Tool kit for Gender and Agriculture - Economic Commission for Africa

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Table 10: Information Needed for Agricultural Education and Training Projects The following issues need to be addressed through interviews with stakeholders in which a series of direct and, more often, indirect questions suited to each circumstance are answered. Information Possible Sources Actions or Implications Gender differences in educational levels Literacy of rural adults Primary school enrollment Secondary school enrollment Enrollment in agricultural education by gender Percentage of adult enrollment in: • Certificate level • Diploma level • Degree level • Graduate level. Coverage of gender issues in training Are gender issues covered in: • Pre- and in-service training? • Routine training sessions? • Vocational training? • Civil service regulations? Are extension agents trained in gender-sensitive communication methods? Are extension agents trained in how to involve men and women farmers in the diagnostic process? World Development Report (World Bank series) tables, Population and Human Resources Division Training department of the Ministry of Agriculture; training institutions at all levels Review curricula of training department and training institutions Discuss with staff and trainers Attend training session 51 Gender Issues by Subsector Adapt the type of communication used in project activities, and collaborate with education sector division on adult literacy Consider actions to increase female enrollment or consider inservice agricultural training of women rural agents from other ministries or disciplines Take actions to improve the coverage of gender issues in extension and training departments.
1. Issues C. Agricultural Extension 52 Gender Issues by Subsector Women farmers have less contact with extension services than men. In most countries, extension services are predominantly staffed by men. Until recently, their services were often directed to men farmers or heads of households. Female-headed households, therefore, frequently had less access to extension services than households headed by men. Women members of male-headed households often had even less access to these services. Extension services erroneously assumed that messages delivered to men farmers would trickle “across” to women. This excluded a significant proportion of farmers⎯the women⎯from access to extension information, services, and sometimes also inputs and credit. The messages themselves frequently ignored the unique workload, responsibilities, and constraints of women farmers. Finding the means to reach this large, frequently overlooked group is necessary to improve extension coverage and to learn from local farming practice, as well as from the point of view of equity. In many countries, agricultural extension services are being reoriented toward more demand-driven and sustainable services, with greater cost sharing between extension agents and farmers, greater control by local units, increasing private sector provision of services, and growing NGO and farmer group involvement. To be successful, these participatory and community-based approaches will require greater involvement of women, who constitute a significant proportion of active farmers in many parts of the world. A number of strategies to reach women farmers have been found to work in different country settings. The first step is to increase awareness about gender differences in agricultural production systems among staff and management of ministries of agriculture. Next, extension services must be adapted to take account of these differences by training and employing more women agricultural extension agents as well as facilitating and increasing interaction between male extension staff and women farmers. Because men extension agents will outnumber women for some time to come, training men staff to work with women farmers will be a particularly significant strategy. At the same time, the quality of extension services must be improved as explained below. 2. Approaches to Gender Analysis in Agricultural Extension a. Introduce Gender Awareness in the Ministry of Agriculture Introducing gender as an analytical concept in agricultural extension at the ministry level is necessary if officials are unaware of gender roles in agricultural production: for example, who does what, who uses which produce, and who are the heads of households. Several strategies have been tried successfully, including: • Discussions, workshops, and agenda items on gender
Page 1 and 2: TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD 5 ACRONY
Page 3 and 4: LIST OF BOXES 1. Gender Analysis in
Page 5 and 6: FOREWORD 5 Foreword Women play a cr
Page 7 and 8: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 7 Acknowledgments T
Page 9 and 10: 9 Gender in Agriculture In all soci
Page 11 and 12: 11 Gender in Agriculture curs despi
Page 13 and 14: 13 Gender in Agriculture • Genera
Page 15 and 16: approach ensures that women’s vie
Page 17 and 18: 17 Gender in Agriculture dialogue.
Page 19 and 20: 19 Improving Agriculture through Ge
Page 21 and 22: • Obtain financing if necessary.
Page 25 and 26: Table 6: Gender Issues for Agricult
Page 27 and 28: AT DISTRICT/VILLAGE LEVEL Agricultu
Page 43 and 44: CHAPTER III: GENDER ISSUES BY SUBSE
Page 45 and 46: Table 9: Information Needed for Gen
Page 47 and 48: B. Agricultural Education and Train
Page 49: 50 Gender Issues by Subsector • I
Page 53 and 54: 54 Gender Issues by Subsector Are t
Page 55 and 56: gram. 56 Gender Issues by Subsector
Page 57 and 58: 3. References: 58 Gender Issues by
Page 59 and 60: • Different extension methods (in
Page 61 and 62: Is home economics or agriculture th
Page 63 and 64: Do women announcers, actors, and pa
Page 65 and 66: 66 Gender Issues by Subsector harve
Page 67 and 68: 68 Gender Issues by Subsector As re
Page 69 and 70: Table 12: Information Needed for Ag
Page 71 and 72: Do targets exist for recruiting and
Page 73 and 74: 74 Gender Issues by Subsector is gr
Page 75 and 76: Table 13: Information Needed for AS
Page 77 and 78: F. CREDIT AND FINANCIAL SERVICES 1.
Page 79 and 80: Box 26: Promoting Women’s Access
Page 81 and 82: Table 14. Information Needed for Cr
Page 83 and 84: 84 Gender Issues by Subsector tural
Page 85 and 86: 86 Gender Issues by Subsector tatio
Page 87 and 88: 88 Gender Issues by Subsector • C
Page 89 and 90: Table 15: Information Needed for Fo
Page 91 and 92: H. Input Supply 1. Issues 92 Gender
Page 93 and 94: Table 16: Information Needed for In
Page 95 and 96: I. Irrigation 1. Issues 96 Gender I
Page 97 and 98: Women’s access to rainfed plots T
Page 99 and 100: • Other income-earning activities
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J. Livestock 1. Issues 102 Gender I
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Box 32: Nontraditional Livestock fo
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For Further Information 106 Gender
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Do roles and tasks vary with the se
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K. Marketing 1. Issues 110 Gender I
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Table 19: Information Needed for Ma
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114 Gender Issues by Subsector •
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Table 20: Information Needed in Nat
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118 Terms of Reference Lynn Bennett
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Contact: Hilary Sims Feldstein, Pro
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122 Terms of Reference UNDP has a g
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124 Terms of Reference CHAPTER V: T
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126 Terms of Reference 5. Assess ho
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CHAPTER VI: SOURCES OF FUNDING 128
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130 Terms of Reference ELIGIBLE ASS
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Mr. Robert Crown 132 Terms of Refer
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134 Terms of Reference 4. NETHERLAN
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• Asia including Yemen, focusing
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142 Terms of Reference 9. SPAIN: Ge
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144 Terms of Reference Embassy of S
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SPECIAL NOTES 146 Terms of Referenc
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148 Terms of Reference 13. SWEDEN S
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150 Terms of Reference NIGER: Hydra
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2. Other Funding Sources 152 Terms
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154 Terms of Reference 17. Policy a
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156 Terms of Reference 19. Country
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CHAPTER VII: SELECTED REFERENCES 15
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161 Terms of Reference 26. World Ba
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OP 4.20 (April 1994) 163 Terms of R
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Tool kit for Gender and Agriculture - Economic Commission for Africa

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