Surface Water Interaction Modelling Using Visual MODFLOW and GIS

PHYLARES__________________________________________________________________________________________VList of figuresFigure 3.1 Flow through a Hypothetical aquifer system ........................................................ 11Figure 3. 2 Interaction of streams and ground water. .............................................................. 13Figure 3. 3 Effects of pumping from a hypothetical aquifer discharging to a stream ............ 15Figure 3. 4 The dynamic interface between ground water and streams. ................................. 16Figure 4. 1 Geographical Location of Belgium ...................................................................... 19Figure 4. 2 The study area and its location in the Nete Basin. ................................................ 21Figure 4. 3 Two – dimensional view and elevation of the study area. .................................... 22Figure 4. 4 3D of Topography ................................................................................................. 24Figure 4. 5 Slope map of the study area .................................................................................. 24Figure 6. 1 Model domain and units of measurement. ............................................................ 33Figure 6. 2 Bottom elevation for layer 1 ................................................................................. 35Figure 6. 3 Bottom elevation of layer 2 ................................................................................... 35Figure 6. 4 Bottom elevation of layer 3 ................................................................................... 36Figure 6. 5 Stratigraphy of the different aquifer units of the model. ...................................... 38Figure 6. 6 Geologic cross – section along the middle points of the model. .......................... 39Figure 6. 7 Geologic cross – section along the river flow route ............................................. 40Figure 6. 8 Two- dimensional view of the river segment in the model domain. .................... 41Figure 6. 9 Spatially distributed recharge ............................................................................... 42Figure 6. 10 Reclassified recharge zones and their values ....................................................... 43Figure 6. 11 Head values of layer 1 used for constant head boundary. .................................... 44Figure 6. 12 Location of the pumping wells ............................................................................. 45Figure 7. 1 Location of observation wells ............................................................................... 48Figure 7. 2 simulated versus field measured water levels ....................................................... 50Figure 7. 3 Scattergram for the measured versus simulated values ........................................ 51Figure 8. 1 The Volumetric water balance of the model. ........................................................ 53Figure8. 2 Volumetric water balance of the model in percentage of components. ................ 54Figure 8. 2 Zone 2 water balance ............................................................................................ 55Figure 8. 3 Ground water heads and flow directions in Layer 1 ............................................. 56Figure 8. 4 Equipotential head distribution of layer 2 ............................................................. 57Figure 8. 5 Equipotential head for layer 3 ............................................................................... 58Figure 8. 6 Cross section along column 328, groundwater flows to the river ......................... 59Figure 8. 7 Cross- section along row 185. Groundwater flows away from the river .............. 60Figure 8. 8 Position of the river water level and the groundwater level ................................ 61Figure 8. 9 North- South water table cross section along column 222. .................................. 62Figure 8. 10 General flow direction of groundwater within the model domain ........................ 62______________________________________________________________________________________Groundwater – Surface water interaction modeling using visual MODFLOW and GIS