Shark -new motor design concept for energy saving- applied to - VBN

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2 Chapter 1 Introduction demands, producers perform research to investigate potential solutions to promote the sensible use of electricity and to help eliminate unnecessary and costly waste. Electric motors are the main consumers of electric energy, with applications ranging from large power plant to domestic appliances. In industry about 70 % of the total energy is consumed by motor driven systems [8]. In this context, a new category of electric motors is being promoted on the market. This new category, High Efficiency Motor (HEM), has a higher efficiency than the majority of the motors in current use. A HEM refers to the ubiquitous Induction Machine (IM), and employs mainly the same manufacturing technology as a standard motor. The improved efficiency is obtained by using better and/or more material and/or by optimising the geometry of the magnetic circuit. However, both methods are expensive. Forecasts of the savings possible if HEM applied are significant [8], [9]. To encourage these changes a new classification of electric motors according to efficiency has been approved by CEMEP 1 and the General Directorate for Energy within the European Commission, ranking them according to the efficiency [7], [9]. This distributes the motors into three groups: standard efficiency motors (Eff3), improved efficiency motors (Eff2) and high efficiency motors (Eff1) as shown in Fig.1.1 for 2 and 4 pole Induction Machines. Moreover, the manufacturers were committed to reduce the market share of Eff3 motors by at least 50 % by December 2003 [7]. efficiency [%] 95 90 85 80 75 10 0 Eff1 High efficiency Eff2 Improved efficiency 2 pole 10 1 4 pole Eff3 Standard efficiency rated power [kW] Fig.1.1 Classification of electric motors according to their efficiency [7] As an extension of these regulations, the Danish Energy Agency (DEA) introduced its own programme for energy saving. The power range included in the DEA efficiency table for energysaving motors (Table 1.1) was increased to include motors rated at 0.55 [kW] instead of the IEC version, which stops at 1.1 [kW], because motors rated at less than 1 [kW] generally exhibit a lower efficiency than those rated at 1 [kW] or more. Additionally, very large numbers of these small machines are in use in domestic and office equipment. Therefore, any potential improvement of the efficiency of these small motors makes a large difference to global energy consumption. 1 European Committee of Manufacturers of Electrical Machines and Power Electronics 10 2
Chapter 1 Introduction Table 1.1 Full load efficiencies for High Efficiency Motors with 2 and 4 poles, according to the Danish Energy Agency Power [kW] 0.55 0.75 1.1 1.5 2.2 3 4 Efficiency (%) 2 poles 80 81 81 82 84 85 86 4 poles 77 78 78 80 82 84 86 Power [kW] 5.5 7.5 11 15 18.5 22 30 Efficiency (%) 2 poles 87 89 90 91 92 92.5 93 4 poles 87 88 90 91 92 92 92.5 Power [kW] 37 45 55 75 90 110 Efficiency (%) 2 poles 93.5 94 94.5 95 95.5 96 4 poles 93.5 94 94.5 95 95,5 96 The topic of energy saving must be approached carefully. Attention must be paid to the fact that improved efficiency does not necessarily means a large energy saving. When considering efficiency and potential energy savings, four facts must be taken into consideration: a) the efficiency of electric machines increases with the power rating as it may be seen in Fig.1.1. This allows more room for improvement in low power motors b) low power motors represent a large proportion of motors in use as may be seen in Fig.1.2 for the USA [11]. A similar situation applies in all developed countries [7] c) the main energy consumers are the large motors as the diagram in Fig.1.3 indicates it, many motors are not operated at full load Fig. 1. 2 Motor distribution in USA [11] Fig. 1. 3 Energy consumption distribution in USA [11] Analysis of induction motor efficiency curves reveals that there is a large potential for improvement of the energy conversion process for motors rated in the low power range. Therefore fact (a) considered with the large number of small motors in use (b), may support the idea that the motors rated in the low power range may also afford the main resources for potential energy saving. However, things prove to be different. As already mentioned in (b) and (c), large motors are actually the main energy consumers, despite the lower proportion of the total existing motors in use. The small motors, even though they are greater in number, have the lowest energy consumption. 3
Page 1: Shark -new motor design concept for
Page 6 and 7: Abstract The aim of this thesis is
Page 8 and 9: i instantaneous current Ψ ϕ flux
Page 13 and 14: Table of contents Preface………
Page 15: Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 1 In
Page 19 and 20: Chapter 1 Introduction The magnetic
Page 21 and 22: Chapter 1 Introduction Fig.1.7 Illu
Page 23 and 24: [Wb] O Wf Wconv Fig. 1.9 Conversion
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Page 31 and 32: Chapter 2 Chapter 2 Linear analysis
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Page 35 and 36: ( y) Chapter 2 Linear analysis of t
Page 45 and 46: ksquare Lsquare L0 Chapter 2 Linear
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Chapter 3 Finite Element modeling o
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1 Chapter 3 Finite Element modeling
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flux linkage [Wb] Chapter 3 Finite
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Chapter 4 Chapter 4 Analytical mode
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Chapter 4 Analytical modelling of t
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N s because there are ph Chapter 4
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where where λ ( , θ ) 102 Chapter
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104 energy gain Chapter 4 Analytica
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106 Chapter 4 Analytical modelling
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112 radial force [N] 1900 1800 1700
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114 radial force [N] Chapter 4 Anal
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120 Chapter 5 Measurement and compa
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turn on angle [deg] 128 10 8 6 4 2
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140 copper loss [W] Chapter 5 Measu
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142 d. Power factor Chapter 5 Measu
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144 f. Specific torque Chapter 5 Me
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148 Chapter 6 Manufacturing conside
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158 Chapter 7 Summary and Conclusio
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Appendix A Design data of Induction
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170 Appendix B Definition of the ai
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178 air gap flux density [T] Append
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Appendix C 180 Appendix C Analytica
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A A A w1 w2 w3 182 = w ⋅ v = w =
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Appendix C.4 184 Appendix C Analyti
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Appendix C.5 Permeance ratio 186 Ap
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Appendix D Appendix D.1 188 Appendi
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190 References [16] T.J.E. Miller,
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192 References Conference, , 27 Jul
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194 Volume: 2 , 1996 , Page(s): 715
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196 References [96] F. Abrahamsen,
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188 References
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