Science Advis. Sec. Res. Doc., and the DFO Can. Science Advis. Sec. Proceed. Ser. respectively.BIO-2001 IN REVIEW / 69

PUBLICATIONS AND PRODUCTS 2001Clair, T., J. Ehrman, and C.-U. Ro. 2000 1 .Freshwater chemistry acidification trends in sensitive Nova Scotia lakes: 1983-1997. DFO Can. StockAssess. Sec. Res. Doc. 2000/055. 16 p.Claytor, R., D. Pezzack, C. Frail, and K. Drinkwater. 2001. Analysis of LFA 41 lobster catch rates 1985 to 1999. DFO Can. Science Advis. Sec.Res. Doc 2001/131. 48 p.Claytor, R., S. Nolan, and R. Duggan. 2001. Spatial correlations in catch rates, annual landings, and lobster sizes among port clusters in theLFA 33 lobster fishery. DFO Can. Science Advis. Sec. Res. Doc 2001/019. 58 p.DFO. 2001. Cod in Sydney Bight (Div. 4Vn). DFO Sci. Stock Status Rep. A3-02. 10 p.DFO. 2001. Eastern Georges Bank cod. DFO Sci. Stock Status Rep. A3-04. 7 p.DFO. 2001. Eastern Scotian Shelf haddock. DFO Sci. Stock Status Rep. A3-06. 10 p.DFO. 2001. Eastern Georges Bank haddock. DFO Sci. Stock Status Rep. A3-08. 8 p.DFO. 2001. White hake in 4VWX and 5. DFO Sci. Stock Status Rep. A3-10. 12 p.DFO. 2001. Yellowtail flounder on Georges Bank. DFO Sci. Stock Status Rep. A3-15. 7 p.DFO. 2001. Atlantic halibut on the Scotian Shelf and southern Grand Bank (Div. 4VWX 3NOPs). DFO Sci. Stock Status Rep. A3-23. 8 p.DFO. 2001. Updates on selected Scotian Shelf groundfish stocks in 2001. DFO Sci. Stock Status Rep. A3-35. 49 p.DFO. 2001. 4VWX herring. DFO Sci. Stock Status Rep. B3-03. 10 p.DFO. 2001. Porbeagle shark in NAFO Subareas 3-6. DFO Sci. Stock Status Rep. B3-09. 9 p.DFO. 2001. Northern shrimp on the eastern Scotian Shelf (SFA 13-15). DFO Sci. Stock Status Rep. C3-15. 7 p.DFO. 2001. Georges Bank scallop. DFO Sci. Stock Status Rep. C3-17. 10 p.DFO. 2001. Eastern Scotian Shelf scallop. DFO Sci. Stock Status Rep. C3-19. 7 p.DFO. 2001. Bay of Fundy lobster (LFAs 35, 36, and 38). DFO Sci. Stock Status Rep. C3-61. 12 p.DFO. 2001. Southwest Nova Scotia lobster (Lobster Fishing Area 34). DFO Sci. Stock Status Rep. C3-62. 12 p.DFO. 2001. Atlantic salmon: Maritime Provinces overview for 2000. DFO Sci. Stock Status Rep. D3-14. 41 p.DFO. 2001. Gaspereau: Maritime Provinces overview. DFO Sci. Stock Status Rep. D3-17. 15 p.DFO. 2001. Chemical and biological oceanographic conditions in 2000 - Maritimes Region. DFO Sci. Stock Status Rep. G3-03. 11 p.Dwyer, K., S.J. Walsh, S.E. Campana, and M.F. Veitch. 2001. Preliminary analysis of age validation studies in yellowtail flounder. NorthwestAtl. Fish. Organ. Sci. Counc. Res. Doc. 01/51. 16 p.Fowler, G.M., and W.T. Stobo. 2000 1 . Status of 4VW American plaice and yellowtail flounder. DFO Can. Stock Assess. Sec. Res. Doc.2000/144. 87 p.Fowler, G.M., and W.T. Stobo. 2001. Patterns of abundance and maturity among three species of parasitic nematodes (Pseudoterranova decipiens,Contracaecum osculatum, Anisakis simplex) co-existing in Sable Island grey seals (Halichoerus grypus).North Atlantic MarineMammal Commission Sci. Publ. 3: 149-160.Gibson, A.J.F., and R.A. Myers. 2001. Gaspereau River alewife stock status report. DFO Can. Science Advis. Sec. Res. Doc. 2001/061. 42 p.1Citation year is 1999 or 2000; however, publication occurred after publication of Bedford Institute of Oceanography 2000.70 / BIO-2001 IN REVIEW

PUBLICATIONS AND PRODUCTS 2001Halliday, R.G. 2001. Proceedings of the Fisheries Management Studies Working Group. DFO Can. Science Advis. Sec. Proceed. Ser.2001/21. 83 p.Halliday, R.G., and R. O’Boyle. 2001. Proceedings of the Fisheries Management Studies Working Group. DFO Can. Science Advis. Sec.Proceed. Ser. 2001/022. 70 p.Halliday, R.G., and R.K. Mohn. 2001. Proceedings of the Fisheries Management Studies Working Group. DFO Can. Science Advis. Sec.Proceed. Ser. 2001/08. 49 p.Halliday, R.G., L.P. Fanning, and R.K. Mohn. 2001. Use of the traffic light method in fishery management planning. DFO Can. Science Advis.Sec. Res. Doc. 2001/108. 41 p.Jamieson, G., R. O’Boyle, J. Arbour, D. Cobb, S. Courtenay, R. Gregory, C. Levings, J. Munro, I. Perry, and H. Vandermeulen. 2001.Proceedings of the National Workshop on Objectives and Indicators for Ecosystem-Based Management. DFO Can. Science Advis. Sec.Proceed. Ser. 2001/09. 140 p.Kulka, D.W., D.E. Themelis, and R.G. Halliday. 2001. Distribution and biology of orange roughy (Hoplostethus atlanticus Collett, 1889) in theNorthwest Atlantic. Northwest Atl. Fish. Organ. Sci. Res. Doc. 01/84, Ser. N4471. 23 p.Marshall, T.L., P.H. LeBlanc, K.A. Rutherford, and R.A. Jones. 2000 1 .Assessments of Atlantic salmon stocks in selected rivers of Cape BretonIsland, 1999. DFO Can. Stock Assess. Sec. Res. Doc. 2000/008. 34 p.Marshall, T.L., R.A. Jones, and L. Anderson. 2000 1 .Assessments of Atlantic salmon stocks in southwest New Brunswick, 1999. DFO Can.Stock Assess. Sec. Res. Doc. 2000/010. 29 p.Miller, R.J., and S.C. Nolan. 2000 1 .Management of the Nova Scotia sea urchin fishery: A nearly successful habitat based management regime.DFO Can. Stock Assess. Sec. Res. Doc 2000/109: 41 p.O’Boyle, R. 2001. Meeting on turtle by-catch in Canadian Atlantic fisheries. DFO Can. Science Advis. Sec. Proceed. Ser. 2001/17. 31 p.O’Boyle, R. 2001. Proceedings of a Maritimes Regional Advisory Process meeting on LFA 33-41 lobster; 2-5 April 2001. DFO Can. ScienceAdvis. Sec. Proceed. Ser. 2001/20. 29 p.O’Boyle, R. 2001. Proceedings of a Maritimes Regional Advisory Process meeting on NAFO Subarea 3-6 porbeagle shark. DFO Can. ScienceAdvis. Sec. Proceed. Ser. 2001/19. 15 p.O’Boyle, R. 2001. Proceedings of a meeting on Subarea 4 witch stock structure. DFO Can. Science Advis. Sec. Proceed. Ser. 2001/06. 15 p.O’Boyle, R. 2001. Proceedings of the fourth meeting of the Transboundary Resources Assessment Committee (TRAC). DFO Can. ScienceAdvis. Sec. Proceed. Ser. 2001/18. 38 p.O’Boyle, R.N. 2001. Proceedings of a meeting on eastern Scotian Shelf shrimp. DFO Can. Science Advis. Sec. Proceed. Ser. 2001/05. 32 p.O’Neil, S.F., K.A. Rutherford, and D. Aitken. 2000 1 .Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) stock status on rivers in the Northumberland Strait,Nova Scotia area, in 1999. DFO Can. Stock Assess. Sec. Res. Doc. 2000/007. 39 p.Robichaud-LeBlanc, K.A., and P.G. Amiro [ed.]. 2001. Assessments of gaspereau and striped bass stocks of the Maritimes Provinces, 2000.DFO Can. Science Advis. Sec. Proceed. Ser. 2001/11. 26 p.Stobo, W.T., and G.M. Fowler, 2001. Sealworm (Pseudoterranova decipiens) dynamics in Sable Island grey seals (Halichoerus grypus): seasonalfluctuations and other changes in worm loads during the 1980s. North Atlantic Marine Mammal Commission Sci. Publ. 3: 129-147.White, W. 2000 1 .A review of the effectiveness and feasibility of alternate liming techniques to mitigate for acid rain effects in Nova Scotia.DFO Can. Stock Assess. Sec. Res. Doc. 2000/057. 25 p.Zwanenburg, K. 2001. Proceedings of the Marine Fisheries Subcommittee. DFO Can. Science Advis. Sec. Proceed. Ser. 2001/13. 58 p.1Citation year is 1999 or 2000; however, publication occurred after publication of Bedford Institute of Oceanography 2000.BIO-2001 IN REVIEW / 71

PUBLICATIONS AND PRODUCTS 2001Books; Book Chapters:Claytor, R.R., and A. Clay. 2001. Distributing fishing mortality in time and space to prevent overfishing, pp. 543-558. In G.H. Kruse, N. Bez,A. Booth, M.W. Dorn, S. Hills, R.N. Lipicius, D. Pelletier, C. Roy, S.J. Smith, and D. Witherell [ed.]. Spatial Processes and Management ofMarine Populations. University of Alaska Sea Grant, AK-SG-01-02, Fairbanks.Kruse, G.H., N. Bez, A. Booth, M.W. Dorn, S. Hills, R. Lipcius, D. Pelletier, C. Roy, S.J. Smith, and D. Witherell [ed.]. 2001. Spatial Processesand Management of Marine Populations. University of Alaska Sea Grant, AK-SG-01-02, Fairbanks. 720 p.Smith, S.J., E.L. Kenchington, M.J. Lundy, G. Robert, and D. Roddick. 2001. Spatially specific growth rates for sea scallops (Placopecten magellanicus),p.211-231.In G.H. Kruse, N. Bez, A. Booth, M.W. Dorn, S. Hills, R. Lipcius, D. Pelletier, C. Roy, S. J. Smith, and D. Witherell[ed.]. Spatial Processes and Management of Marine Populations. University of Alaska Sea Grant, AK-SG-01-02, Fairbanks.Conference Proceedings:Koeller, P.A., J. Bouthillier, and S. Tveite [ed.]. 2000 1 .Pandalid shrimp fisheries - science and management at the millenium. Proceedings ofthe International NAFO/ICES/PICES Symposium held in Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, September 8-10, 1999.2) Ocean SciencesRecognized Scientific Journals:Burgett, R.L., D. Hebert, and N.S. Oakey. 2001. Vertical structure of turbulence on the southern flank of Georges Bank. J. Geophys. Res. 106:22545-22558.Drinkwater, K.F. and G.C. Harding. 2001. Effects of the Hudson Strait outflow on the biology of the Labrador Shelf. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.58: 171-184.Drinkwater, K.F., and J.W. Loder. 2001. Near-surface horizontal convergence and dispersion near the tidal-mixing front on NortheasternGeorges Bank. Deep-Sea Res. II(48): 311-339.Edwards, A.M. 2001. Adding detritus to a nutrient-phytoplankton-zooplankton model: A dynamical-systems approach. J. Plankton Res.23(4): 389-413.Edwards, A.M., and A. Yool. 2000 1 .The role of higher predation in plankton population models. J. Plankton Res. 22(6): 1085-1112.Edwards, A.M., and M.A. Bees. 2001. Generic dynamics of a simple plankton population model with a non-integer exponent of closure.Chaos, Solitons and Fractals 12: 289-300. (Special Issue on “Chaos in Ecology.”)Edwards, A.M., T. Platt, and D.G. Wright. 2001. Biologically induced circulation at fronts. J. Geophys. Res. 106: 7081-7095.Fransson, A., M. Chierici, L.G. Anderson, I. Bussmann, G. Kattner, E.P. Jones, and J.H. Swift. 2001. The importance of shelf processes for themodification of chemical constituents in the waters of the Eurasian Arctic Ocean: Implication for carbon fluxes. Continental Shelf Res.21: 225-242.Han, G., and C.L. Tang. 2001. Interannual variations of volume transport in the western Labrador Sea based on TOPEX/Poseidon andWOCE data. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 31: 199-211.Hannah, C.G., J. Shore, J.W. Loder, and C.E. Naimie. 2001. Seasonal circulation on the western and central Scotian Shelf. J. Phys. Oceanogr.31: 591-615.Harrison, W.G., J. Arístegui, E.J.H. Head, W.K.W. Li, A.R. Longhurst, and D.D. Sameoto. 2001. Basin-scale variability in plankton biomassand community metabolism in the sub-tropical North Atlantic Ocean. Deep Sea Res. II(48): 2241-2269.1Citation year is 1999 or 2000; however, publication occurred after publication of Bedford Institute of Oceanography 2000.72 / BIO-2001 IN REVIEW

PUBLICATIONS AND PRODUCTS 2001Incze, L.S., D. Hebert, N. Wolff, N. Oakey, and D. Dye. 2001. Changes in copepod distributions associated with increased turbulence fromwind stress. Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser. 213: 229-240.Li, W.K.W., and P.M. Dickie. 2001. Monitoring phytoplankton, bacterioplankton, and virioplankton in a coastal inlet (Bedford Basin) by flowcytometry. Cytometry 44: 236-246.Li, W.K.W., and W.G. Harrison. 2001. Chlorophyll, bacteria and picophytoplankton in ecological provinces of the North Atlantic. Deep SeaRes. II(48): 2271-2293.Loder, J.W., J.A. Shore, C.G. Hannah, and B.D. Petrie. 2001. Decadal-scale hydrographic and circulation variability in the Scotia-Maineregion. Deep Sea Res. II(48): 3-35.Lu,Y., K.R. Thompson, and D.G. Wright. 2001. Tidal currents and mixing in the Gulf of St. Lawrence: An application of the incrementalapproach to data assimilation. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 58: 723-735.Lu,Y., D.G. Wright, and D. Brickman. 2001. Internal tide generation over topography: Experiments with a free-surface Z-level ocean model.J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. 18: 1076-1091.Lutz, V.A., S. Sathyendranath, E.J.H. Head, and W.K.W. Li. 2001. Changes in the in vivo absorption and fluorescence excitation spectra withgrowth irradiance in three species of phytoplankton. J. Plankton Res. 23: 555-569.Lynch, D.R., and C.G. Hannah. 2001. Inverse model for limited-area hindcasts on the Continental Shelf. J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. 18: 962-981.Lynch, D.R., C.E. Naimie, J.T. Ip, C.V. Lewis, F.E. Werner, R. Luettich, B.O. Blanton, J. Quinlan, D.J. McGillicuddy, Jr., J.R. Ledwell, J.Churchill, V. Kosnyrev; C.S. Davis, S.M. Gallager, C.J. Ashjian; R.G. Lough, J. Manning; C.N. Flagg, C.G. Hannah, and R. Groman. 2001.Real-time data assimilative modeling on Georges Bank. Oceanography 14(1): 65-77.McLaren, I.A., E. Head, and D.D. Sameoto. 2001. Life cycles and seasonal distributions of Calanus finmarchicus on the central Scotian Shelf.Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 58: 659-670.Naimie, C.E., R. Limeburner, C.G. Hannah, and R. Beardsley. 2001. On the geographic and seasonal patterns of near-surface circulation onGeorges Bank – from real and simulated drifters. Deep Sea Res. II(48): 501-518.Pershing, A.J., C.H. Greene, C.G. Hannah, D. Sameoto, E. Head, D.G. Mountain, J.W. Jossi, M.C. Benfiled, P.C. Reid, and T.G. Durbin. 2001.Oceanographic responses to climate in the Northwest Atlantic. Oceanography 14(3): 76-82.Petrie, B., and P.A. Yeats. 2000 1 .Annual and interannual variability of nutrients and their estimated fluxes in the Scotian Shelf – Gulf ofMaine region. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 57: 2536-2546.Platt, T., and S. Sathyendranath. 2001. A. Modelling primary production – XXIII (in Japanese). Aquabiology 23: 77-81.Platt, T., and S. Sathyendranath. 2001. B. Modelling primary production – XXIV (in Japanese). Aquabiology 23: 170-174.Platt, T., and S. Sathyendranath. 2001. C. Modelling primary production – XXV (in Japanese). Aquabiology 23: 288-290.Platt, T., and S. Sathyendranath. 2001. D. Modelling primary production – XXVI (in Japanese). Aquabiology 23: 364-367.Platt, T., and S. Sathyendranath. 2001. E. Modelling primary production – XXVII (in Japanese). Aquabiology 23: 584-588.Sameoto, D. 2001. Decadal changes in phytoplankton color index and selected calanoid copepods in continous plankton recorder data fromthe Scotian Shelf. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 58: 749-761.Sathyendranath, S., V. Stuart, G. Cota, H. Maass, and T. Platt. 2001. Remote sensing of phytoplankton pigments: A comparison of empiricaland theoretical approaches. Int. J. Remote Sens. 22: 249-273.Savenkoff, C., A.F. Vézina, P.C. Smith, and G. Han. 2001. Summer transport of nutrients in the Gulf of St. Lawrence estimated by inversemodeling. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 52: 565-587.1Citation year is 1999 or 2000; however, publication occurred after publication of Bedford Institute of Oceanography 2000.BIO-2001 IN REVIEW / 73

PUBLICATIONS AND PRODUCTS 2001Sheng, J., R.J. Greatbatch, and D.G. Wright. 2001. Improving the utility of ocean circulation models through adjustments of the momentumbalance. J. Geophys. Res. 106: 16711-16728.Sheng, J., K.R. Thompson, L. Chong, P.C. Smith, and D.J. Lawrence. 2001. Effect of wind and local density on the subtidal circulation on theinner Scotian Shelf. Continental Shelf Res. 21: 1-19.Tang, C.L. 2001. Ice patches on the northeast Newfoundland Shelf observed by RADARSAT. Can. J. Remote Sens. 27: 44-49.Tian, R., A.F. Vézina, M. Starr, and F.J. Saucier. 2001. Seasonal dynamics of coastal ecosystems and export production at high latitudes: Amodeling study. Limnol. Oceanogr. 46: 1845-1859.Turk,D., M.R. Lewis, W.G. Harrison, T. Kawano, and I. Asanuma. 2001. Geographical distribution in the western/central equatorial Pacificduring El Niño and normal conditions. J. Geophys. Res. - Oceans 106(C3): 4501-4515.Xu, Z., R.H. Hendry, and J.W. Loder. 2001. Applications of a direct inverse data assimilation method to the M2 tide on the Newfoundlandand southern Labrador Shelves. J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. 18: 665-690.Yashayaev, I.M., and I.I. Zveryaev. 2001. Climate of the seasonal cycle in the North Pacific and the North Atlantic oceans. Int. J. Clim. 21(4): 401-417.Departmental Reports:Dowd, M., F.H. Page, R. Losier, P. McCurdy, and G. Bugden. 2001. Physical oceanography of Tracadie Bay, P.E.I.: Analysis of sea level, current,wind, and drifter data. Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2347: iii + 77.Petrie, B., G. Bugden, T. Tedford, Y. Geshelin, and C. Hannah. 2001. Review of the physical oceanography of Sydney Harbour. Can. Tech. Rep.Hydrogr. Ocean Sci. 215: vii + 43 pp.Savenkoff, C., A.F. Vézina, and A. Bundy. 2001. Inverse analysis of the structure and dynamics of the whole Newfoundland-Labrador Shelfecosystem. Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2354: viii + 56 p.Tedford, T., E. Gonzalez, and C.G. Hannah. 2001. BBLT Version 3.1 user’s manual. Can. Tech. Rep. Hydrogr. Ocean Sci. 213: v + 48 pp.Special Publications 2 :Drinkwater, K., C. Hannah, J. Loder, G. Harding, and J. Shore. 2001. Modelling the drift of lobster larvae off southwest Nova Scotia. DFOCan. Sci. Advis. Sec. Res. Doc. 2001/051. 29 p.Drinkwater, K., B. Petrie, R. Pettipas, and L. Petrie. 2001. Overview of meteorological, sea ice and sea-surface temperature conditions off easternCanada during 2000. DFO Can. Sci. Advis. Sec. Res. Doc. 2001/054. 34 p.Drinkwater K., B. Petrie, R. Pettipas, L. Petrie, and V. Soukhovtsev. 2001. Physical oceanographic conditions on the Scotian Shelf and Gulf ofMaine during 2000. DFO Can. Science Advis. Sec. Res. Doc. 2001/055. 46 p.Drinkwater K., R. Pettipas, and L. Petrie. 2001. Temperature conditions on the Scotian Shelf and in the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence during2000 relevant to snow crab. DFO Can. Science Advis. Sec. Res. Doc. 2001/052. 42 p.Drinkwater, K.F., R. Pettipas, and L. Petrie. 2001. Physical environmental conditions in the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence during 2000. DFOCan. Science Advis. Sec. Res. Doc. 2001/053. 38 p.Head, E., P. Pepin, and J. Runge. 2001. Proceedings of the workshop on “The Northwest Atlantic Ecosystem – A Basin Scale Approach.” DFOCan. Science Advis. Sec. Proceed. Ser. 2001/23. 113 p.Kepkay, P. [ed.]. Proceedings of the workshop on carbon storage in the coastal zone, Halifax, 16-17 October. 2001. DFO Can. Science Advis.Sec. Proceed. Ser. 2001/027. 38p.1Citation year is 1999 or 2000; however, publication occurred after publication of Bedford Institute of Oceanography 2000.2The name of the DFO secretariat, CSAS, changed in 2001 from the Canadian Stock Assessment Secretariat to the Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat. Therefore, the CSAS Secretariat’sResearch Documents and Proceedings have been changed to the DFO Can. Science Advis. Sec. Res. Doc., and the DFO Can. Science Advis. Sec. Proceed. Ser. respectively.74 / BIO-2001 IN REVIEW

PUBLICATIONS AND PRODUCTS 2001Books: Book Chapters:Clarke, R A., J. Church, and J. Gould. 2001. Ocean processes and climate phenomena, p. 11-30. In G. Siedler, J. Church, and J. Gould [ed.].Ocean Circulation and Climate, Observing and Modelling the Global Ocean. Academic Press.Dickson, R.R., J. Hurrell, N. Bindoff, A. Wong, B. Arbic, B. Owens, S. Imawaki, and I. Yashayaev. 2001. The world during WOCE, p. 557-584.In G. Siedler, J. Church, and J. Gould [ed.]. Ocean Circulation and Climate, Observing and Modelling the Global Ocean. Academic Press.Folland, C.K., T.R. Karl, J.R. Christy, R.A. Clarke, G.V. Gruza, J. Jouzel, M.E. Mann, J. Oerlemans, M.J. Salinger, and S.W. Wang. 2001.Observed climate variability and change, p. 99-181. In J.T. Houghton, Y. Ding, D.J. Griggs, M. Noguer, P.J. van der Linden, X. Dai, K.Maskell, and C.A. Johnson [ed.]. Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Third AssessmentReport of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York,N.Y., U.S.A. 881 p.Lazier, J.R., R. Pickart, and P. Rhines. 2001. Deep convection, p. 387-400. In G. Siedler, J. Church, and J. Gould [ed.]. Ocean Circulation andClimate, Observing and Modelling the Global Ocean. Academic Press.Li, W.K.W. 2001. Changes in planktonic microbiota, p. 105-121. In A. Ducharme and G. Turner [ed.]. Preserving the Environment of HalifaxHarbour, Workshop #2. Fisheries and Oceans Canada and Halifax Regional Municipality.Oakey, N.S. 2001. Turbulence sensors, p. 3063-3069. In J.H. Steele, S.A. Thorpe, and K.K. Turekian [ed.]. Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences.Toba, Y., S.D. Smith, and N. Ebuchi. 2001. Historical wind drag expressions, p. 35-53. In I.S.F. Jones and Y. Toba [ed.]. Wind Stress over theOcean. Cambridge University Press.Conference Proceedings:Belliveau, D., H. Hayden, and S. Prinsenberg. 2001. Ice drift and draft measurements for moorings at the Confederation Bridge, p. 349-358.In R. Fredeking, I. Kubat, and G. Timco [ed.]. Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Port and Ocean Engineering UnderArctic Conditions (POAC ’01), 1.Hamilton, J. 2001. Accurate ocean current direction measurements near the magnetic poles, p. 656-670. In Proceeding of the 11thInternational Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference (2001), ISOPE2001, 1. Stavanger, Norway.Li, W.K.W. 2001. Macroecological patterns in microbial plankton of the North Atlantic, p. 17-18. In T. Nagata and I. Koike [ed.]. Food WebDynamics and Biogeochemistry in Maine Environments: New Approaches for Exploring Biocomplex Systems. Dynamics of the OceanBiosystem (DOBIS). Otsu, Japan.Prinsenberg, S., and I.K. Peterson. 2001. Pack ice thickness and concentration measurements from the area around the Confederation Bridge(Canada) using helicopter-borne sensors, p. 339-348. In Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Port and OceanEngineering Under Arctic Conditions (POAC ’01), 1.Prinsenberg, S.J., and I.K. Peterson. 2001. Variations in air-drag coefficient due to ice surface roughness, p. 733-738. In Proceedings of the 11 thInternational Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference (2001), ISOPE2001, 1. Stavanger, Norway.Yao, T., and T. Carrieres. 2001. Forecasting sea ice on the Canadian East Coast, p. 1061-1070. In Proceedings of the 16 th InternationalConference on Port and Ocean Engineering Under Arctic Conditions (POAC ’01), 3.3) Marine Environmental SciencesRecognized Scientific Journals:Armsworthy, S.L., B.A. MacDonald, and J.E. Ward. 2001. Feeding activity,absorption efficiency and suspension feeding processes in the ascidian,Halocynthia pyriformis (Stolidobranchia: Ascidiacea): Responses to variations in diet quantity and quality. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 260: 41-69.1Citation year is 1999 or 2000; however, publication occurred after publication of Bedford Institute of Oceanography 2000.BIO-2001 IN REVIEW / 75

PUBLICATIONS AND PRODUCTS 2001Blake, A.C., G.C. Kineke, T.G. Milligan, and C.R. Alexander. 2001. Sediment trapping and transport in the ACE Basin, South Carolina.Estuaries 25(4): 721-733.Buhl-Mortensen, L., and R. Toresen. 2001. Fisheries management in a sea of uncertainty: The role and responsibility of scientists in attaininga precautionary approach. Int. J. Sustainable Dev. 4(3): 245-264.Charette, M.A., S.B. Moran, S.M. Pike, and J.N. Smith. 2001. Investigating the carbon cycle in the Gulf of Maine using the natural tracer thorium234. J. Geophys. Res. 106(C6): 11,553-11,579.Chase, M.E., S.H. Jones, P. Hennigar, J. Sowles, G.C.H. Harding, K. Freeman, P.G. Wells, C. Krahforst, K. Coombs, R. Crawford, J. Pederson,and D. Taylor. 2001. Gulfwatch: Monitoring spatial and temporal patterns of trace metal and organic contaminants in the Gulf of Maine(1991-1997) with the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis L. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 42(6): 491-505.Chou, C.L., L.A. Paon, J.D. Moffatt, and B. Zwicker. 2000 1 .Copper contamination and cadmium, silver, and zinc concentrations in the digestiveglands of American lobster (Homarus americanus) from the Inner Bay of Fundy, Atlantic Canada. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 65: 470-477.Chou, C.L., and J.D. Moffatt. 2000 1 .A simple co-precipitation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric method for the determinationof uranium in seawater. Fresenius’ J. Anal. Chem. 368: 59-61.Cranford, P.J. 2001. Evaluating the “reliability” of filtration rate measurements in bivalves. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 215: 303-305.Fortier, L., M. Fortier, M. Fukuchi, D. Barber, Y. Gratton, L. Legendre, T. Odate, and B. Hargrave. 2001. The International North WaterPolynya Study (NOW): A progress report. Natl. Inst. Polar Res. 54: 343-348.Geyer, W.R., P.S. Hill, and T.G. Milligan, 2000 1 .Fluid and sediment dynamics in the Eel River flood plume. Cont. Shelf Res. 20: 2112-2120.Gobeil, C., B. Sundby, R.W. Macdonald, and J.N. Smith. 2001. Recent change in organic carbon flux to Arctic Ocean deep basins: Evidencefrom acid volatile sulfide, manganese and rhenium discord in sediments. Geophys. Res. Lett. 28(9): 1743-746.Gobeil, C., R.W. Macdonald, J.N. Smith, and L. Beaudin. 2001. Atlantic water flow pathways revealed by lead contamination in Arctic basinsediments. Science 293: 1301-1304.Hellou, J., T. King, and D.E. Willis. 2001. Seasonal and geographical distribution of PAHs in mussel, Mytilus edulis,collected from an urbanharbour. Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds 20: 21.38.Hill, P.S., T.G. Milligan, and W.R. Geyer, 2000 1 .Controls on effective settling velocity of suspended sediment in the Eel River flood plume.Cont. Shelf Res. 20: 2095-2111.Holmer, M., P. Lassus, J.E. Stewart, and D.J. Wildish. 2001. ICES Symposium on Environment Effects of Mariculture. ICES (Int. Counc.Explor. Sea) J. Mar. Sci. 58: 363-368.Leonard, J.D., and J. Hellou. 2001. Separation and characterization of gall bladder bile metabolites from speckled trout, Salvelinus fontinalis,exposed to individual polycyclic aromatic compounds. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 20(3): 618-623.Milligan, T.G., G.C. Kineke, A.C. Blake, C.R. Alexander, and P.S. Hill. 2001. Flocculation and sedimentation in the ACE Basin, SouthCarolina. Estuaries 24(5): 734-744.Payne, J.F., B. French, D. Hamoutene, P. Yeats, A. Rahimtula, D. Scruton, and C. Andrews. 2001. Are metal mining effluent regulations adequate:Identification of a novel bleached fish syndrome in association with iron-ore mining effluents in Labrador, Newfoundland. Aquat.Toxicol. 52: 311-317.Schroeder, P.C., P.R. Boudreau, C.E.W. Brehme, A.M. Boyce, A.J. Evans, and A. Rahmani. 2001. The Gulf of Maine EnvironmentalInformation Exchange: Participation, observation, conversation. Environment and Planning. B. Planning and Design 2001. Pion.London. 28: 865-887.Smith, J.N. 2001. Why should we believe 210 Pb sediment geochronologies. J. Environ. Radioact. 55: 121-123.1Citation year is 1999 or 2000; however, publication occurred after publication of Bedford Institute of Oceanography 2000.76 / BIO-2001 IN REVIEW

PUBLICATIONS AND PRODUCTS 2001Stewart, J.E. 2001. A case for a comprehensive environmental database as a tool for integrated coastal zone planning and management. Bull.Aquacult. Assoc. Can. 101(1): 42-47.Wildish, D.J., B.T. Hargrave, and G. Pohle. 2001. Cost-effective monitoring of organic enrichment resulting from salmon aquaculture. J. Mar. Sci. 58: 469-476.Yeats, P.A., and C.L. Chou. 2001. Covariance of copper concentrations in lobsters and seawater. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 67: 455-462.Departmental Reports:Bugden, J.B.C., B.T. Hargrave, P.M. Strain, and A.R.J. Stewart [ed.]. 2001. Spatial patterns of some physical and chemical variables inPassamaquoddy Bay and Letang Inlet, southwestern Bay of Fundy, September 1999. Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2356: iv + 96 p.Cranford, P.J., K. Lee, J.W. Loder, T.G. Milligan, D.K. Muschenheim, and J. Payne. 2001. Scientific considerations and research results relevantto the review of the 1996 Offshore Waste Treatment Guidelines. Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2364: vi + 25 p.Hargrave, B.T, and G.A. Phillips [ed.]. 2001. Environmental studies for sustainable aquaculture (ESSA): 2001 Workshop Report. Can. Tech.Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2352: viii + 73 p.Martin, J.L, M.M. LeGresley, and P.M. Strain. 2001. Phytoplankton monitoring in the Western Isles region of the Bay of Fundy during 1997-98. Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2349: iv + 85 p.Nelson, R.W.P., K.M. Ellis, and J.N. Smith. 2001. Environmental monitoring report for the Point Lepreau, N.B. nuclear generating station –1991 to 1994. Can. Tech. Rep. Hydrogr. Ocean Sci. 211: v + 125 p.Saunders, K.S., S.E. Cobalni, R.R. Whalen, K. Lee, T.M. Schell, D.K. Muschenheim, T.G. Milligan and M.R. Anderson. 1999 1 .Observations atthe Hibernia Oil Field site, October 1997. Can. Data. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1053: 119 + ix.Stewart, A.R.J., T.G. Milligan, B.A. Law, and D.H. Loring. 2001. Disaggregated inorganic grain size and trace metal analyses of surficial sedimentsin Sydney Harbour, N.S., 1999. Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2384: vii + 35 p.Stewart, P.L., H.A. Levy, and B.T. Hargrave. 2001. Database of benthic macrofaunal biomass and productivity measurements for the EasternCanadian continental shelf, slope and adjacent area. Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2336: vi + 31 p + Al-6.Stewart, P.L., and L.White. 2001. A review of contaminants on the Scotian Shelf and in adjacent coastal waters: 1970 to 1995. Can. Tech. Rep.Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2351: xviii + 158 p.Strain, P.M., G. Bugden, M. Brylinsky, and S. Denny. 2001. Nutrient, dissolved oxygen, trace metal and related measurements in the Bras d’OrLakes, 1995-1997. Can. Data Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1073: iv + 52 p.Special Publications 2 :DFO. 2001. Description of the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence and Sydney Bight marine ecosystems in relation to oil and gas exploration.DFO Marit., Reg. Hab. Status Rep. 2001/01. 18 p.Hargrave, B.T. 2001. Benthic metabolism and carbon storage in coastal sediments, p. 27-33. In P. Kepkay [ed.]. Proceedings of the workshopon carbon storage in the coastal zone, Halifax, 16-17 October. 2001. DFO Can. Science Advis. Sec. Proceed. Ser. 2001/027. 38 p.Books; Book Chapters:Lee, L.E.J., A. McDonald, J. Stassen, and K. Lee. 2001. Effects of oil-spill bioremediation strategies on the survival, growth and reproductivesuccess of the mystery snail, Viviparus georgianus, p. 323-336. In B.M. Greenburg, R.N. Hull, M.H. Roberts, Jr., and R.W. Gensemer [ed.].Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment: Science, Policy, and Standardization – Implications for Environmental Decisions: TenthVolume. American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA. ASTM STP 1403: 323-336.1Citation year is 1999 or 2000; however, publication occurred after publication of Bedford Institute of Oceanography 2000.2The name of the DFO secretariat, CSAS, changed in 2001 from the Canadian Stock Assessment Secretariat to the Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat. Therefore, the CSAS Secretariat’sResearch Documents and Proceedings have been changed to the DFO Can. Science Advis. Sec. Res. Doc., and the DFO Can. Science Advis. Sec. Proceed. Ser. respectively.BIO-2001 IN REVIEW / 77

PUBLICATIONS AND PRODUCTS 2001Lee, K. 2000 1 . In situ bioremediation of oiled shoreline environments. Opportunities for advancement of environmental applications ofmarine biotechnology. The National Research Council of the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering,National Academy Press, Washington, DC., pp. 44-60.Stoffyn-Egli, P., S. Blenkinsopp, K. Lee, and G. Sergy. 2000 1 .Methods for the assessment of oil-mineral aggregates. Environment Canada,Edmonton, Alta., Canada. 40 p.Conference Proceedings:Armsworthy, S.L., P.J. Cranford, K. Lee, and G.H. Tremblay. 2000 1 . Effects of orimulsion on food acquisition and growth of sea scallops, p.1003-1022. In Proceedings of the 23 rd Arctic and Marine Oilspill Program (AMOP) Technical Seminar, Environment Canada, June 14-16, Vancouver, B.C.Chou, C.L. 2001. Aquaculture-related inorganic chemicals in sediments and biota as indicators of marine environmental quality and relevanceto environmental monitoring program. APEC roundtable meeting on the involvement of the business/private sector in the sustainabilityof the marine environment, October 11-12, 2001, Kaochsiung, Chinese Taipei, III. 5-1-17.Garcia-Blanco, S., M. Moteleb, A.D. Venosa, M.T. Suidan, K. Lee, and D.W. King. 2001. Restoration of the oil-contaminated St. LawrenceRiver shoreline: Bioremediation and phytoremediation, p. 303-308. In Proceedings of the 2001 International Oil Spill Conference, TampaFlorida, USA, March 26-29, 2001.Gordon, D.C., Jr., E.L.R. Kenchington, K.D. Gilkinson, D.L. McKeown, G. Steeves, M. Chin-Yee, W.P. Vass, K. Bentham, and P.R. Boudreau.2000 1 .Canadian imaging and sampling technology for studying marine benthic habitat and biological communities. Int. Counc. Explor.Sea. 2000 Annual Science Conference, C.M.2000/T:07.Grenon, S., V. Jarry, D. Longpre, K. Lee, and A.D. Venosa. 2001. Logistics for the conduct of controlled oil spill experiment on bioremediation offreshwater wetlands, p. 1467-1469. In Proceedings of the 2001 International Oil Spill Conference, Tampa, Florida, USA, March 26-29, 2001.Hodson, P.V., S. Zambon, A. Ewert, I. Ibrahim, Y. Kiparissis, M. Windle, K. Lee, and A.D. Venosa. 2001. Evaluating the efficiency of oil spillcountermeasures by monitoring changes in the bioavailability and toxicity to fish of PAH from wetland sediments, p. 211-222. InProceedings of the 24 th Arctic and Marine Oilspill (AMOP) Technical Seminar, Edmonton, Alta., June 12-14, 2001.Kepkay, P.E., J.B.C. Bugden, K. Lee, and P. Stoffyn-Egli. 2000 1 .Application of ultraviolet fluorescence (UVF) spectroscopy to monitor oilmineralaggregates (OMA) formation, p. 1051-1065. In Proceedings of the 23 rd Arctic and Marine Oilspill Program (AMOP) TechnicalSeminar, Environment Canada, June 14-16, Vancouver, B.C.Lee, K., G. Wohlgeschaffen, S.E. Cobanli and J. Gauthier, K.G. Doe, P.M. Jackman, A.D. Venosa, L.E.J. Lee, M.T. Suidan, and S. Garcia-Blanco.2001. Monitoring habitat recovery and toxicity reduction in an oiled freshwater wetland to determine remediation success, p. 195-210. InProceedings of the 24 th Arctic and Marine Oilspill (AMOP) Technical Seminar, Edmonton, Alta., June 12-14, 2001.Lee, K., K.G. Doe, L.E.J. Lee, M.T. Suidan, and A.D. Venosa. 2001. Remediation of an oil-contaminated experimental freshwater wetland:Habitat recovery and toxicity reduction, p. 323-328. In Proceedings of the 2001 International Oil Spill Conference, Tampa, Florida, USA.March 26-29, 2001.Lee, K., and P. Stoffyn-Egli. 2001. Characterization of oil-mineral aggregates, p. 991-996. In Proceedings of the 2001 International Oil SpillConference, American Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C.Lee, K., P. Stoffyn-Egli, and E.H. Owens. 2001. Natural dispersion of oil in a freshwater ecosystem: Desaguadero Pipeline Spill, Bolivia, p.1445-1448. In Proceedings of the International Oil Spill Conference, American Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C.Prince, R.C., M.J. Grossman, R.E. Bare, C.C. Guénette, E.H. Owens, K. Lee, and G.A. Sergy. 2001. Bioremediation of a marine oil spill in theArctic, p. 177-180. In M. Nahir, K. Biggar, and G. Cotta [ed.]. ARCSACC – Proceedings of a Workshop on Assessment and Remediationof Contaminated Sites in Arctic and Cold Climates. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Calgary,Edmonton, Alta., Canada, May 7-8, 2001.Stoffyn-Egli, P., K. Lee, S. Blenkinsopp, and G. Sergy. 2000 1 .Field tests for the verification of oil-mineral aggregate (OMA) formation, p. 1041-1050.In Proceedings of the 23 rd Arctic and Marine Oilspill Program (AMOP) Technical Seminar, Environment Canada, June 14-16, Vancouver, B.C.1Citation year is 1999 or 2000; however, publication occurred after publication of “Bedford Institute of Oceanography 2000”.78 / BIO-2001 IN REVIEW

PUBLICATIONS AND PRODUCTS 2001Tedford, T., G.C. Hannah, T.G. Milligan, J.W. Loder, and D.K. Muschenheim. 2001. Flocculation and the fate of drill mud discharges. Proc. 7 thASCE Int’l Conf. Estuarine and Coastal Modelling, St. Petersburg, Florida.Wrenn, B.A., H. Zheng, E.S. Kohar, K. Lee, and A.D. Venosa. 2001. Effect of pulsed additions of nutrients on oil biodegradation in continuousflowbeach microcosms, p. 339-344. In Proceedings of the 2001 International Oil Spill Conference, Tampa, Florida, USA, March 26-29, 2001.4) Habitat Management DivisionDucharme, A. [ed.]. 2001. Preserving the environment of Halifax Harbour: Workshop #1. Proceedings of Fisheries and Oceans Canada andHalifax Regional Municipality Workshop #1, Halifax, Nova Scotia, March 14 to 15, 2000. 196 p.Ducharme, A., and G. Turner [ed.]. 2001. Preserving the environment of Halifax Harbour: Workshop #2. Proceedings of Fisheries andOceans Canada and Halifax Regional Municipality Workshop #2, Halifax, Nova Scotia, March 14 to 15, 2001. 218 p.Fisheries and Oceans Canada and Halifax Regional Municipality. 2001. Preserving the environment of Halifax Harbour: Call For Action.Executive Summary of Fisheries and Oceans Canada and Halifax Regional Municipality Workshops #1 and #2, Halifax, Nova Scotia,March 14 to 15, 2000 and March 14 to 15, 2001. 28p.5) Oceans and Coastal ManagementSpecial Publications 2 :Coffen-Smout, S., R.G. Halliday, G. Herbert, T. Potter, and N. Witherspoon. 2001. Ocean activities and ecosystem issues on the Eastern ScotianShelf: An assessment of current capabilities to address ecosystem objectives. DFO Can. Science Advis. Sec. Res. Doc. 2001/095. 44 p.ENVIRONMENT CANADA AT BIODepartmental Reports:Craig, C., R. Gaudet, A. Menon, and B. Raymond. 2001. Re-evaluation report Prince Edward Island Shellfish Growing Areas 1 to 3.Manuscript Report No. EP-AR-2001-17. 194 p.Craig, C., A. Menon, B. Raymond, and R. Gaudet. 2001. Re-evaluation report Prince Edward Island Shellfish Growing Area Subsector PE-04-030-001 North Lake. Manuscript Report No. EP-AR-2001-22. 14 p.Craig, C., B. Raymond, and R. Gaudet. 2001. Re-evaluation report Prince Edward Island Shellfish Growing Area Subsector PE-01-020-001Kildare River. Manuscript Report No. EP-AR-2001-21. 15 p.Craig, C., B. Raymond, and R. Gaudet. 2001. Re-evaluation report Prince Edward Island Shellfish Growing Area Subsector PE-05-050-001Murray River/Murray Harbour. Manuscript Report No. EP-AR-2001-23. 18 p.Craig, C., B. Raymond, and R. Gaudet. 2001. Re-evaluation report Prince Edward Island Shellfish Growing Area Subsector PE-07-010-001Orwell Bay/Orwell River. Manuscript Report No. EP-AR-2001-24. 21 p.Craig, C., and D. Walter. 2001. Re-evaluation report Nova Scotia Shellfish Growing Area Subsector NS-07-030-005 St. Peters Inlet.Manuscript Report No. EP-AR-2001-11. 22 p.Craig, C., and D. Walter. 2001. Re-evaluation report Nova Scotia Shellfish Growing Area Subsector NS-08-030-003 Main à Dieu-HallsHarbour. Manuscript Report No. EP-AR-2001-12. 15 p.Craig, C., D. Walter, and A.S. Menon. 2001. Re-evaluation report Nova Scotia Shellfish Growing Areas 6, 8 and 9 (Cape Breton AtlanticSurveys 2000). Manuscript Report No. EP-AR-2001-16. 178 p.Craig, C., D. Walter, A.S. Menon, and C. Dennis. 2001. Re-evaluation report Nova Scotia Shellfish Growing Area 7 (Bras d’Or Lakes, Volume3). Manuscript Report No. EP-AR-2001-15. 188 p.1Citation year is 1999 or 2000; however, publication occurred after publication of Bedford Institute of Oceanography 2000.2The name of the DFO secretariat, CSAS, changed in 2001 from the Canadian Stock Assessment Secretariat to the Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat. Therefore, the CSAS Secretariat’sResearch Documents and Proceedings have been changed to the DFO Can. Science Advis. Sec. Res. Doc., and the DFO Can. Science Advis. Sec. Proceed. Ser. respectively.BIO-2001 IN REVIEW / 79

PUBLICATIONS AND PRODUCTS 2001Richard B., and R. Robichaud. 2001. Re-evaluation report New Brunswick Shellfish Growing Area NB-04-020-001 Néguac Bay. ManuscriptReport No. EP-AR-2001-5. 25 p.Richard B., and R. Robichaud. 2001. Re-evaluation report New Brunswick Shellfish Growing Area Subsector NB-05-020-001 Baie de StLouis. Manuscript Report No. EP-AR-2001-19. 23 p.Richard B., and R. Robichaud. 2001. Re-evaluation report New Brunswick Shellfish Growing Area Subsector NB-05-030-001 and 5-030-002Richibucto River & Harbour and Aldouane. Manuscript Report No. EP-AR-2001-20. 42 p.Richard B., R. Robichaud, R. Gaudet, and D. Walter. 2001. Re-evaluation report New Brunswick Shellfish Growing Area Sectors 4 to 6-020-003 Tabusintac Bay to St-Thomas-de Kent. Manuscript Report No. EP-AR-2001-1.Richard B., R. Robichaud, R. Gaudet, and D. Walter. 2001. Re-evaluation report New Brunswick Shellfish Growing Area Sectors 9-020-001 to19-010-001 Musquash Harbour to Grand Manan Island. Manuscript Report No. EP-AR-2001-2. 260 p.Richard B., R. Robichaud, and P. Godin. 2001. Re-evaluation report New Brunswick Shellfish Growing Area 4-010-001 Tabusintac Bay.Manuscript Report No. EP-AR-2001-26. 30 p.Young, J.H., and R.J. Gaudet. 2001. Re-evaluation report Nova Scotia Shellfish Growing Sector 1-020-003 (Wallace Bay & Harbour).Manuscript Report No. EP-AR-2001-8. 21 p.Young, J.H., A.S. Menon, R. Gaudet, and D. MacArthur. 2001. Re-evaluation report Nova Scotia Shellfish Growing Sector 16-030-003 St.Mary’s Bay ( Head). Manuscript Report No. EP-AR-2001-25. 23 p.Young, J.H., D. Walter, and R. Gaudet. 2001. Re-evaluation report Nova Scotia Shellfish Growing Area NS-01-010 to 4-030 (NorthumberlandStrait-St. Georges Bay). Manuscript Report No. EP-AR-2001-3. 166 p.Young, J.H., D. Walter, and R. Gaudet. 2001. Re-evaluation report Nova Scotia Shellfish Growing Area NS-12-010 to 14-040 (South Shore:Musquodoboit-Lockport). Manuscript Report No. EP-AR-2001-4. 333 p.Young, J.H., D. Walter, and R. Gaudet. 2001. Re-evaluation report Nova Scotia Shellfish Growing Sector 12-010-004 (Three FathomHarbour). Manuscript Report No. EP-AR-2001-9. 15 p.Young, J.H., D. Walter, and R. Gaudet. 2001. Re-evaluation report Nova Scotia Shellfish Growing Sector 13-030-004 Lunenburg Bay (SouthCoves). Manuscript Report No. EP-AR-2001-10. 24 p.Young, J.H., D. Walter, and R. Gaudet. 2001. Re-evaluation report Nova Scotia Shellfish Growing Sector 14-020-004 Medway Harbour.Manuscript Report No. EP-AR-2001-13. 18 p.NATURAL RESOURCES CANADAJournal Articles:Atlantic Geoscience Society (R. A. Fensome and G.L. Williams, editors). 2001. The Last Billion Years: A Geological History of the MaritimeProvinces of Canada. Atlantic Geoscience Society and Nimbus, Halifax, Canada, 212 p.Eaton, G.L., R.A. Fensome, J.B. Riding, and G.L. Williams. 2001. Re-evaluation of the status of the dinoflagellate cyst genusCleistosphaeridium.Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie, Abhandlingen, v. 219, no. 1-2, p. 171-205.Guerstein, G.R., G.L. Williams, and R.A. Fensome. 2001. Cannosphaeropsis quattrocchiae,a new species of dinoflagellate cyst from the mid-Cenozoic of the Colorado Basin, Argentina. Micropaleontology, v. 47, no. 2, p. 155-167, pl. 1-2.Hayward, N., S.A. Dehler, and G.N. Oakey. 2001. The structure of the northeastern Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada: new insight from geophysicalanalysis. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 38, p. 1495-1516.Hesse, R., I. Klaucke, S. Khodabakhsh, W.B.F. Ryan, D.J.W. Piper, and the NAMOC Study Group. 2001. Sandy submarine braid plains:potential deep-water reservoirs. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 85, p. 1499-1521.80 / BIO-2001 IN REVIEW

PUBLICATIONS AND PRODUCTS 2001Hewitt, A.T., and D.C. Mosher. 2001. Late quaternary stratigraphy and seafloor geology of eastern Juan de Fuca Strait, British Columbia andWashington. Marine Geology, v. 177, p. 295-316.Hurich, C., S. Deemer, A. Indares, and M. Salisbury. 2001. Compressional and metamorphic controls on velocity and reflectivity in the continentalcrust: an example from the Grenville Province of Eastern Quebec, Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 106, p. 665-682.Kenny, A.J., B.J. Todd, and R. Cooke. 2001. Procedural Guideline No. 1-4: The application of sidescan sonar for seabed habitat mapping. InMarine monitoring handbook, Edited by J. Davies et al., Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough, U.K., p. 199-210.Kostylev, V.E., B.J. Todd, G.B.J. Fader, R.C. Courtney, G.D.M. Cameron, and R.A. Pickrill. 2001. Benthic habitat mapping on the Scotian Shelfbased on multibeam bathymetry, surficial geology and sea floor photographs. Marine Ecology Progress Series, v. 219, p. 21-137.Kostylev, V.E., B.J. Todd, G.B.J. Fader, R.C. Courtney, G.D.M. Cameron, and R.A. Pickrill. 2001. Habitat mapping based on benthos andmultibeam bathymetry from Browns Bank, Scotian Shelf. Marine Ecology Progress Series, v. 219, p. 121-137.Lewis, C.F.M., D.L. Forbes, B.J. Todd, E. Nielsen, L.H. Thorleifson, P.J. Henderson, I. McMartin, T.W. Anderson, R.N. Betcher, W.M. Buhay,S.M. Burbidge, C.J. Schröder-Adams, J.W. King, K. Moran, C. Gibson, C.A. Jarrett, H.J. Kling, W.L. Lockhart, W.M. Last, G.L.D. Matile, J.Risberg, C.G. Rodrigues, A.M. Telka, and R.E.Vance. 2001. Uplift-driven expansion delayed by middle Holocene desiccation in LakeWinnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. Geology, v. 29, p. 743-746.Li, M.Z., and C.L. Amos. 2001. SEDTRANS96: the upgraded and better calibrated sediment transport model for continental shelves.Computers and Geosciences, v. 27(6), p. 619-645.Li, M.Z., D. Heffler, and R.A. Pickrill. 2001. Application of acoustic techniques in seabed scour monitoring and mobile layer depth measurementsduring storms. Proceedings of the 2001 Canadian Coastal Conference, CCSEA. 16-19 May, Quebec City, Quebec.Miller, A.A.L., G.B.J. Fader, and K. Moran. 2001. Late Wisconsinan ice advances, ice extent and glacial regimes interpreted from seismic data,sediment physical properties and foraminifera: Halibut Channel, Grand Banks of Newfoundland. Geological Society of America SpecialPaper v. 351, p. 51-107.Mosher, D.C., and K. Moran. 2001. Post-glacial evolution of Saanich Inlet, British Columbia: results of physical property and seismic reflectionstratigraphic analysis. Marine Geology, v. 174, p. 59-77.Murphy,J.B., G. Pe-Piper, D.J.W. Piper, R.D. Nance, and R. Doig. 2001. Geology of the Eastern Cobequid Highlands. Geological Survey ofCanada Bulletin 556, 61 p.Pe-Piper, G., and D.J.W. Piper. 2001. Late Cenozoic, post-collisional Aegean igneous rocks: Nd and Pb isotopic constraints on petrogeneticand tectonic models. Geological Magazine, v. 138, p. 653-668.Pe-Piper, G., D.J.W. Piper, D. Matarangas, and M. Varti-Matarangas. 2001. The sub-ophiolitic melange of the island of Lesbos, Greece. NeuesJahrbuch für Mineralogie, Monatshefte 2001(6), p. 241-260.Pickrill, R., D.J.W. Piper, J.T. Collins, A. Kleiner, and L. Gee. 2001. Scotian Slope mapping project: the benefits of an integrated regionalhigh-resolution multibeam survey. Offshore Technology Conference paper OTC 12995.Piper, D.J.W., and W.R. Normark. 2001. Sandy fans - from Hueneme to Amazon and beyond. American Association of Petroleum GeologistsBulletin, v. 85, p. 1407-1438.Piper, D.J.W., and G. Pe-Piper. 2001. Tournaisian thrusting in the northeastern Cobequid Highlands, Nova Scotia and its regional significance.Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 38, p. 43-58.Saruwatari, K., S. Ji, C. Long, and M. Salisbury. 2001. Seismic anisotropy of mantle xenoliths and constraints on upper mantle structurebeneath the southern Canadian Cordillera. Tectonophysics, v. 339, p. 403-426.Stea, R.R., G.B.J. Fader, D.B. Scott, and P. Wu. 2001. Glaciation and relative sea-level change in Maritime Canada. GSA Special Paper, v. 351, p. 35-49.Thomas, F.C. 2001. Diffusion pumps and water chillers. Microscopy Today, Issue 01-3, April, 2001, p. 28-29.Thomas, F.C. 2001. Micropaleontology: the World of Microfossils. Microscopy Today, Issue 01-5, July, 2001, p. 32-36.BIO-2001 IN REVIEW / 81

PUBLICATIONS AND PRODUCTS 2001GSC Open File Reports:Avery, M.P. 2001. Vitrinite reflectance (Ro) of dispersed organic matter from Husky Bow Valley et al Golconda C-64.Avery, M.P. 2001. Vitrinite reflectance (Ro) of dispersed organic matter from Husky Bow Valley et al Whiterose L-16.Avery, M.P. 2001. Vitrinite reflectance (Ro) of dispersed organic matter from Mobil et al. Mercury K-76.Avery, M.P. 2001. Vitrinite reflectance (Ro) of dispersed organic matter from Husky Bow Valley et al North Veb Nevis P-93.Avery, M.P. 2001. Vitrinite reflectance (Ro) of dispersed organic matter from Husky Bow Valley et al Panther P-52.Avery, M.P. 2001. Vitrinite reflectance (Ro) of dispersed organic matter from Mobil et al. Sheridan J-87.Campbell, D.C. 2001. Coral Quest 2001: ROPOS Dives R635-R647.Cranston, R.E., and M.B. Parsons. 2001. Geochemical data for the Bay of Chaleur.Gibling, M. and G. Grant. 2001. Field excursion to the Sydney Basin, Nova Scotia.Li, M., D. Heffler, and K. Gatchalian. 2001. Theories and operation of MATLAB programs for the preliminary processing of RALPH data.Li, M., D. Beaver, E. King, and P. Pledge. 2001. Multibeam surveys of Sable Island Bank, Scotian Shelf: report on CREED cruise 2000-100.Li, M., and E. King. 2001. CCGS Hudson cruise 2000-30a: a geological and geophysical survey on Sable Island Bank and Scotian Shelf.Macnab, R., and M. Jakobsson. 2001. Proceedings of the third meeting of the Editorial Board for the International Bathymetric Chart of theArctic Ocean (IBCAO).MacRae, R.A., J.W. Shimeld, and J.B.W. Wielens. 2001. Sequence stratigraphy and hydrocarbon potential of Upper Cretaceous limestoneunits, offshore Nova Scotia.Mosher, D.C. 2001. Hudson 2001-048A cruise report, August 28 - Sept. 5, 2001.Oakey, G., W. Miles, and H.R. Jackson. 2001. Magnetic anomaly of the Labrador Region, Canadian and Greenland Arctic.Oakey, G., W. Miles, and H.R. Jackson. 2001. Magnetic anomaly of the Davis Strait Region, Canadian and Greenland Arctic.Parrott, D.R. 2001. Cruise Report Hart 99-002: geological surveys of the Liverpool, NS and Saint John, NB offshore dumpsites.Pe-Piper, G., D.J.W. Piper, and E. Hilton. 2001. Neoproterozoic plutonic rocks of the eastern Cobequid Highlands, NS.Piper, D.J.W. 2001. Cruise report: CCGS Hudson 2001-043.Piper, D.J.W. 2001. The geological framework of sediment instability on the Scotian Slope: studies to 1999.Shaw, J., R. Courtney, and D. Beaver. 2001. Bonne Bay, Newfoundland: interpretation of multibeam bathymetry data.Taylor, R.B., and D. Frobel. 2001. Aerial video surveys, the coastline of Nova Scotia, part 3 Atlantic Coast (Halifax to Cape North).Thomas, F.C. 2001. Geological Survey of Canada’s Atlantic margin subsurface micropaleontology studies - history, facts, and figures.Todd, B.J., A.A. Boyce, C.B. Chapman, V.E. Kostylev, W.A. Rainey, P.I. Spencer, and M.S. Uyesugi. 2001. Expedition report 2000-047: CCGSHudson, southern Scotian Shelf.Todd, B.J., P.C. Valentine, V.E. Kostylev, and R.A. Pickrill. 2001. Habitat mapping in the Gulf of Maine.Todd, B.J., A. Atkinson, D.E. Beaver, W.A. Rainey, J. Strang, S.S. McCase, R. Murphy, P.E. Pledge, and M.S. Uyesugi. 2001. Expedition report:M.V. Anne S. Pierce 2000, German Bank, Scotian Shelf.82 / BIO-2001 IN REVIEW

Products 2001PUBLICATIONS AND PRODUCTS 2001FISHERIES AND OCEANS CANADA– MARITIMES REGIONCanadian Hydrographic ServiceTide Tables:2001. Canadian tide and current tables (2001) Vol. 1. Atlantic Coastand Bay of Fundy. Canadian Hydrographic Service, Fisheries andOceans, 615 Booth Street, Ottawa, ON K1A 0E6, Canada.2001. Canadian tide and current tables (2001) Vol. 2. Gulf of St.Lawrence. Canadian Hydrographic Service, Fisheries andOceans, 615 Booth Street, Ottawa, ON K1A 0E6, Canada.2001. Catalogue of nautical charts and publications. 2001. CanadianHydrographic Service, Fisheries and Oceans, 615 Booth Street,Ottawa, ON K1A 0E6, Canada.CHS Charts - 2001:Chart No. 4098. Sable Island/Ile de Sable. NEWEDN.Chart No. 4236. Taylors Head to/à Shut-in Island. NEWEDN.Chart No. 4281. Canso Harbour and/et Inner Approaches.NEWEDN.Chart No. 4420. Murray Harbour. NEWEDN.Chart No. 4447. Pomquet and/et Tracadie Harbours. NEWEDN.Chart No. 4712. Plans on the coast of Labrador/Plans sur la côté duLabrador. NEWEDN.Chart No. 4847. Conception Bay. NEWEDN.Chart No. 4863. Bacalhao Island to/à Black Island. NEWEDN.Chart No. 5046. Kaipokok Bay and/et Cape Makkovik to/à WindsorHarbour Island. NEWEDN.S57 ENCs (Electronic Navigational Charts) – 2001 1 :CA176140. Chart No. 4003. Cape Breton to/à Cape CodCA276801. Chart No. 4012. Yarmouth to/à HalifaxCA276284. Chart No. 4015. Sydney to Saint-PierreCA376094. Chart No. 4020. Strait of Belle IsleCA576232. Chart No. 4021. Lower CoveCA276090. Chart No. 4045. Sable Island Bank/Banc de l’Ile de SableCA276101. Chart No. 4049. Grand Bank, Northern Portion/GrandBanc, Partie Nord to/à la Flemish PassCA376289. Chart No. 4098. Sable Island/Ile de SableCA576033. Chart No. 4114. Campobello IslandCA476035. Chart No. 4115. Passamaquoddy Bay and St. Croix RiverCA376011. Chart No. 4116. Approaches to/Approches à Saint JohnCA576005. Chart No. 4117. Approaches to/Approches à Saint JohnCA576003. Chart No. 4202. Halifax Harbour - Point Pleasant to/àBedford BasinCA576002. Chart No. 4203. Halifax Harbour - Black Point to/àPoint PleasantCA576039. Chart No. 4209. Shelburne HarbourCA376044. Chart No. 4230. Little Hope Island to/à Cape St MarysCA376083. Chart No. 4236. Taylors Head to/à Shut-in IslandCA476089. Chart No. 4236. Ship HarbourCA476009. Chart No. 4237. Approaches to/Approches de HalifaxHarbourCA576010. Chart No. 4237. Sambro HarbourCA376045. Chart No. 4240. Liverpool Harbour to/à LockeportHarbourCA376047. Chart No. 4241. Lockeport to/à Cape SableCA376014. Chart No. 4242. Cape Sable Island to/aux Tusket IslandsCA576060. Chart No. 4243. Cape St. MarysCA476048. Chart No. 4244. Wedgeport and Vicinity/et les abordsCA576096. Chart No. 4266. International PiersCA576098. Chart No. 4266. Sydney RiverCA576100. Chart No. 4266. SydportCA576097. Chart No. 4266. North SydneyCA576064. Chart No. 4277. Entrance to/Entrée à Great Bras d’OrCA576065. Chart No. 4277. Entrance to/Entrée à St. Anns HarbourCA576066. Chart No. 4277. Otter HarbourCA576142. Chart No. 4278. Baddeck HarbourCA576143. Chart No. 4278. Iona and/et Grand NarrowsCA476285. Chart No. 4306. Strait of Canso and/et SouthernApproaches/et les approches sudCA576282. Chart No. 4306. Canso LockCA476221. Chart No. 4308. St. Peter’s Bay to Strait of CansoCA576548. Chart No. 4342. North Head Wharves1Available from Nautical Data International, Inc. at (http://www.digitalocean.ca)BIO-2001 IN REVIEW / 83

PUBLICATIONS AND PRODUCTS 2001CA376303. Chart No. 4375. Guyon Island to Flint IslandCA376242. Chart No. 4462. St. George’s BayCA576629. Chart No. 4519. Maiden Arm, Spring Inlets andApproachesCA276236. Chart No. 4520. Cape St. John to Cape BonavistaCA576343. Chart No. 4524. Botwood WharvesCA576342. Chart No. 4524. Botwood HarbourCA576227. Chart No. 4587. Marystown Wharves/QuaisCA476327. Chart No. 4596. Bay of Exploits - Sheet II (Middle)CA576302. Chart No. 4617. Buffett HarbourCA576301. Chart No. 4617. Long Harbour, Erco WharfCA476805. Chart No. 4619. Presque Harbour to Bar Haven Islandand Paradise SoundCA476806. Chart No. 4619. Presque Harbour to Bar Haven IslandCA476520. Chart No. 4619. Paradise SoundCA376164. Chart No. 4625. Burin Pennisula to Sainte-PierreCA576305. Chart No. 4641. Channel Port-aux BasquesCA576304. Chart No. 4641. Port aux Basques and ApproachesCA576186. Chart No. 4652. Corner BrookCA476220. Chart No. 4725. Carrington Island to Etagaulet BayCA476215. Chart No. 4728. Epinette Point to Terrington BasinCA476903. Chart No. 4839. Head of/fond de Placentia BayCA476901. Chart No. 4839. DildoCA376106. Chart No. 4844. Cape Pine to/à Renews HarbourCA476074. Chart No. 4845. Aquaforte HarbourCA376070. Chart No. 4845. Renews Harbour to/à Motion BayCA476073. Chart No. 4845. Fermeuse HarbourCA476071. Chart No. 4845. Bay Bulls and/et Witless BayCA376015. Chart No. 4846. Motion Bay to/à Cape St FrancisCA576115. Chart No. 4848. HolyroodCA576114. Chart No. 4848. Long PondCA576118. Chart No. 4848. Holyrood (Marina)CA576117. Chart No. 4848. Generator Plant (Wharf)CA576116. Chart No. 4848. Ultramar (Wharf/Quai)CA576416. Chart No. 4849. Carbonear - Public Wharf/QuaiCA376340. Chart No. 4854. Catalina Harbour to/à InnerGooseberry IslandCA376807. Chart No. 4855. Bonavista Bay (Southern Portion)CA376808. Chart No. 4855. Bonavista Bay - Southern Portion/Partie SudCA476804. Chart No. 4863. Bacalhao Island to Black IslandCA476802. Chart No. 4863. Bacalhao Island to Black IslandCA476803. Chart No. 4863. Bacalhao Island to Black IslandCA476168. Chart No. 4865. Lewisporte and Approaches and Loon BayCA376062. Chart No. 4906. West Point à/to Baie de TracadieCA476131. Chart No. 4909. Richibucto HarbourCA476133. Chart No. 4911. Entree à/Entrance to Miramichi RiverCA176290. Chart No. 5001. Labrador Sea/Mer du LabradorCA476495. Chart No. 5138. Continuation A - Sandwich BayCA576498. Chart No. 5138. Cartwright HarbourCA476213. Chart No. 5143. Mulligan BayCA476214. Chart No. 5143. Sebaskachu BayCA276113. Chart No. 8048. Cape Harrison to/à St Michael Bay84 / BIO-2001 IN REVIEW

Sunrise at sea from the CCGS Alfred Needler – eastern Scotian Self, July 2001 – photo by J.G. Reid.

Governmentof CanadaFisheries andOceans CanadaNatural ResourcesCanadaEnvironment CanadaNational DefenceGouvernementdu CanadaPêches etOcéans CanadaRessources naturellesCanadaEnvironnement CanadaDéfense nationaleBedford Institute of Oceanography 2001.