JSOU Report 12-581. Notes from meet<strong>in</strong>g with <strong>Nigeria</strong>n <strong>in</strong>terviewee #11.82. Notes from meet<strong>in</strong>g with <strong>Nigeria</strong>n <strong>in</strong>terviewee #12.83. Notes from meet<strong>in</strong>g with <strong>Nigeria</strong>n <strong>in</strong>terviewee #11.84. Abdel-Fatau Musah, West Africa: Governance and Security <strong>in</strong> a Chang<strong>in</strong>g Region,(International Peace Institute, February 2009), p. 7.85. Ibid.86. Joe Brock, “<strong>Nigeria</strong>n poverty ris<strong>in</strong>g despite economic growth,” Reuters, February13, 2010. Onl<strong>in</strong>e at: http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/02/13/us-nigeriapoverty-idUSTRE81C0KR20120213?feedType=RSS&feedName=worldNews.87. “A Man and a Morass,” The Economist, (May 28, 2011), p. 27.88. Notes from meet<strong>in</strong>g with <strong>Nigeria</strong>n <strong>in</strong>terviewee #2.89. This is a conservative estimate, while o<strong>the</strong>rs have suggested much higher numbers.See, for example, “1.2 Million Miss Out <strong>in</strong> Varsity Admissions”, Bus<strong>in</strong>ess Day (July6, 2009), onl<strong>in</strong>e at: http://www.bus<strong>in</strong>essdayonl<strong>in</strong>e.com/<strong>in</strong>dex.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3624:12-million-miss-out-<strong>in</strong>-varsity-admissions&catid=89:learn<strong>in</strong>g&Itemid=347 and “1 Million Candidates Miss University AdmissionsAnnually,” Leadership <strong>Nigeria</strong> (November 16, 2009), onl<strong>in</strong>e at: http://www.leadershipnigeria.com/<strong>in</strong>dex.php/news/headl<strong>in</strong>es/8430-1m-candidates-miss-universityadmission-annually--nuc.90. CIA Factbook, 2011. Onl<strong>in</strong>e at: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/<strong>the</strong>world-factbook/rankorder/2066rank.html?countryName=<strong>Nigeria</strong>&countryCode=ni®ionCode=afr&rank=4#ni.91. “A Man and a Morass,” The Economist, (May 28, 2011), p. 27.92. Notes from meet<strong>in</strong>g with <strong>Nigeria</strong>n <strong>in</strong>terviewee #1; Also, “A Man and a Morass,”The Economist, (May 28, 2011), p. 27.93. “Grop<strong>in</strong>g Forward: <strong>Nigeria</strong>’s New Government,” The Economist (November 12,2011), p. 5694. “A Man and a Morass,” The Economist, (May 28, 2011), p. 27.95. “Let <strong>the</strong>m have fuel,” The Economist, January 21, 2012. Onl<strong>in</strong>e at: http://www.economist.com/node/21543199.96. Hea<strong>the</strong>r Murdock, “<strong>Nigeria</strong> f<strong>in</strong>ds $4 billion <strong>in</strong> fuel corruption,” Global Post (UK),January 20, 2012. Onl<strong>in</strong>e at: http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/africa/nigeria/120119/nigeria-oil-fuel-corruption.97. Abdel-Fatau Musah, West Africa: Governance and Security <strong>in</strong> a Chang<strong>in</strong>g Region,(International Peace Institute, February 2009), p. 7.98. For example, see Peter Nwilo’s writ<strong>in</strong>gs on oil pollution and mangrove destruction<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Niger Delta.99. The Environmental Assessment <strong>of</strong> Ogoniland report (released August 9, 2011) isavailable onl<strong>in</strong>e at: http://www.unep.org/nigeria, and also at: http://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/OEA/UNEP_OEA.pdf.156
Forest: <strong>Boko</strong> <strong>Haram</strong>100.101.102.103.I. Samuel Ibaba, <strong>Terrorism</strong> <strong>in</strong> Liberation Struggles: Interrogat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> EngagementTactics <strong>of</strong> Movement for <strong>the</strong> Emancipation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Niger Delta” Perspectives on<strong>Terrorism</strong>, (Fall 2011).Philip Ostien, “Jonah Jang and <strong>the</strong> Jasawa: Ethno-Religious Conflict <strong>in</strong> Jos, <strong>Nigeria</strong>,”Muslim-Christian Relations <strong>in</strong> Africa (August 2009), p. 3.Ibid.Based on <strong>the</strong> per capita representation <strong>in</strong> parliament which gave <strong>the</strong> North half <strong>of</strong><strong>the</strong> seats, half <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> cab<strong>in</strong>et now came from <strong>the</strong> North. See Eghosa Osaghae, ‘TheFederal Cab<strong>in</strong>et, 1951-1984’, <strong>in</strong> Peter P. Ekeh & Eghosa E. Osaghae (eds.), FederalCharacter and Federalism <strong>in</strong> <strong>Nigeria</strong> (He<strong>in</strong>emann, Ibadan, 1989), p. 138.104. Abdel-Fatau Musah, West Africa: Governance and Security <strong>in</strong> a Chang<strong>in</strong>g Region,(International Peace Institute, February 2009), p. 16.105.106.107.108.109.I. Samuel Ibaba, “<strong>Terrorism</strong> <strong>in</strong> Liberation Struggles: Interrogat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> EngagementTactics <strong>of</strong> Movement for <strong>the</strong> Emancipation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Niger Delta” Perspectiveson <strong>Terrorism</strong>, (Fall 2011).Ibid.Ibid.Michael Watts, Ike Okonta, and Dimieari Von Kemedi, “Economies <strong>of</strong> Violence:Petroleum, Politics and Community Conflict <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Niger Delta, <strong>Nigeria</strong>,” (Wash<strong>in</strong>gton,DC: U.S. Institute <strong>of</strong> Peace, 2004), p. 2.The Kaima Declaration, Resolutions <strong>of</strong> all <strong>the</strong> Youths Conference held at Kaima,Bayelsa State, to Explore Strategies for <strong>the</strong> Survival <strong>of</strong> The Ijaw Nation <strong>in</strong> <strong>Nigeria</strong>,December 11, 1998.110. Ibaba Samuel Ibaba & August<strong>in</strong>e Ikelegbe, “Militias and Pirates <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> NigerDelta,” paper presented at Institute <strong>of</strong> Security Studies (ISS), work Shop on Militiaand Rebel Movements: Human Insecurity and State Crisis <strong>in</strong> Africa, PretoriaSouth Africa, April 20-21, 2009, p.13.111. Osmond Chidi, “9 Foreign Oil Workers Seized <strong>in</strong> <strong>Nigeria</strong>,” Associated Press(February 19, 2006); “N<strong>in</strong>e Hostages are Human Shields: Militants,” Reuters(February 19, 2006); and “<strong>Nigeria</strong>n Militants Assault Oil Industry, Abduct<strong>in</strong>g 9Foreigners,” New York Times (February 19, 2006), onl<strong>in</strong>e at: http://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/19/<strong>in</strong>ternational/africa/19nigeria.html.112. Notes from <strong>Nigeria</strong> <strong>in</strong>terview #4.113. For a more detailed account, see I. Samuel Ibaba “<strong>Terrorism</strong> <strong>in</strong> Liberation Struggles”<strong>in</strong> Perspectives on <strong>Terrorism</strong>.114. See BP Statistical Review <strong>of</strong> World Energy (June 2009); available onl<strong>in</strong>e at http://bp.com/statisticalreview. Also, see Chris Ajaero, <strong>Nigeria</strong>’s Lost Trillions, NewswatchMagaz<strong>in</strong>e, May 4, 2009, p. 21. Notably, <strong>in</strong> February 2011 President GoodluckJonathan announced that <strong>Nigeria</strong>’s crude oil production had <strong>in</strong>creased to 2.6million barrels per day. See http://allafrica.com/stories/201102221027.html.157
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On the cover: Residents inspect a p
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This monograph and other JSOU publi
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Recent Publications of the JSOU Pre
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About the AuthorJames J.F. Forest,
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PrefaceThe Islamic sect Boko Haram
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AcknowledgmentsProducing this resea
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Forest: Boko Haramfactions as “ev
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- Page 141 and 142: Forest: Boko HaramBibliographyAdeso
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- Page 145 and 146: Forest: Boko HaramHamill, Todd J. R
- Page 147 and 148: Forest: Boko HaramLast, Murray. 200
- Page 149 and 150: Forest: Boko HaramOsaghae, Eghosa.
- Page 151 and 152: Forest: Boko HaramTerrorism: Psycho
- Page 153 and 154: Forest: Boko HaramAppendix A: Recen
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- Page 161 and 162: Forest: Boko HaramAppendix B: Addit
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- Page 167 and 168: Forest: Boko HaramOdinkalu, Chidi A
- Page 169 and 170: Forest: Boko HaramEndnotes1. Mike O
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- Page 173: Forest: Boko Haram58. John Campbell
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- Page 195 and 196: Forest: Boko Haram388. “Nigerian