affordable land and housing in asia - International Union of Tenants

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Figure 9: Slum housing in South Asia. Photo © UN-HABITATredevelopment of slum land by private developers.Secondly, it provides recommendations on howto facilitate more effective affordable land andhousing delivery. These include adopting theenabling approach, reviewing legal and regulatoryframeworks, making land-use planning anddevelopment control more realistic and flexible,enhancing security of tenure, and promotingslum upgrading and co-operative housing. Finally,a brief conclusion is provided to recap the majorthemes and draw attention to ways forward forlocal, national and global action.14PART ONE
PART ONE ENDNOTES1 Asian Development Bank (ADB) (2006). Urbanization and Sustainability in Asia: Good approaches in Urban and Region Development.Mandaluyong City, Philippines: ADB and Cities Alliance. p.12 Asian Development Bank (ADB) (2006) p.13 Asian Development Bank (ADB) (2006) p.14 UN-DESA (2009). World Urbanization Prospects: the 2009 Revision. United Nations Population Division.5 Jack, M. (2006). “Urbanisation, sustainable growth and poverty reduction in Asia”. IDS Bulletin, 37(3): 101-114, May 2006.6 Asian Development Bank (ADB) (2006)7 UN-DESA (2009)8 UN-DESA (2009)9 UN-HABITAT (2010a). The State of Asian Cities 2010/11. Fukuoka, Japan: UN-HABITAT.10 UN-HABITAT (2009). The State of the World’s Cities. Nairobi: UN-HABITAT.11 UN-DESA (2009)12 China Science Center of International Eurasian Academy of Sciences (IEAS), China Association of Mayors, and UN-HABITAT (2010) The Stateof China’s Cities 2010/2011: Better City, Better Life. China: Foreign Language Press. p.513 China alone is to reach 65 per cent urban by 2030: UN-DESA (2009)UN-HABITAT (2010a) p.1314 UN-HABITAT (2010a) p.1415 Gilbet, A and J. Gugler. (1992). Cities, Poverty and Development: Urbanisation in the Third World. Oxford: Oxford University Press.16 Hardoy, J. and D. Satterthwaite. (1984). Third world cities and the environment of poverty. Geoforum, 15(3): 307-333; and Hardoy, J. and D.Satterthwaite. (1989) Squatter citizen: life in the urban Third World. London: Earthscan.17 Turner, J. F. C. (1976). Housing by People. London: Marion Boyers.18 Takahashi, K. (2009). “Evolution of housing development paradigms for the urban poor: the post-war Southeast Asian Context”. Journal of Asia-Pacific Studies, 13, October, p.7319 Takahashi (2009) p.7320 Yeh, S. and A. Laquian. (1979). Housing Asia’s millions: problems, policies and prospects for low-cost housing in Southeast Asia. Ottawa:International Development Research Centre.21 Yeung, Y. M. (1983). A Place to Live: More Effective Low-cost Housing in Asia, Ottawa: International Development Research Center.22 UN-HABITAT (2006). Enabling shelter strategies: Review of experience from two decades of implementation. Nairobi: UN-HABITAT.23 Yeung, S. and R. Howes. (2006). “The role of the housing provident fund in financing affordable housing development in China”. HabitatInternational, 30: 343-356.24 Yanyun Man, J. (Ed) (2011). China’s housing reform and outcomes. New Hampshire: Lincoln Institute of Land Policy.25 Lee, M. (1995). “The community mortgage program: an almost-successful alternative for some urban poor”. Habitat International, 19(4): 529-546.26 Asian Development Bank and Economic Development Institute (1991). The urban poor and basic infrastructure services in Asia and the Pacific.Manila, Philippines: Asian Development Bank. Vol III, p. 635-668.27 Werlin, H. (1999). “The slum upgrading myth”. Urban Studies, 36(9): 1523-2534, p. 1524.28 Boonyabancha, S. (2005). “Baan Mankong: going to scale with ‘slum’ and squatter upgrading in Thailand.” Environment and Urbanization,17(21).29 Nenova, T. (2010). Expanding housing finance to the underserved in South Asia: Market review and forward agenda. Washington: The WorldBank. p.1630 Takahashi, K. (2009) p.6731 Takahashi, K. (2009) p.6732 Ooi, G. (2005). Housing in Southeast Asian capital cities. Southeast Asia Background Series, No. 4. Singapore: Institute of Southeast AsianStudies Publications, p.1033 Yeh and Laquian (1979)34 Nenova, T. (2010) p.8535 Acioly, C. Jr. (2008) Housing Strategies in the Asia-Pacific Region: Learning from the Past and Addressing Present and Future Challenges. SecondAsia-Pacific Ministerial Conference in Housing and Urban Development (APAMCHUD) 12-14 May 2008, Tehran, Iran.36 Ooi, G. (2005) p.337 Douglass and Zohlin, in Takahashi (2009)38 Nenova, T. (2010) p.9039 Nenova, T. (2010) p.16240 Nenova, T. (2010) p.9241 The term ‘affordable housing’ is often used to describe a type of housing for low-income people, which has a variety of other names for instance‘social housing’, ‘public housing’, and ‘low-cost housing’. In this publication, however, it does not refer to a type of housing (i.e. low-cost, socialor public housing) but rather relates to the financial affordability of housing with respect to occupants’ income.42 World Bank (1993). Housing: Enabling Markets to Work. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.43 Nenova, T. (2010) p.1644 You, N. (2007). Making the market work for pro-poor urban housing. 1st Asia-Pacific Housing Forum. Singapore.45 UNCHS (2001b). The State of the World Cities 2001. Nairobi: UNCHS (Habitat).46 Yang, Z. and Y. Shen. (2008). “The Affordability of Owner Occupied Housing in Beijing”. Journal of Housing and the Built Environment. 23:317-335.47 UN-HABITAT (2006a). Enabling Shelter Strategies: Review of Experience from Two Decades of Implementation. Nairobi: UN-HABITAT.48 Freeman, A., R. Chaplin, & C. Whitehead. (1997). Rental affordability: A review of international literature. Discussion Paper No. 88, Cambridge,UK: Department of Land Economy, University of Cambridge.AFFORDABLE LAND and HOUSING IN Asia15
Page 3: AFFORDABLE LANDAND HOUSING IN ASIAV
Page 7 and 8: 3.2.1 HOUSING POLICY AND LEGISLATIV
Page 13 and 14: LIST OF FIGURESFigure 1: A woman pr
Page 15 and 16: LIST OF TABLESTable 1: Regional urb
Page 17 and 18: 1PART oneIntroduction- affordableho
Page 19 and 20: Figure 3: Regional urbanisation tre
Page 24 and 25: Figure 7: High-rise multi-household
Page 26 and 27: can be found throughout Asian citie
Page 28 and 29: AFFORDABLEHOUSING ISBROADLY DEFINED
Page 32 and 33: The housingstock in manycountries i
Page 34 and 35: 2. THE STATE OFAFFORDABLE LANDAND H
Page 36 and 37: 9.3 square metres in 1998. 62 A stu
Page 38 and 39: An analysis of sufficient living ar
Page 40 and 41: POORER URBANHOUSEHOLDSIN ASIA SIMPL
Page 42 and 43: THE FORMAL SECTORPlan Service Build
Page 44 and 45: PART TWO ENDNOTES49 Nenova, T. (201
Page 46 and 47: Over the lasttwo decadesmicrofinanc
Page 48 and 49: 3. ADDRESSINGTHE CHALLENGE:AFFORDAB
Page 50 and 51: HOUSING IS ACATALYST FORSOCIO-ECONO
Page 52 and 53: lower- to middle-income groups. How
Page 54 and 55: Grihayan Tahabil (Housing Fund) thr
Page 56 and 57: provision, especially in countries
Page 58 and 59: heritage, infrastructure and servic
Page 60 and 61: market transactions. All units are
Page 62 and 63: Boatu and Chengdu alone, 600,000 pe
Page 64 and 65: have built an estimated 700,000 dwe
Page 66 and 67: 3.2.7 The contribution of NGOsThe m
Page 68 and 69: quantity and at an affordable cost,
Page 70 and 71: OVER THE LASTTWO DECADESMICROFINANC
Page 72 and 73: Table 7: Community savings groups i
Page 74 and 75: RemittancesRemittances-money transf
Page 76 and 77: PART THREE ENDNOTES101 UNCHS (1997a
Page 78 and 79: Access toadequate andaffordablehous
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4. NOTABLE TRENDS,RECOMMENDATIONSAN
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Overcoming discrimination against w
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Affordable housing for plantation w
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opportunities to solve the underemp
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of other housing delivery systems t
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PART FOUR ENDNOTES201 UNCHS (1997b)
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76 PART FIVE
Page 94 and 95:
AAcioly, C. Jr. (2008). Housing Str
Page 96 and 97:
JJack, M. (2006). Urbanisation, sus
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Tipple, A. G. and A. Salim (1999).
Page 100 and 101:
WWang, Y. P. (2004). Urban poverty,
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AFFORDABLE LANDAND HOUSING INASIAAf
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