Measurement Science Roadmap for Net-Zero Energy Buildings

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integrated power generation systems will include high-density energy storage forgrid regulation.Mid to long Term: There will be continued development of smart controllers forintegrated power generation systems.Integration of SystemsNear Term: A single interconnection standard will be needed to incentivizedevelopment and reduce regulatory barriers to self-generation. Uniform utilitycontrol standards that facilitate installation and communication of networkeddevices. Standard interfaces will enable the integration of “plug and play” PVsystems. Predictive cost benefit models will assess the performance of PV systemsfor individual customers.Mid to long Term: Generating technologies will be more responsive, particularlywaste heat utilization and CHP; generation will be tightly managed and will bedispatch-able.C. Broad ChallengesThe broad challenges related to onsite energy production are both technical andnon-technical. They involve barriers unique to the integration of generationsystems with buildings, the need for energy storage, incentivizing investment forhigh risk, high cost renewable energy systems, and overcoming current buildingindustry philosophies and structure.Technical ChallengesRenewable energy systems face a number of challenges for use in buildings. Someof the most critical include reliability of renewable energy systems over time, andpredicting the actual performance of these systems versus expectations basedupon limited rating data⎯a practice that often leads to over-prediction ofinstalled performance. Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems are impeded by the highinvestment required, which means long and unattractive payback periods formany building operators and owners. Onthe technology side, maintenance andreliability of concentrating solarcollectors remains a challenge. Standardtechniques to integrate PV onresidential, commercial, and skyscrapersare also lacking. Communicationbarriers also exist between sensors,smart grid systems, and renewableenergy systems. Related to this is theneed for accurate predictive softwareand performance metrics for integratedpower generation systems.NIST’s outdoor residential photovoltaic testfacility is used to collect performance datafor model improvement and validation.(Photo: NIST)Urban power challenges include naturalhazard control (e.g., maintaining system reliability and energy production underconditions such as hurricanes, fire, snow, hail, thunderstorms) is a challenge that8 Measurement Science for Net-Zero Energy Buildings
needs to be resolved for urban building-integrated power generation to becomemore widespread. Urban power generation inherently creates some difficulties,such as noise and aesthetic concerns.Grid-integration protocols are a major challenge to grid integration of onsitepower systems. As grid interconnection becomes more widespread, there will bean increased need for communication protocols that enable utilities to provideprice signals to producers and consumers of energy, as well as automaticscheduling of demand-response events.Uniform technical methods of test, rating methodologies, and standards areneeded to determine the real-time performance of energy generation. It isimportant to be able to reconcile predicted output with actual energy production,allowing more accurate selection and design of systems. In addition, standardsare needed that will allow data collection to establish benchmarks to identifyunderperforming units or facilities.Storage technology is an important issue, particularly for renewable energytechnologies with variable production. The major challenge is the lack of highefficiency,low-cost, environmentally sound storage technologies for both electricaland thermal energy. A related barrier is the lack of high-density, highperformanceenergy storage materials, which could enable new storagetechnologies.Non-Technical ChallengesCosts and financing represents a challenge on a number of fronts. The currentcost of energy conversion technologies in general is high, making themimpractical for some buildings. There is also a great deal of uncertainty inappraising the performance and determining the value of onsite energyproduction. Increased demonstration of technologies and better sharing of resultsand lessons learned could help to increase understanding of benefits andreliability, particularly for investors. On the policy side, there are widely varyingfinancial incentives for energy production, and navigating these can be difficultfor the average operator, owner, or investor. A key challenge is to convey thebenefits to residential users so they can readily justify adoption of systems basedon cost.Training and education is a challenge in a number of areas. First responders, forexample, have limited understanding of and training with PV/energy productionsystems, which could raise safety concerns during hazardous or emergencyconditions. On the technical side, trained installers are lacking, especially oneswho understand permitting and other issues. There is also a broad lack ofexpertise with building-integrated energy systems in the design community.Non-uniform regulatory requirements are an important barrier. While manystates mandate that renewable and distributed energy sources must be connectedto the grid and provide for net metering, these regulations are not uniform andcan vary significantly between jurisdictions. There is a need to develop onenationally consistent regulatory framework that governs the integration of onsiteenergy production with the grid while ensuring grid stability.Measurement Science for Net-Zero Energy Buildings 9
Page 1: NIST Technical Note 1660Measurement
Page 4 and 5: Certain commercial entities, equipm
Page 7 and 8: PREFACEThis report summarizes the r
Page 9 and 10: EXECUTIVE SUMMARYBuildings account
Page 11 and 12: I. INTRODUCTIONA. Background and Im
Page 13 and 14: • Building Envelope Energy Reduct
Page 15 and 16: advances in technology and knowledg
Page 17: Table III‐1. Onsite Energy Produc
Page 21 and 22: Table III‐2. Onsite Energy Genera
Page 23 and 24: Exhibit III.1. On-Site Energy Produ
Page 33 and 34: IV. INTELLIGENT BUILDINGSIntelligen
Page 35 and 36: Near Term: Systems that provide inf
Page 37 and 38: Table IV‐2. Intelligent Buildings
Page 39 and 40: E. Priorities for Measurement Scien
Page 41 and 42: Exhibit IV.2. Intelligent Buildings
Page 47 and 48: B. Critical TechnologiesA wide vari
Page 49 and 50: difficult to efficiently integrate
Page 51 and 52: Sensors (continued)LowerPriorityBui
Page 53 and 54: Exhibit V.1. Whole Buildings Measur
Page 59 and 60: VI. BUILDING ENVELOPEBuilding energ
Page 61 and 62: Long Term: Energy efficiency rating
Page 63 and 64: Sensors (continued)LowerPriorityBui
Page 65 and 66: Exhibit VI.1. Building Envelope Mea
Page 67 and 68: Exhibit VI.3. Building Envelope Mea
Page 69 and 70:
Exhibit VI.5. Building Envelope Mea
Page 71 and 72:
B. Critical TechnologiesMore energy
Page 73 and 74:
optimize and recalibrate when neces
Page 75 and 76:
Table VII‐2. Building Equipment -
Page 77 and 78:
Exhibit VII.1. Building Equipment M
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Exhibit VII.3. Building Equipment M
Page 81 and 82:
APPENDICESMeasurement Science for N
Page 83 and 84:
Whole BuildingsBill Bahnfleth Penns
Page 85 and 86:
APPENDIX C: ACRONYMSANSI:ASHRAE:AST
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Measurement Science Roadmap for Net-Zero Energy Buildings

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