Measurement Science Roadmap for Net-Zero Energy Buildings

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Mid Term: CO2, CO, VOC andparticulate-sensing needs to be lowcost,accurate, low-maintenance, andwireless. “Micro-sensing”—wireless,low-cost measuring of temperature,RH, etc.—would facilitate automatedfault detection, diagnostics, andcommissioning for fine-tuningsubsystems energy use.Long Term: Demand- andperformance-based controls for allindoor environmental qualityparameters (e.g., light, thermal, indoorair quality (IAQ)) ensure no wastedenergy. Expanded use of BuildingInformation Modeling (BIM) allows formore detailed analysis of potentialsystems. An intuitive, TurboTax-likeuser-interface for design could form the basis of design metrics⎯particularly inconcept development.Indoor Air QualityMid Term: Passive air-cleaning technologies need to be developed. IndividualbasedHVAC would reduce energy demand for maintaining air quality. Low-costself-cleaning filters are also necessary.Long Term: Whole building IAQ design must be an integral part of the wholebuilding system.C. Broad ChallengesCommercial building systems control panel.(Photo: MS Online)Technical ChallengesDesign and systems integration is a key issue in the implementation of wholebuilding concepts. Lack of integration between design, analysis, and operation isone of the most critical barriers. In general, there is a lack of data, information,and education related to the use of integrated building design. Overly complexdesign and construction and under-developed quality management systems bothcontribute to making integration more difficult. The current architectural focus ison space and form, not on human performance⎯but the integration of both isnecessary for effective whole building designs. Lack of user-friendly, detailedmodels in the design phase is also an impediment. Another major barrier is thatbuilding occupants do not account for building life cycle costs because they movefrequently.Building performance monitoring and control is vital to whole building integratedperformance and faces a number of challenges. Validation of energy cost savingswith real data, not model predictions, is a major barrier. Useful (i.e., measurable,quantitative, and meaningful) criteria for IAQ control is also lacking, making it38 Measurement Science for Net-Zero Energy Buildings
difficult to efficiently integrate air quality and energy systems. Performancemetrics for novel technologies are lacking and could impede implementation ofwhole building systems where they are major components.Models are an essential tool for whole building performance monitoring and arechallenged by difficulties in linking to existing proprietary tools (non-opensource), and the greater complexity and functionality required for simulation ofnew building technologies. There are also limited modeling tools for HVACsystems and novel technologies.Standardization is lacking for many necessary test methods, which is a majorbarrier. In addition, existing building standards are insufficient to support thewhole building concept, and current competing standards in some cases are asource of confusion for both consumers and the construction industry.Retrofit of the existing built environment remains an issue for adopting wholebuilding concepts. For example, retrofitting of existing residential buildings islabor-intensive and requires well-trained individuals. There is also insufficientclear feedback on retrofit performance.Non-Technical ChallengesCost and reliability remains a critical issue for whole building systems. There is aperception that cheaper may be more important than better, making costeffectivenessof new systems is a key issue. Overcoming the first-cost barrier withthe buyer is critical; the important message is that the installed cost is higher,but can lead to a lifetime of benefits, including improved comfort and betterenergy performance. There is also a perceived risk that implementing wholebuilding systems reduces reliability, i.e., more technology increase the potentialfor failure modes. Occupant performance factors, which could be used to reduceeconomic risk, are also lacking for use in asset valuations.Industry cultural and business models can be inherently limiting. A primarychallenge is the lack of energy accountability in the construction industry andpoor feedback on energy performance. Another major problem is the over-usedand sometimes unwarranted claim that buildings are “green,” primarily becausethere is little oversight on how this is defined. Architects, engineers, contractors,and investors also speak different languages, and finding common ground overparadigm-changing technologies may be difficult. The propensity to avoid changeand stick with traditional methods is also a challenge that needs to be overcome.Consumer perceptions and behavior can create barriers to the use of wholebuilding systems. Consumers are generally unwilling to change behaviors if theybelieve they might have to sacrifice some comfort or amenities. Overcomingbehavioral issues will require more and better information dissemination,increased awareness of benefits, and greater understanding of how newtechnologies can be used. Legal risk also plays a role, particularly with privacyissues over the potential release of personal information.Education and training are key factors in deploying innovative new concepts suchas whole buildings. Building design-, construction-, and operation-team educationMeasurement Science for Net-Zero Energy Buildings 39
Page 1: NIST Technical Note 1660Measurement
Page 4 and 5: Certain commercial entities, equipm
Page 7 and 8: PREFACEThis report summarizes the r
Page 9 and 10: EXECUTIVE SUMMARYBuildings account
Page 11 and 12: I. INTRODUCTIONA. Background and Im
Page 13 and 14: • Building Envelope Energy Reduct
Page 15 and 16: advances in technology and knowledg
Page 17 and 18: Table III‐1. Onsite Energy Produc
Page 19 and 20: needs to be resolved for urban buil
Page 21 and 22: Table III‐2. Onsite Energy Genera
Page 23 and 24: Exhibit III.1. On-Site Energy Produ
Page 33 and 34: IV. INTELLIGENT BUILDINGSIntelligen
Page 35 and 36: Near Term: Systems that provide inf
Page 37 and 38: Table IV‐2. Intelligent Buildings
Page 39 and 40: E. Priorities for Measurement Scien
Page 41 and 42: Exhibit IV.2. Intelligent Buildings
Page 47: B. Critical TechnologiesA wide vari
Page 51 and 52: Sensors (continued)LowerPriorityBui
Page 53 and 54: Exhibit V.1. Whole Buildings Measur
Page 59 and 60: VI. BUILDING ENVELOPEBuilding energ
Page 61 and 62: Long Term: Energy efficiency rating
Page 63 and 64: Sensors (continued)LowerPriorityBui
Page 65 and 66: Exhibit VI.1. Building Envelope Mea
Page 71 and 72: B. Critical TechnologiesMore energy
Page 73 and 74: optimize and recalibrate when neces
Page 75 and 76: Table VII‐2. Building Equipment -
Page 77 and 78: Exhibit VII.1. Building Equipment M
Page 79 and 80: Exhibit VII.3. Building Equipment M
Page 81 and 82: APPENDICESMeasurement Science for N
Page 83 and 84: Whole BuildingsBill Bahnfleth Penns
Page 85 and 86: APPENDIX C: ACRONYMSANSI:ASHRAE:AST

Measurement Science Roadmap for Net-Zero Energy Buildings

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