Measurement Science Roadmap for Net-Zero Energy Buildings

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Some of the broad challenges identified include financial incentives (the buildingindustry and consumers are motivated by different and sometimes conflictingfactors); industry structure and culture that is sometimes slow to change;uncertain, inconsistent, or insufficient policies and regulations that contribute togreater risk; lack of training and education to better inform all levels ofstakeholders about energy issues; and a lack of public awareness about net-zeroenergy concepts and the potential benefits.Onsite EnergyProductionIntelligentBuildingsWholeBuildingsBuildingEnvelopeBuildingEquipmentCritical Technologies• Electrical and thermalenergy storage systems• More efficient/lessexpensive renewablesystems• “Plug and play” renewableenergy systems• Advanced CHP includingCO-tolerant fuel cells• Intelligent systems tointerface renewablesystems, storage, andenergy providers• Effective interconnectionstandards and interfaces• Robust, adaptive, selfconfiguring controlstrategies• New, low cost, selfchecking sensors• Intelligent models andfeedback systems• Technologies to enablewhole building globaloptimization• Inexpensive integratedmetering• Whole building designand methods foreffective integration ofenvelope/ energygeneration• Performanceassessment software,databases, and lifecycle tools• Controls/sensors formonitoring air, gas,water, volatiles,particulates• Passive air cleaningtechnologies• Daylighting• Wireless sensorintegration• Zero-emissionmaterials and ratingprocesses• High R-value buildingmaterials andcomments• Advanced design andconstruction methodsto increase qualityand efficiency• Moisture-tolerantmaterials andassemblies• Inexpensive long lifewireless sensors andtransmitters• Fault detection/diagnostics for allequipment• Automated building/equipmentcommissioning• Better electrical‘sleep’ functions• Design tools forefficient sizing• Improved watercontrol and useMeasurement Priorities• Dynamic in-situmeasurements ofperformance• Accurate tools to predictenergy generation fromon-site energy sources• Representative thermaland electrical buildingload profiles• Methods/standardprotocols for evaluatingreal time performance ofonsite generationsystems• Commissioningtechniques that reduce“gap” between designand actual performance• Standard tariff database• Standards forcollecting and sharingdata• Test beds fordeveloping/evaluatingNZEB technology• Effective model inputsfrom standardizeddata• Automated tools forcommissioning• Data requirementsand analysis toassess buildingperformance• Best practiceguidelines forintelligent systemdesign, operation andmaintenance• Fundamental basis forgreen codes, standardsand programs• Equipment ratings tosupport systemmodeling and generateperformance maps• Accurate, affordable,low maintenancesensing andmeasurement• Whole building energy/environment model• Performancedegradation metrics forwhole building andsubsystems• Universal standards/methods ofmeasurement forbuildings• Wireless temperatureand RH transducerswith high accuracy, lowpower and cost andlong life• Accelerated aging testsfor predicting long-termperformance ofenvelope materials andsystems• In situ measurement ofthermal resistance ofexisting wall assemblies• Air-tightnessmeasurement test andcalibration metrics• Analysis of energy billsto identify candidatebuildings for energyefficiencyretrofits• Updated equipmentmethods of test andperformance ratingprocedures• Procedures forrating as-installeddistributioneffectiveness inbuildings• Continuouscomparativeanalysis ofmeasured vsexpectedperformance ofHVAC andrefrigeration• Nanolubricants forefficient chilllersFigure E.2 Critical Technologies and Measurement Science Priorities for Net‐Zero Energy BuildingsivMeasurement Science for Net-Zero Energy Buildings
I. INTRODUCTIONA. Background and Importance of Net-Zero Energy BuildingsBuildings account for nearly a third of the world’s energy use today, and this shareis expected to rise along with population growth and levels of prosperity. In theUnited States, residential and commercial buildings consumed about 40 % ofprimary energy use, or about 38.7 quadrillion BTUs (40.8 exajoules) in 2008 (DOE2009a). Buildings consume approximately 73 % of all electricity used within theUnited States, as shown in Figure 1. Buildings also account for 55 % of all U.S.natural gas consumption (including natural gas for electricity production) (DOE2009a). In 2006, residential and commercial buildings were responsible for 58 %and 42 %, respectively, of the $392 billion U.S. building energy expenditures (DOE2009). If current trends continue, buildings could consume more than industry andtransportation combined (NSTC 2008).In addition, U.S. buildings are responsiblefor more than 39 % of world CO2 emissions,double the total emissions of India andmore than the total emissions of the U.K.,France, and Japan combined (UN MDGI-2009). Buildings are also responsible for45 % of U.S. water use, or about 180 billiongallons (681 G·m 3 ) per day (USGS 2004).The per capita water use for providingelectricity to buildings (470 gallons [1.78m 3 ] per day) far exceeds the per capitadomestic water use of about 100 gallons[0.38 m 3 ] Per day; a recent study projectedthat 36 states anticipate local, regional, orstatewide water shortages by 2013.Figure 1. U.S. Electricity Consumption By Sector, 2008(DOE 2009a)Transportation0.2%Industry26.4%Residential &CommercialBuildings73.4% Total Primary U.S.Electricity Use40.1 Quadrillion BtuWithout dramatically reducing energyconsumption in the buildings sector, it willbe difficult for the U.S. to make meaningfulreductions in the fast-growing demand for electricity, water, and/or gas.Net-zero energy buildings (NZEB) ⎯buildings that produce as much energy asthey consume over a defined period⎯offer the potential to substantially decreasebuilding energy use and enable buildings to become energy self-sufficient.Achieving the vision of net-zero energy buildings will require the pursuit ofmultiple strategies, including development of new, cost-effective technologies andpractices, revision of building codes, integration of renewable energy into buildingdesigns, and adoption of innovative strategies for using energy and resourceswithin the building community.A national goal has been set to achieve net-zero energy in 50 % of U.S. commercialbuildings by 2050 (DOE 2010). Greater use of existing technologies plays a key roleMeasurement Science for Net-Zero Energy Buildings 1
Page 1: NIST Technical Note 1660Measurement
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Page 7 and 8: PREFACEThis report summarizes the r
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Long Term: Energy efficiency rating
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Sensors (continued)LowerPriorityBui
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Exhibit VI.1. Building Envelope Mea
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B. Critical TechnologiesMore energy
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optimize and recalibrate when neces
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Exhibit VII.1. Building Equipment M
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APPENDICESMeasurement Science for N
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Whole BuildingsBill Bahnfleth Penns
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APPENDIX C: ACRONYMSANSI:ASHRAE:AST
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Measurement Science Roadmap for Net-Zero Energy Buildings

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