The Great Exhibition as a cultural bridge 27‘Leaving Asia’Yukichi Fukuzawa had used the phrase ‘leaving Asia’to underline to the<strong>Japan</strong>ese the necessity for <strong>Japan</strong> to search out <strong>and</strong> come to terms with thewider world. As Fukuzawa wrote, ‘The principle is in the two words: “leaveAsia”. The spirit of our people has already left the old customs of Asia <strong>and</strong>moved on to Western civilisation.’ 32 The group of Meiji leaders, on theIwakura Mission, were challenged at the exposition in Vienna in 1873. Thedecision, that <strong>Japan</strong> should commit itself to the exhibition movement,despite the inability to mount shows of industrial products, was a bold one.<strong>Japan</strong>’s willingness to grasp at the opportunity offered by the worldwideexhibition movement amply demonstrated a willingness, as Fukuzawa hadput it, ‘to leave Asia’.Notes1 See P. Greenhalgh, Ephemeral Vistas, the Expositions Universelles, GreatExhibitions <strong>and</strong> World Fairs, 1851–1939, Manchester, 1988.2 T. Hida, Kiritsu Kosho Kaisha [Establishing Manufacture <strong>and</strong> Commerce],Kyoto, 1987, p. 3.3 Hida, Kiritsu Kosho Kaisha, p. 4.4 D. Bennett, King without a Crown, Albert Prince Consort of Engl<strong>and</strong>, 1819–1861,1977.5 See D.W. Anthony <strong>and</strong> G.H. Healey, The Itinerary of the Iwakura Embassy in<strong>Britain</strong>, August–December 1872, Sheffield, 1996; S.D. Brown <strong>and</strong> A. Hirota, TheDiary of Kido Takayoshi, Vol. II, 1871–4, Tokyo, 1985.6 Guardian, 9 September 2000.7 Brown <strong>and</strong> Hirota, Diary of Kido Takayoshi, Vol. II, p. 320.8 Tsunetami Sano (1822–1902), influential Saga Clansman, who helped create the<strong>Japan</strong>ese Navy <strong>and</strong> the <strong>Japan</strong>ese Red Cross Society, also served as minister, offinance, <strong>and</strong> of agriculture <strong>and</strong> commerce.9 Brown <strong>and</strong> Hirota, Diary of Kido Takayoshi, Vol. II, 4 May 1873, p. 322.10 Kume Kunitake, Tokumei Zenken Taishi; Beio Kairan Jikki [A Record of theTour of the Ambassador Extraordinaire through the United States of Europe],Tokyo, 1878, Vol. 5, pp. 29–43.11 Gottfried Wagener was a German chemist who devoted his career to the<strong>Japan</strong>ese ceramics industry; see G. Avitabile, ‘Gottfried Wagener (1831–1892)’, inO. Impey <strong>and</strong> M. Fairley, The Nasser D. Khalili Collection of <strong>Japan</strong>ese Art, 1995,pp. 98–110 <strong>and</strong> E. Schultze, Letters from Meiji <strong>Japan</strong>, New York, 1980; see alsoChapter 4.12 T. Martin, Life of the Prince Consort, 5 vols, 1875–80, Vol. II, pp. 247–8.13 C.H. Gibbs-Smith, The Great Exhibition of 1851, Victoria <strong>and</strong> Albert Museum,2nd edn, London, 1981, p. 7. See also E. Bonython, King Cole, a Picture Portraitof Sir Henry Cole KCB, 1808–1882, Victoria <strong>and</strong> Albert Museum, London, n.d.14 Kume, Tokumei Zenken Taishi, Vol. 5, p. 24.15 The Times, 13 October 1851.16 Gibbs-Smith, The Great Exhibition of 1851, p. 7.17 Gibbs-Smith, The Great Exhibition of 1851, p. 56.18 See R. Alcock, Catalogue of Works of Industry <strong>and</strong> Art Sent from <strong>Japan</strong>, 1862.
28 The price of seclusion19 Fukuzawa Yukichi, Saiko Nikki [Diary of Tour in the West], in FukuzawaYukichi Zenshu [Collected Works of Y. Fukuzawa], Tokyo, 1958–71, Vol. 19, pp.27–8.20 Quoted in P.F. Kornicki, ‘<strong>Japan</strong> at the Australian Exhibitions’, AustralianStudies, July 1994, p. 17.21 W. Halén, Christopher Dresser, 1990, p. 38.22 See O. Checkl<strong>and</strong>, <strong>Britain</strong>’s Encounter with Meiji <strong>Japan</strong> 1858–1912, 1989.23 For Henry Dyer see http://www.cs.strath.ac.uk/rbh/hd/ice.htm.24 For A.R. Brown papers see the University of Glasgow Archives.25 Glasgow International Exhibition Catalogue, Glasgow, 1901, pp. 214–15.26 The author is indebted to P.F. Kornicki, of the University of Cambridge, for hishelp.27 Yokohama Shokin Ginko-zaishi [History of Yokohama Specie Bank], Tokyo,1984, Vol. 6, p. 213.28 ‘Advance Victoria’, Herald, Melbourne, 2 September 1875.29 Frederic A. Sharf, Dean Lahikainen <strong>and</strong> William T. LaMoy, A Pleasing Novelty:Bunkio Matsuki <strong>and</strong> the <strong>Japan</strong> Craze in Victorian Salem, Peabody <strong>and</strong> EssexMuseum, Salem, MA, 1993, p. 89.30 Saigo Takamori (1827–77) led <strong>and</strong> died in the rebellion against the Meiji governmentof 1877. He has remained a hero in <strong>Japan</strong>.31 R.W. Rydell, All the World’s a Fair, Chicago, 1984, pp. 48–9.32 Fukuzawa, Fukuzawa Yukichi Zenshu, 1958–71, Vol. 10, pp. 238–9.
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78 In Japantomb at Okamoto 2-33, Se
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80 In JapanThe house has been descr
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82 In Japana commanding mass of red
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84 In JapanDuring the course of the
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7 Christopher Dresser andindustrial
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88 In JapanCutler also quotes from
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90 In Japanwas the Prince Consort
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92 In JapanAs Dresser reported on h
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94 In Japanwere, for his hosts, hea
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8 Paintings, photographsand printsA
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98 In JapanThere is a sense in whic
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100 In JapanHyakutake Kaneyuki (184
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102 In JapanJapan. East’s paintin
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104 In Japanavailable in Britain, w
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106 In Japandamp sheet of paper. Th
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108 In Japan7 Sato and Watanabe, Ja
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9 Japonisme for allJaponisme 1 has
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Japonisme for all 113bristling with
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Japonisme for all 115many famous pa
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was proud of his Scottish roots, an
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Japonisme for all 119style that bec
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Figure 9.2Duke and Duchess ofConnau
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Japonisme for all 1237 See also W.
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10 Collecting Japanese artFrom the
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Collecting Japanese art 127(1845-19
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James Lord BowesCollecting Japanese
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There can be no doubt of Bowes’s
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Angst and acrimonyCollecting Japane
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Collecting Japanese art 135When I t
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Collecting Japanese art 137Presente
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Collecting Japanese art 13928 Orcha
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Menpes, Hornel, Brangwyn 141During
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members of the burgeoning group of
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Menpes, Hornel, Brangwyn 145althoug
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Menpes, Hornel, Brangwyn 147Figure
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‘It is very cold. Snow lying abou
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which were selling at low prices’
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Menpes, Hornel, Brangwyn 15528 See
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ingly prosperous British public for
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Travel writing about Japan 159publi
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Travel writing about Japan 161other
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The text of over 200 pages was ‘t
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Travel writing about Japan 165illus
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Travel writing about Japan 16726 C.
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13 The Japan British Exhibition,Lon
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orders for Japan, and from the many
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ain in front of and above the ear.
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14 Shopping for JaponoiserieIt was
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Shopping for Japonoiserie 187Japane
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Shopping for Japonoiserie 189rave a
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Shopping for Japonoiserie 191A larg
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Even since I first came to England
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Shopping for Japonoiserie 195potter
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Part VFour bridge builders
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200 Four bridge buildersso close an
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202 Four bridge buildersWithin thre
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204 Four bridge buildersfriend and
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206 Four bridge buildersso long as
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208 Four bridge buildersFigure 15.2
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210 Four bridge buildersto him glaz
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212 Four bridge builders30 Hatcher,
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214 Appendix ISuya Kinhei, Vaniquch
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Appendix IIIndustrial art manufactu
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218 Appendix IITokyoJune 1883Yugyok
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220 Appendix IIIPainting (Fine Arts
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222 Appendix III17 titlesW. Heffer
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Select bibliographyThe place of pub
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226 Select bibliographyConant, E.P.
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228 Select bibliographyGlasgow City
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230 Select bibliographyLiberty’s,
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232 Select bibliography—— The C
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234 IndexChinese aesthetics 203Chin
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236 IndexMatsudaira, Baron Masana 1