A Classic Thesis Style - Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz

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66 detection efficiencies and data analysis MWPC M Wall G Wall H MWPC L AC Tagger Figure 40: New scintillator wall H integrated in KAOS detector system. The distance from focal plane to the H wall has been increased in order to allow single arm TOF pid. The new Cherenkov detector can also be seen in the figure between both scintillator walls.
3.5 particle identification 3.5 particle identification 67 By definition, particles with equal momentum hit the focal surface of the spectrometer at the same position. According to Bhete-Bloch equation, energy deposition per unit length for a given charge state depends only on the particle velocity. If a thin detector could be shaped like and placed at the location of the focal manifold, particle identification (PID) would be neatly accomplished by measuring energy deposition at each detector point (since different particle types would in general have different masses and consequently different speeds). The relativistic relation between momentum and speed introduces the first difficulty in this PID method. Since particle momentum can be increased with no limitation but velocity can not go beyond the speed of light, highly energetic particles would need high dE/dx resolutions for their proper identification. The statistical nature of energy deposition of charge particles in matter introduces an intrinsic limitation to that resolution. The second difficulty is related with the fact that practical detectors for energy deposition can not be easily curve shaped. Kaos spectrometer is equipped with two scintillator walls with flat geometry. One of them, F, has a relatively large overlap with the focal manifold. The second one, G, can also be considered a good PID detector since it sits very close to F. The fact that this two detectors do not coincide precisely with the focal manifold introduces an additional width in dE/dx vs position since some spreading in the momentum distribution is expected for each particle type at a given location. In addition, a phenomenological model is needed instead of Bethe-Bloch equation. This problem can be partially solved by using tracking information to calculate particle momentum (given by the intersection of linear track with focal manifold). A histogram of energy deposition vs momentum can then be constructed recovering to some extend the width the ideal detector would provide. Of course this procedure is limited by the intrinsic position resolution of the tracking detectors and the errors in the focal manifold calculation. From a practical point of view, both methods have to be compared and the one providing the best particle separation should be used. Time of flight (TOF) information is also used in the data analysis as a PID method. Time of flight between two points separated by a distance L is related to particle momentum by ∆t = L c � 1 + m2 c 2 p 2 . Con- sequently, particles with the same momentum but different masses will have different TOF. In order to measure a time difference, two timing signals are necessary. The original configuration of KAOS spectrometer at the GSI facilities made use of a start detector placed between the quadrupole (now absent) and the pole shoe dipole. Since this detector was removed from the spectrometer for its present configuration, the missing timing signal has to be provided by the electron arm spectrometer. Particle production at the target is considered simultaneous,
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M E A S U R E M E N T O F T H E U N
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A B S T R A C T The new stage of th
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C O N T E N T S i kaon electroprodu
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Part I K A O N E L E C T R O P R O
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4 introduction Lorentz invariance.
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6 introduction appear in the K + Λ
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8 introduction there was almost no
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10 introduction This allows us to w
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12 introduction K ¡p γ ∗ Λ(Σ
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14 introduction means of the isobar
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Page 35 and 36: E X P E R I M E N TA L S E T U P A
Page 37 and 38: 2.3 target 27 Figure 11: Schematic
Page 39 and 40: 2.4 kaos spectrometer 2.4 kaos spec
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Page 43 and 44: Table 3: Spectrometers properties 2
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Page 51 and 52: 2.5 kaos single arm trigger 41 64MB
Page 53 and 54: 2.6 spectrometer b 43 Figure 23: Sc
Page 55 and 56: 2.7 coincidence setting 45 to be im
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Page 59: 2.9 kinematical setting 49 (GeV/c)
Page 62 and 63: 52 detection efficiencies and data
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Page 93 and 94: cm [nb/sr] dσ v / dΩ K 1500 1000
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Page 97: Part II F E A S I B I L I T Y S T U
Page 100 and 101: 90 conclusions Figure 55: Emission
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116 noise and radiation damage Prob
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118 conclusions been tested and fou
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120 theoretical background photopro
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122 theoretical background effect o
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124 theoretical background A physic
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126 theoretical background taken in
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128 theoretical background for the
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130 theoretical background a.8 φ d
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132 theoretical background where σ
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134 theoretical background by showi
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136 theoretical background With thi
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138 bibliography [16] J. C. David,
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140 bibliography [44] M. Bockhorst
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142 bibliography [71] P. Achenbach
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144 bibliography [98] S. Nozawa and
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146 bibliography Figure 24 Spek B d
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Figure 73 Annealing at 80° of the
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A Classic Thesis Style - Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz

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