Annual Diving Report - Divers Alert Network

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4. DIVE FATALITIES On descent or early in dive. Problems began on descent or at an early stage of the dive in four cases. ● A 15-year-old novice diver on medication for attention deficit disorder entered shallow water off the beach, had a flooded mask at 8 fsw (2 msw), panicked, and drowned. ● A diver with a history of seizures and cocaine use was found entangled in an anchor line immediately after descent. ● A 55-year-old female diver experienced problems with her regulator immediately upon descent to 117 fsw (36 msw) and drowned. Examination of the regulator revealed a missing diaphragm seal. ● A 40-year-old diver spearfishing on a wreck at 196 fsw (60 msw) made a rapid ascent to 80 fsw (25 msw), and found convulsing at 150 fsw (46 msw) where he drowned. At the bottom. Problems started on the bottom in 42 percent of cases (n=37). Twenty-seven divers (31 percent) lost consciousness at the bottom, eight divers were trapped, three were entangled, two may have had heart problems, and four lost consciousness for unknown cause. Ascent. Problems started during ascent in 15 percent of cases (n=13), sometimes even after completing a 10-foot safety stop. In one case, a diver was lost in shallow water after his safety stop. Inspection of his rebreather indicated malfunctions due to poor maintenance and assembly. Surface post-dive. Twenty-two divers lost consciousness after surfacing. The longer a diver is at the surface without symptoms, the less likely it is that death was due to injury on the bottom or during ascent. Post-dive, out of water. Two deaths occurred after dives without obvious problems. ● A 63- year-old experienced diver with a history of heart disease collapsed on the boat after exiting the water. ● A 51-year-old experienced diver completed a 100 fsw (30 msw) dive and collapsed minutes later in the locker room. He was transferred to a hospital and treated for AGE but died of hypoxic brain injury a few days later. 4.4.2 Cause of Death Figure 4.4.2-1 shows the distribution of COD in the judgment of the DAN pathologist who reviewed each case. Fifty-six cases (64 percent) were designated as drowning; acute heart condition was cited in 10 cases (8 cardiac dysrhythmia, one myocardial infarction, and one severe atherosclerosis). Arterial gas embolism was judged as COD in 9 cases (10 percent). COD was unknown in 10 percent (n=9) because the body was not found (n=4), or COD was not specified by the medical examiner. Annual Diving Report: 2006 Edition 53
Percent of Fatalities 30 20 10 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 Drowning Drowning Acute heart condition AGE Air embolism Trauma Carbon monoxide Figure 4.4.2-1 Cause of death (n=88). Natural disease 4.4.3 Disabling injury Trauma Intoxication Loss of consciousness Figure 4.4.3-1 Disabling injury (n=71). 4. DIVE FATALITIES Breathing problem Unknown Unknown Drowning (25 cases). Drowning was cited as the COD in 64 percent of cases, but we identified drowning as the disabling injury in only 29 percent and only in circumstances where asphyxia and/or aspiration appeared to have immediately preceded death. For example, disabling injuries 54 Annual Diving Report: 2006 Edition
Page 1 and 2:
ANNUAL DIVING REPORT 2006 EDITION F
Page 3 and 4: Acknowledgments Data for the 2006 R
Page 5 and 6: International DAN Offices DAN Ameri
Page 7 and 8: 1. INTRODUCTION PDE is a prospectiv
Page 9 and 10: 1.2 Annual Diving Injury and Fatali
Page 11 and 12: 1. INTRODUCTION 48 years from 1989
Page 13 and 14: 2. PROJECT DIVE EXPLORATION The Sca
Page 15 and 16: 2. PROJECT DIVE EXPLORATION Table 2
Page 17 and 18: 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 2. PROJECT D
Page 19 and 20: 2.4 Dive Profiles 2. PROJECT DIVE E
Page 21 and 22: Percentage of Dives Percent of Dive
Page 23 and 24: Percentage of Dives 80 60 40 20 0 C
Page 25 and 26: 2. PROJECT DIVE EXPLORATION Ambiguo
Page 27 and 28: 2.5.2 Non-DCI Injury or Symptoms 2.
Page 29 and 30: 0 -40 -60 -80 -100 -120 -140 -160 2
Page 31 and 32: Case #3. Mild neurological DCS (DCS
Page 33 and 34: 3. DIVE INJURIES 3. DIVE INJURIES T
Page 35 and 36: 3. DIVE INJURIES treat fewer than 1
Page 37 and 38: 3. DIVE INJURIES The frequency of d
Page 39 and 40: Dizziness/Vertigo Skin Pulmonary He
Page 41 and 42: 3. DIVE INJURIES Figure 3.4-5 indic
Page 43 and 44: Percent of Cases 50 40 30 20 10 0 C
Page 45 and 46: 4. DIVE FATALITIES Table 4.1-1 Numb
Page 47 and 48: Percent of Fatalities 45 40 35 30 2
Page 49 and 50: 4. DIVE FATALITIES Figure 4.2-5 sho
Page 51 and 52: 4. DIVE FATALITIES Figure 4.3-3 sho
Page 53: 50 40 30 20 10 0 Surface pre-dive D
Page 57 and 58: 4. DIVE FATALITIES Emergency ascent
Page 59 and 60: 4. DIVE FATALITIES The number of di
Page 61 and 62: 5. BREATH-HOLD DIVING Details on th
Page 63 and 64: Number of Cases of Cases 10 8 6 4 2
Page 65 and 66: APPENDIX A. DIVE INJURY CASE REPORT
Page 71 and 72: APPENDIX B. DIVE FATALITY CASE REPO
Page 93 and 94: APPENDIX C. BREATH-HOLD INCIDENT CA
Page 95 and 96: 2004 Publications Refereed Articles
Page 97 and 98: computers. Undersea Hyperb Med 2004
Page 99 and 100: Vann RD, Wachholz CJ, Nord DA, Deno
Page 101 and 102: NOTES 100 Annual Diving Report: 200
Page 103: www.DiversAlertNetwork.org
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