Annual Diving Report - Divers Alert Network

More documents

Recommendations

Info

2. PROJECT DIVE EXPLORATION Percentage of Dive Series 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 None Commercial Not reported Unpressurized Ground Type of Altitude Exposure After Diving Figure 2.4-9 Percentage of PDE divers reporting altitude exposure after diving (n = 3,265). 2.5 Dive Outcomes Because there are no certain methods of diagnosing decompression illness (DCI includes AGE or DCS), we offer operational definitions for six possible outcomes of the PDE dives. The outcomes were based on reports by PDE volunteers of events, symptoms, and signs in daily logs or in the 48-Hour Report. Reports that were potentially decompression related were followed up with the diver or recompression facility. As a measure of decompression stress, the DCS probability (PDCS) was estimated from the dive profile based on the method described by Gerth and Vann (Gerth WA, Vann RD. Probabilistic gas and bubble dynamics models of decompression sickness occurrence in air and N2-O2 diving. Undersea Hyperb Med 1997; 24:275-292). Definitions of the six possible outcome categories were: Uneventful. ● Events, signs, or symptoms were denied. Incident. ● Incidents include procedural problems or equipment problems that did not result in major harm. Equalization problems are included here, such as temporary ear pain or discomfort. These were not reported as injuries. ● Potentially hazardous procedural or equipment events were reported but signs or symptoms were not reported. Non-DCI Injury or Symptoms. ● Injuries, signs, or symptoms unlikely to be DCI upon review of medical history. ● Pulmonary barotrauma (pneumothorax, mediastinal emphysema, subcutaneous emphysema) in the absence of neurological or cardiopulmonary signs or symptoms. ● Headache in the absence of other signs or symptoms described by the Perceived Severity Index (PSI, see page 48 in the 2005 edition of the DAN Diving Report). ● Injuries, signs, or symptoms not attributable to AGE after a single dive to less than 30 fsw (10 msw). ● Sign or symptom onset times longer than 24-hrs after the last dive or altitude exposure. Annual Diving Report: 2006 Edition 23
2. PROJECT DIVE EXPLORATION Ambiguous. If any of the following criteria are present: ● Insufficient exposure (single dive to less than 30 fsw/10 msw). ● Signs or symptoms that could be ascribed to a non-DCI cause. ● Confounding medical conditions that could explain the symptoms. ● Spontaneous symptom resolution after less than 20 minutes with surface oxygen or less than 60 minutes without oxygen. ● Inadequate information. Arterial Gas Embolism (AGE). If all three criteria are present: ● Symptom onset time of less than 15 minutes post-dive. ● Presence of cerebral neurological signs, symptoms, or findings. ● Symptom duration greater than 15 minutes. Rapid ascent, out-of-gas, cardiopulmonary symptoms, pneumothorax, or mediastinal or subcutaneous emphysema increase the confidence of AGE diagnosis. Decompression Sickness (DCS). ● Onset of signs or symptoms within 24 hrs of diving or altitude exposure after diving. ● Signs or symptoms in accordance with PSI categories. ● Type I DCS (DCS I) included PSIs of Pain, Skin/Lymphatic, Constitutional/Non-Specific. ● Type II DCS (DCS II) included PSIs of Serious Neurological, Cardiopulmonary, Mild Neurological. Other PSIs could also be present. Table 2.5-1. Summary of outcomes Outcome n Dives Uneventful Dive 22,621 Incident 1,291 Non-DCI Injury 12 Ambiguous 2 DCS I 2 DCI DCS II 3 AGE 0 24 Annual Diving Report: 2006 Edition
Page 1 and 2: ANNUAL DIVING REPORT 2006 EDITION F
Page 3 and 4: Acknowledgments Data for the 2006 R
Page 5 and 6: International DAN Offices DAN Ameri
Page 7 and 8: 1. INTRODUCTION PDE is a prospectiv
Page 9 and 10: 1.2 Annual Diving Injury and Fatali
Page 11 and 12: 1. INTRODUCTION 48 years from 1989
Page 13 and 14: 2. PROJECT DIVE EXPLORATION The Sca
Page 15 and 16: 2. PROJECT DIVE EXPLORATION Table 2
Page 17 and 18: 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 2. PROJECT D
Page 19 and 20: 2.4 Dive Profiles 2. PROJECT DIVE E
Page 21 and 22: Percentage of Dives Percent of Dive
Page 23: Percentage of Dives 80 60 40 20 0 C
Page 27 and 28: 2.5.2 Non-DCI Injury or Symptoms 2.
Page 29 and 30: 0 -40 -60 -80 -100 -120 -140 -160 2
Page 31 and 32: Case #3. Mild neurological DCS (DCS
Page 33 and 34: 3. DIVE INJURIES 3. DIVE INJURIES T
Page 35 and 36: 3. DIVE INJURIES treat fewer than 1
Page 37 and 38: 3. DIVE INJURIES The frequency of d
Page 39 and 40: Dizziness/Vertigo Skin Pulmonary He
Page 41 and 42: 3. DIVE INJURIES Figure 3.4-5 indic
Page 43 and 44: Percent of Cases 50 40 30 20 10 0 C
Page 45 and 46: 4. DIVE FATALITIES Table 4.1-1 Numb
Page 47 and 48: Percent of Fatalities 45 40 35 30 2
Page 49 and 50: 4. DIVE FATALITIES Figure 4.2-5 sho
Page 51 and 52: 4. DIVE FATALITIES Figure 4.3-3 sho
Page 53 and 54: 50 40 30 20 10 0 Surface pre-dive D
Page 55 and 56: Percent of Fatalities 30 20 10 70 6
Page 57 and 58: 4. DIVE FATALITIES Emergency ascent
Page 59 and 60: 4. DIVE FATALITIES The number of di
Page 61 and 62: 5. BREATH-HOLD DIVING Details on th
Page 63 and 64: Number of Cases of Cases 10 8 6 4 2
Page 65 and 66: APPENDIX A. DIVE INJURY CASE REPORT
Page 71 and 72: APPENDIX B. DIVE FATALITY CASE REPO
Page 73 and 74: APPENDIX B. DIVE FATALITY CASE REPO
Page 75 and 76:
APPENDIX B. DIVE FATALITY CASE REPO
Page 77 and 78:
Page 79 and 80:
Page 81 and 82:
Page 83 and 84:
Page 85 and 86:
Page 87 and 88:
Page 89 and 90:
Page 91 and 92:
Page 93 and 94:
APPENDIX C. BREATH-HOLD INCIDENT CA
Page 95 and 96:
2004 Publications Refereed Articles
Page 97 and 98:
computers. Undersea Hyperb Med 2004
Page 99 and 100:
Vann RD, Wachholz CJ, Nord DA, Deno
Page 101 and 102:
NOTES 100 Annual Diving Report: 200
Page 103:
www.DiversAlertNetwork.org
show all

Annual Diving Report - Divers Alert Network

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?