,".'.d(P: - Higher Education Commission

Mutagenic acrivrry h6 also be. idc ificd wih brominaled THMS loolfinopoulos,
20031.
l.l8 Stnt gi6 for Tril.lon lb!6 .olttol
TlE ccuM of tinalom.lbG i! $!t!r 6 b. cortroled by eilhq Emoving ilc
THMS prcUN6 or by rcoovilg tlc THMS oN. they e fom€d.
Erneced @agdation leadr ro both tudidity ad NOM FDoval. Enhtucd coaguhtio!
involv.s Fl..lion of the nosl appropliaa @gulf(r, niehd dosg6 of lhe coagulM$,
dd pH adjusll.ot [ChildRr .r .l,t 199; KNrmusb, 1978i Ed*.r& r
A6ifinrnjrL 1985; R.!dtt., 1988; Ch.rg.irl,, l95i CIrB.r.1,, 1995; D.nn.n
.i.1.,l95i Kncmr.d ADy,1995i VrUcnho.k.t.l., t9981. Tnvabnr ions such as
aludinium {lII) ad ircn (lll) &d a vdi.ty of orsanic polyelecrol},tes &e used in
coqulation. conc€niralion of toirl orgdic cdbon (TOc) md altdinit} of waFr dffecl
the eiI€rive!€s of this r€chniqrc lNikol.o! .t rL, 1991. Eydophobic olgeic cdbon
h noE swplible lo oagulation tid hrdophilic orsuic cafton lNilol.ou .t .1.,
1991. Peipit lion of netal,hhic @bpl.x.r is fie donin rn mh&isB !r loEr
coSuldr dos ard lower pH condirioc [childB .. tL r999j- Ar hid.r c@gul&l
dos dd hiehs pH 6nditio6 adeQrion of hhics onto meiol hydroide Faipitit s is
donimt [ChildN ct.L, l99i f,dw&dr ud AFirtnrnjrbrrgEi; Ch.og.i rt,,
1995; Kr.!n.r ..d Any, 1995; D..!.tt .r .1.,19961. E.hdced coaguladon
considetabl] Gduces NOM at conpaativ.ly snall .dditiooal cosr dd @y even obliate
d. need for noE exp€Bive ed sophislicdled treatmdt pMesses [Frc6€ d d,, 20011,
Acliwred cdbon is a wdlknoM nethod for rbc renoval ofNOM. Actilaled cobon is
nosl comnonly wd in a powdered (PAC) or in . smul& lom (CAc). Use of GAc in
fix.d-bed dderb€B is foud much nor.fncient tha PAC dosed inlo.lhe N er
Gmlld dctivat€d cebon (CAC) hls & lbility to edove odor md .olor qsing
conFmdt NOM, THMS dd othd roxic @mpoed5 [adi .t rL, 20031. In GAC
ad.orFion dd[od @npouds ft adeocd inio rh. pors ofthe €rbon srNctE_ Ir is !
dl.tively dF6iv€ po6s. The aderpion €peity of CAC deEss due b rh.