Tool kit for Gender and Agriculture - Economic Commission for Africa

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A. Purpose of Toolkit CHAPTER I: GENDER IN AGRICULTURE 8 Gender in Agriculture This toolkit is designed to help Bank staff incorporate gender concerns into their agricultural sector work and the project cycle. Although no single strategy or package of interventions can cover the many different country situations that exist, the toolkit demonstrates: • Why attention to gender is important • How such attention can be ensured. Development activities affect men and women differently; specific steps are often needed to make sure women are included and benefit in efforts to increase growth in the agriculture sector. Despite increased gender awareness, well-documented research findings, and the increasing availability of information on women’s roles at the country level, attention to gender is not yet mainstreamed in ways that maximize the impact of policies and programs in the agriculture-related work in the Bank or borrower countries. The following sections describe why, based on key findings from research, attention to gender in agricultural sector and project work is necessary. Chapter II shows how to ensure attention to gender in the Bank’s lending and nonlending operations. Because the different steps of the project cycle are being revised in the different regions, the toolkit provides a basic, generic guide rather than a step-by-step approach geared to the project cycle. This chapter also distills lessons from project and sector work experience and draws examples of successful strategies, interventions, and promising approaches. Chapter III details the steps for including gender issues by agricultural subsectors. Chapter IV highlights some prominent agencies⎯international, bilateral, governmental, and nongovernmental⎯and Bank staff that constitute useful resources to which task managers can turn for expertise and advice on gender issues in agriculture. Chapter V presents samples of general terms of reference for gender experts hired at various stages of the project or business cycle. Task managers can adapt these to suit the particular country context in which they work. Because incorporating gender can entail costs for which funds have not been budgeted, Chapter VI lists additional financial resources that are available within the Bank for task managers to tap. For task managers who want to delve further into the subject, Chapter VII furnishes a list of useful publications, all of which are available in World Bank libraries. Appendix I to this toolkit contains a PowerPoint slide presentation giving an overview of gender issues in agriculture and outlining the main issues covered in this toolkit. Task managers can use this presentation to help build consensus for including gender in agricultural policy, programs, and projects. Appendix II includes the Bank’s operational directive 4.20) on the gender dimension of development. B. What Is Gender?
9 Gender in Agriculture In all societies men and women play different roles, have different needs, and face different constraints. Gender roles differ from the biological roles of men and women, although they may overlap in nearly all societies. Women’s biological roles in child bearing may extend their gender roles to child rearing, food preparation, and household maintenance. In agriculture, women are actively involved in production in most countries; however, men’s and women’s roles differ widely across regions. Among some groups, for example, women are responsible for milking; in others, men do this work. Gender roles are socially constructed. They demarcate responsibilities between men and women in social and economic activities, access to resources, and decisionmaking authority. Biological roles are fixed, but gender roles can and do shift with social, economic, and technological change. For example, the introduction of new crops and technologies, mounting pressure on land, or increasing poverty or migration can change the roles of men and women in agriculture. Social factors can reinforce or decrease gender-based disparities. These factors include: • Institutional arrangements that create and reinforce gender-based constraints or, conversely, foster an environment in which gender disparities can be reduced. For example, where women primarily grow food crops, institutions providing agricultural credit for food crop production can either promote or discourage women’s access to credit. • The formal legal system that reinforces customary practices and gives women inferior legal status in many countries. Women are discouraged⎯and in some countries legally barred⎯from owning land, property, and other agricultural assets; opening bank accounts; or contracting for credit in their own names. • Sociocultural attitudes and ethnic and class/caste-based obligations that affect farming systems and determine which crops men and women grow, who drives tractors or gives livestock vaccinations, or whether women need their husbands’ approval to sell their cattle or the products of their labor. • Religious beliefs and practices that limit women’s mobility, social contact, access to resources, and the types of activities they can pursue. Religious law, for example, often stipulates gender-based differences in inheriting land. Gender is only one of many constraints to increasing agricultural productivity; indeed, resource endowments such as farm size or social factors, such as tribe or caste, may have a greater influence on factors of production than gender. But, within each social and economic group, gender roles will mediate the response to change and can reinforce the constraints on women. For example, women farmers generally face more barriers than men in operating effectively in factor markets. As a result, they incur
Page 1 and 2: TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD 5 ACRONY
Page 3 and 4: LIST OF BOXES 1. Gender Analysis in
Page 5 and 6: FOREWORD 5 Foreword Women play a cr
Page 7: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 7 Acknowledgments T
Page 11 and 12: 11 Gender in Agriculture curs despi
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Page 15 and 16: approach ensures that women’s vie
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Page 19 and 20: 19 Improving Agriculture through Ge
Page 21 and 22: • Obtain financing if necessary.
Page 25 and 26: Table 6: Gender Issues for Agricult
Page 27 and 28: AT DISTRICT/VILLAGE LEVEL Agricultu
Page 43 and 44: CHAPTER III: GENDER ISSUES BY SUBSE
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Page 47 and 48: B. Agricultural Education and Train
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Page 51 and 52: 1. Issues C. Agricultural Extension
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Page 55 and 56: gram. 56 Gender Issues by Subsector
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• Different extension methods (in
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Is home economics or agriculture th
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Do women announcers, actors, and pa
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66 Gender Issues by Subsector harve
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68 Gender Issues by Subsector As re
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Table 12: Information Needed for Ag
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Do targets exist for recruiting and
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74 Gender Issues by Subsector is gr
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Table 13: Information Needed for AS
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F. CREDIT AND FINANCIAL SERVICES 1.
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Box 26: Promoting Women’s Access
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Table 14. Information Needed for Cr
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84 Gender Issues by Subsector tural
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86 Gender Issues by Subsector tatio
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88 Gender Issues by Subsector • C
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Table 15: Information Needed for Fo
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H. Input Supply 1. Issues 92 Gender
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Table 16: Information Needed for In
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I. Irrigation 1. Issues 96 Gender I
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Women’s access to rainfed plots T
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• Other income-earning activities
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J. Livestock 1. Issues 102 Gender I
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Box 32: Nontraditional Livestock fo
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For Further Information 106 Gender
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Do roles and tasks vary with the se
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K. Marketing 1. Issues 110 Gender I
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Table 19: Information Needed for Ma
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114 Gender Issues by Subsector •
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Table 20: Information Needed in Nat
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118 Terms of Reference Lynn Bennett
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Contact: Hilary Sims Feldstein, Pro
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122 Terms of Reference UNDP has a g
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124 Terms of Reference CHAPTER V: T
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126 Terms of Reference 5. Assess ho
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CHAPTER VI: SOURCES OF FUNDING 128
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130 Terms of Reference ELIGIBLE ASS
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Mr. Robert Crown 132 Terms of Refer
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134 Terms of Reference 4. NETHERLAN
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• Asia including Yemen, focusing
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142 Terms of Reference 9. SPAIN: Ge
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144 Terms of Reference Embassy of S
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SPECIAL NOTES 146 Terms of Referenc
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148 Terms of Reference 13. SWEDEN S
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150 Terms of Reference NIGER: Hydra
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2. Other Funding Sources 152 Terms
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154 Terms of Reference 17. Policy a
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156 Terms of Reference 19. Country
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CHAPTER VII: SELECTED REFERENCES 15
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161 Terms of Reference 26. World Ba
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OP 4.20 (April 1994) 163 Terms of R
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