Role of Gastrointestinal Hormones in the Proliferation of Normal and ...

598 Endocrine Reviews, October 2003, 24(5):571–599 Thomas et al. • Gastrointestinal Hormones and Proliferation283. Nesland JM, Holm R, Johannessen JV, Gould VE 1986 Neuronespecific enolase immunostaining in the diagnosis of breast carcinomaswith neuroendocrine differentiation. Its usefulness and limitations.J Pathol 148:35–43284. Reubi JC, Schaer JC, Waser B 1997 Cholecystokinin(CCK)-Aand CCK-B/gastrin receptors in human tumors. Cancer Res 57:1377–1386285. Bajo AM, Schally AV, Krupa M, Hebert F, Groot K, SzepeshaziK 2002 Bombesin antagonists inhibit growth of MDA-MB-435 estrogen-independentbreast cancers and decrease the expression ofthe ErbB-2/HER-2 oncoprotein and c-jun and c-fos oncogenes. ProcNatl Acad Sci USA 99:3836–3841286. Thomas F, Arvelo F, Antoine E, Jacrot M, Poupon MF 1992 Antitumoralactivity of bombesin analogues on small cell lung cancerxenografts: relationship with bombesin receptor expression. CancerRes 52:4872–4877287. Cuttitta F, Carney DN, Mulshine J, Moody TW, Fedorko J,Fischler A, Minna JD 1985 Bombesin-like peptides can function asautocrine growth factors in human small-cell lung cancer. Nature316:823–826288. Chaudhry A, Carrasquillo JA, Avis IL, Shuke N, Reynolds JC,Bartholomew R, Larson SM, Cuttitta F, Johnson BE, Mulshine JL1999 Phase I and imaging trial of a monoclonal antibody directedagainst gastrin-releasing peptide in patients with lung cancer. ClinCancer Res 5:3385–3393289. Giladi E, Nagalla SR, Spindel ER 1993 Molecular cloning andcharacterization of receptors for the mammalian bombesin-likepeptides. J Mol Neurosci 4:41–54290. Lacroix J, Becker HD, Woerner SM, Rittgen W, Drings P, vonKnebel Doeberitz M 2001 Sensitive detection of rare cancer cellsin sputum and peripheral blood samples of patients with lungcancer by preproGRP-specific RT-PCR. Int J Cancer 92:1–8291. Shibayama T, Ueoka H, Nishii K, Kiura K, Tabata M, MiyatakeK, Kitajima T, Harada M 2001 Complementary roles of progastrin-releasingpeptide (ProGRP) and neuron specific enolase(NSE) in diagnosis and prognosis of small-cell lung cancer (SCLC).Lung Cancer 32:61–69292. Siegfried JM, Han YH, DeMichele MA, Hunt JD, Gaither AL,Cuttitta F 1994 Production of gastrin-releasing peptide by a nonsmallcell lung carcinoma cell line adapted to serum-free andgrowth factor-free conditions. J Biol Chem 269:8596–8603293. Moody TW, Chiles J, Casibang M, Moody E, Chan D, Davis TP2001 SR48692 is a neurotensin receptor antagonist which inhibitsthe growth of small cell lung cancer cells. Peptides 22:109–115294. Moody TW, Carney DN, Korman LY, Gazdar AF, Minna JD 1985Neurotensin is produced by and secreted from classic small celllung cancer cells. Life Sci 36:1727–1732295. Yashi M, Muraishi O, Kobayashi Y, Tokue A, Nanjo H 2002Elevated serum progastrin-releasing peptide (31–98) in metastaticand androgen-independent prostate cancer patients. Prostate 51:84–97296. Sehgal I, Powers S, Huntley B, Powis G, Pittelkow M, Maihle NJ1994 Neurotensin is an autocrine trophic factor stimulated by androgenwithdrawal in human prostate cancer. Proc Natl Acad SciUSA 91:4673–4677297. Seethalakshmi L, Mitra SP, Dobner PR, Menon M, Carraway RE1997 Neurotensin receptor expression in prostate cancer cell lineand growth effect of NT at physiological concentrations. Prostate31:183–192298. Dal Farra C, Sarret P, Navarro V, Botto JM, Mazella J, Vincent JP2001 Involvement of the neurotensin receptor subtype NTR3 in thegrowth effect of neurotensin on cancer cell lines. Int J Cancer92:503–509299. Pinski J, Reile H, Halmos G, Groot K, Schally AV 1994 Inhibitoryeffects of somatostatin analogue RC-160 and bombesin/gastrinreleasingpeptide antagonist RC-3095 on the growth of theandrogen-independent Dunning R-3327-AT-1 rat prostate cancer.Cancer Res 54:169–174300. Jungwirth A, Pinski J, Galvan G, Halmos G, Szepeshazi K, CaiRZ, Groot K, Vadillo-Buenfil M, Schally AV 1997 Inhibition ofgrowth of androgen-independent DU-145 prostate cancer in vivo byluteinising hormone-releasing hormone antagonist Cetrorelix andbombesin antagonists RC-3940-II and RC-3950-II. Eur J Cancer33:1141–1148301. Davis S, Rogers MA, Pendergrass TW 1987 The incidence andepidemiologic characteristics of neuroblastoma in the UnitedStates. Am J Epidemiol 126:1063–1074302. Joshi VV, Silverman JF 1994 Pathology of neuroblastic tumors.Semin Diagn Pathol 11:107–117303. Kelly DR, Joshi VV 1996 Neuroblastoma and related tumors. In:Parham DM, ed. Pediatric neoplasia: morphology and biology.Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven; 105–152304. Borgstrom P, Hassan M, Wassberg E, Refai E, Jonsson C, Larsson,SA, Jacobsson H, Kogner P 1999 The somatostatin analogueoctreotide inhibits neuroblastoma growth in vivo. Pediatr Res 46:328–332305. Cattaneo MG, Scita G, Vicentini LM 1999 Somatostatin inhibitsPDGF-stimulated Ras activation in human neuroblastoma cells.FEBS Lett 459:64–68306. Schilling FH, Ambros PF, Bihl H, Martinsson T, Ambros IM,Borgstrom P, Jacobsson H, Falkmer UG, Treuner J, Kogner P 2001Absence of somatostatin receptor expression in vivo is correlated todi- or tetraploid 1p36-deleted neuroblastomas. Med Pediatr Oncol36:56–60307. Orlando C, Raggi CC, Bagnoni L, Sestini R, Briganti V, La CavaG, Bernini G, Tonini GP, Pazzagli M, Serio M, Maggi M 2001Somatostatin receptor type 2 gene expression in neuroblastoma,measured by competitive RT-PCR, is related to patient survival andto somatostatin receptor imaging by indium-111-pentetreotide.Med Pediatr Oncol 36:224–226308. Sebesta JA, Young A, Bullock J, Moore KH, Azarow K, Sawin RS2001 Gastrin-releasing peptide: a potential growth factor expressedin human neuroblastoma tumors(1). Curr Surg 58:86–89309. Kim S, Hu W, Kelly DR, Hellmich MR, Evers BM, Chung DH2002 Gastrin-releasing peptide is a growth factor for human neuroblastomas.Ann Surg 235:621–630310. Thompson JC, Townsend Jr CM 2001 Endocrine pancreas. In:Townsend Jr CM, Beauchamp RD, Evers BM, Mattox KL, eds.Sabiston textbook of surgery: the biological basis of modern surgicalpractice. 16th ed. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Company;646–661311. Angood PB, Gingalewski CA, Andersen DK 2001 Surgical complications.In: Townsend Jr CM, Beauchamp RD, Evers BM, MattoxKL, eds. Sabiston textbook of surgery: the biological basis of modernsurgical practice, 16th ed. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Company;198–225312. Oberg K 2001 Chemotherapy and biotherapy in the treatment ofneuroendocrine tumours. Ann Oncol 12(Suppl 2):S111–S114313. Schmassmann A, Reubi JC 2000 Cholecystokinin-B/gastrin receptorsenhance wound healing in the rat gastric mucosa. J ClinInvest 106:1021–1029314. Scolapio JS 2001 Treatment of short-bowel syndrome. Curr OpinClin Nutr Metab Care 4:557–560315. Toledano A, Rodriguez-Arellano JJ, Gomez de Segura IA,De Miguel E, Martinez-Rodriguez R 1996 Bowel resection andneurotensin treatment. Histochemical study of neurotensin-likeand somatostatin-like immunoreactivities and receptors. Cell MolBiol (Noisy-le-grand) 42:1145–1158316. Jeppesen PB, Hartmann B, Thulesen J, Graff J, Lohmann J,Hansen BS, Tofteng F, Poulsen SS, Madsen JL, Holst JJ,Mortensen PB 2001 Glucagon-like peptide 2 improves nutrientabsorption and nutritional status in short-bowel patients with nocolon. Gastroenterology 120:806–815317. Smith AM, Justin T, Michaeli D, Watson SA 2000 Phase I/II studyof G17-DT, an anti-gastrin immunogen, in advanced colorectalcancer. Clin Cancer Res 6:4719–4724318. Watson SA, Michaeli D, Morris TM, Clarke P, Varro A, GriffinN, Smith A, Justin T, Hardcastle JD 1999 Antibodies raised bygastrimmune inhibit the spontaneous metastasis of a human colorectaltumour, AP5LV. Eur J Cancer 35:1286–1291319. Abbruzzese JL, Gholson CF, Daugherty K, Larson E, DuBrow R,Berlin R, Levin B 1992 A pilot clinical trial of the cholecystokininreceptor antagonist MK-329 in patients with advanced pancreaticcancer. Pancreas 7:165–171320. Militello C, Sperti C, Di Prima F, Pedrazzoli S 1997 ClinicalDownloaded from edrv.endojournals.org by on July 16, 2007