----------Screening for medical illness relevant to driving is difficult due to the complex nature <strong>of</strong> the drivingtask <strong>and</strong> underlying societal prejudices. Some European countries have attempted screening bydem<strong>and</strong>ing a doctor's certificate at regular intervals after a certain age. A comparison <strong>of</strong> accidentrates between Sweden (where there is no medical control) <strong>and</strong> Finl<strong>and</strong> (requiring regular medicalrecertification after age 70) showed no reduction in motor crash fatalities <strong>and</strong> an increase inpedestrian <strong>and</strong> cycle fatalities among the over 70s in Finl<strong>and</strong>. This may be as a result <strong>of</strong> stoppingolder people driving unnecessarily <strong>and</strong> forcing them into the much higher risk group <strong>of</strong> pedestrians<strong>and</strong> cyclists". A more enlightened approach is under assessment in the State <strong>of</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong>, where thescreening process is directed towards a rehabilitation outcome. Those who screen as 'at risk' on asimple test battery at the time <strong>of</strong> licence renewal are <strong>of</strong>fered an assessment by the GeriatricEvaluation System <strong>of</strong> Maryl<strong>and</strong> State. Preliminary results are awaited with anticipation lGIIID---------Access to the full interdisciplinary team, a good working relationship with a specialist driVingassessment centre, <strong>and</strong> the availability <strong>of</strong> car adaptation services are important factors in <strong>of</strong>fering anappropriate service. If a patient with dementia is judged to be capable <strong>of</strong> driVing, the driver <strong>and</strong>carer should be advised against driving alone, to return for review in three to six months, or soonershould the co-pilot notice any deterioration in driving skills. This form <strong>of</strong> restriction makes sense fortwo reasons. Drivers with medical conditions <strong>and</strong> restricted driving licences have been shown to havefewer crashes than those similarly affected but with no restrictions 9S , <strong>and</strong> drivers with dementia whodrive accompanied are also more crash-free'·.When Driving is No Longer PossibleWhen driving cessation is indicated, it is important to explore alternatives with the patient. Asympathetic social work intervention may be helpful, <strong>and</strong> can work though the various optionsavailable to the patient. Public transport, even if free, is <strong>of</strong>ten irrelevant to older, compromisedadults. Family members may be able to prOVide some driving input. The ideal situation is to provide asystem <strong>of</strong> paratransit: affordable, tailored individual transportation. Various models have beendeveloped (an excellent example is the service in Portl<strong>and</strong>, Maine), but the funding remainsproblematic".Refusal to stop driving occurs in a minority <strong>of</strong> cases. In the Republic <strong>of</strong> Irel<strong>and</strong>, only a District Court(<strong>and</strong> not, as is <strong>of</strong>ten supposed, the Driver licencing Section <strong>of</strong> the newly founded Department <strong>of</strong>Transport) can remove a licence. Approaches to the Garda Siochana may be needed in such cases. As94 Hakamies-Blomqvist, L., Johansson, K., Lundberg, C. 'Medical screening <strong>of</strong> older drivers as a traffic safety measure - acomparative Finnish-Swedish Evaluation stUdy'. J Amer Geriatr Soc 1996; 44: 650-3.95 Transportation Research Board. Evaluating drivers iicensed with medical conditions in Utah. 1992-1996. 1999;Washi,lgton DC.96 Bedard, M., Moiloy, M., Lever, J. 'Should demented patients drive alone?' Journal <strong>of</strong> American Geriatric Society 1996;44 (September, 1996):59.97 Freund, K. 'The politics <strong>of</strong> older driver legislatio'n. Gerontologist 1991; 31 (special issue I1): 162.Conference Proceedings
<strong>Assessment</strong> <strong>of</strong> Oicler]eople's <strong>Health</strong> <strong>and</strong> So~ial<strong>Care</strong> <strong>Needs</strong> <strong>and</strong> Preferences.these are <strong>of</strong>ten (but not invariably) drivers with dementia, it is interesting to note some changes inthe literature. Early reviews on the sUbject suggested that subterfuge <strong>and</strong> working around the patientwas the only strategy. An interesting case report has suggested a possible alternative involvingexploring the patient's feelings <strong>and</strong> fears about giving up driving". The intervention was designedwith the patient as collaborator <strong>and</strong> by dealing with the events at an emotional rather than at anintellectual level. The patient was able to grieve about the disease <strong>and</strong> in particular about the loss <strong>of</strong>his car. This in turn enabled him to redirect his attention to other meaningful activities that did notinvolve driving. Although this approach may be hampered by the deficits <strong>of</strong> dementia, it reflects amore widespread trend towards sharing the diagnosis <strong>of</strong> dementia with the patient.98 Bahro, M., Silber, E., Box, P., Sunderl<strong>and</strong>,T. 'Giving. up driving in Alzh~im:r'S disease - an intergrative therapeuticapproach'. International Journal <strong>of</strong> Genatnc Psychiatry 1995,10.87187 .