Role of Gastrointestinal Hormones in the Proliferation of Normal and ...
Role of Gastrointestinal Hormones in the Proliferation of Normal and ...
Role of Gastrointestinal Hormones in the Proliferation of Normal and ...
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Thomas et al. • <strong>Gastro<strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>al</strong> <strong>Hormones</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Proliferation</strong> Endocr<strong>in</strong>e Reviews, October 2003, 24(5):571–599 575FIG. 2. Diversity <strong>of</strong> GPCRs. A, <strong>Hormones</strong> use GPCRs to stimulate cytoplasmic <strong>and</strong> nuclear targets through heterotrimeric G prote<strong>in</strong>-dependent<strong>and</strong> -<strong>in</strong>dependent pathways. B, Multiple pathways l<strong>in</strong>k GPCRs to MAPK. Activated MAPK translocates to <strong>the</strong> nucleus <strong>and</strong> phosphorylatesnuclear prote<strong>in</strong>s, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g transcription factors, <strong>the</strong>reby regulat<strong>in</strong>g gene expression. C, Novel signal<strong>in</strong>g pathways that connect GPCRs to JNK,p38 is<strong>of</strong>orms, <strong>and</strong> big mitogen-activated k<strong>in</strong>ase 1 (ERK5): molecules that l<strong>in</strong>k GPCRs to <strong>the</strong> different members <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> MAPK family. EPAC,Exchange prote<strong>in</strong> activated by cAMP; FAK, focal adhesion k<strong>in</strong>ase; GAP, GTPase-activat<strong>in</strong>g prote<strong>in</strong>; GEF, guan<strong>in</strong>e nucleotide exchange factor;GRF, guan<strong>in</strong>e-nucleotide releas<strong>in</strong>g factor; MEK <strong>and</strong> MKK, MAPK k<strong>in</strong>ase; MEKK, MAPK k<strong>in</strong>ase k<strong>in</strong>ase; MLK, mixed l<strong>in</strong>eage k<strong>in</strong>ase; PKA,prote<strong>in</strong> k<strong>in</strong>ase A; PLC, phospholipase C; PYK2, prol<strong>in</strong>e-rich tyros<strong>in</strong>e k<strong>in</strong>ase 2; RGS, regulator <strong>of</strong> G prote<strong>in</strong> signal<strong>in</strong>g; RTK, receptor tyros<strong>in</strong>ek<strong>in</strong>ase. [Adapted with permission from M. J. Mar<strong>in</strong>issen <strong>and</strong> J. S. Gutk<strong>in</strong>d: Trends Pharmacol Sci 22:368–376, 2001 (68). ©Elsevier Science.]Downloaded from edrv.endojournals.org by on July 16, 2007
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