ACOUSTIC COUPLING IN PHONATION AND ITS EFFECT ON ...

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xivFigurePage6.26 Uncoupled glottal airflow with time-invariant impedance from recordedvowels for different glottal configurations. All impedance units are CGS. 1736.27 Estimates of uncoupled glottal airflow: Uo vs. Usupra vs. Ag for vowel/a/. All units normalized. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1746.28 Estimates of uncoupled glottal airflow: Uo vs. Usupra for vowel /a/ fromUm and ACC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1756.29 Time-varying glottal impedance for synthetic vowel /a/ for normal andabducted glottal conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1776.30 Estimates of uncoupled glottal airflow: Uo vs. Usupra vs. Ag for vowel/i/. All units normalized. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1786.31 Estimates of uncoupled glottal airflow: Uo vs. Usupra for vowel /i/ fromUm and ACC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1796.32 Time-varying glottal impedance for synthetic vowel /i/ for normal andabducted glottal conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
xvSYMBOLSA gc dFk t∆P gp eP sp sTT uT cUdUU gU oU supraU subvxzZZ gZ supraZ subGlottal areaOrifice discharge coefficientApplied force for vocal folds modelEmpirically-determined glottal coefficientTransglottal Pressureunsteady supraglottal (acoustic) pressureSteady subglottal (lung) pressureunsteady subglottal (acoustic) pressureTransfer functionUncoupled transfer functionCoupled transfer functionAirflowAirflow derivativeGlottal airflowUncoupled glottal airflowAirflow entering the vocal tractAirflow entering the subglottal systemParticle velocityLateral axis of displacement of vocal fold motionSuperior-inferior axis vocal foldsAcoustic impedanceGlottal acoustic impedanceSupraglottal tract acoustic impedanceSubglottal tract acoustic Impedance
Page 2 and 3: iiACKNOWLEDGMENTSI am truly gratefu
Page 4 and 5: ivPage2.5.1 Traditional objective a
Page 6 and 7: viPage6.3.1 Evaluation of uncoupled
Page 8 and 9: viiiTablePage4.3 HSV measures taken
Page 10 and 11: xFigurePage4.4 Downward pitch glide
Page 12 and 13: xiiFigurePage5.12 Application of ai
Page 16 and 17: xviABBREVIATIONSAC Alternating curr
Page 18 and 19: 11. INTRODUCTIONThis chapter introd
Page 20 and 21: 3methods incorrectly suppress rippl
Page 22 and 23: 5this hypothesis would validate cur
Page 24 and 25: 72. BACKGROUNDThe increasing intere
Page 26 and 27: 9flow in the vocal tract in time do
Page 28 and 29: 112.1.2 The glottal impedanceThe gl
Page 30 and 31: 13with previous considerations on t
Page 32 and 33: 152.1.4 Self-oscillating models of
Page 34 and 35: 17few high-order models are known t
Page 36 and 37: 19known as non-modal phonation. Non
Page 38 and 39: 212.3 Bifurcations in voice product
Page 40 and 41: 23Numerical models have also served
Page 42 and 43: 25an all-pole system, this instabil
Page 44 and 45: 27data points to obtain an acceptab
Page 46 and 47: 29High-speed video is expected to s
Page 48 and 49: 31recordings of normal vocal activi
Page 50 and 51: 33ject’s radiated voice in the ro
Page 52 and 53: 35simply increasing the body stiffn
Page 54 and 55: 37quently proposed [74,97]. However
Page 56 and 57: 39was used, where the index α indi
Page 58 and 59: 41P kd = (P s + p s − p o )/(1
Page 60 and 61: 43Table 3.1Material properties used
Page 62 and 63: 451.5Glottis10.5Radius (cm)0Subglot
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471500Glottal airflowUoUg1500Glotta
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49a different origin. In all cases,
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51Data from recordings on human sub
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530.04Driving forces0.05Driving for
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55500400Intraglottal pressure distr
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Table 3.5Simulations from body-cove
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Table 3.7Simulations from body-cove
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61When contrasting incomplete closu
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63800700Glottal airflowUoUg50040030
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65Table 3.8Summary of selected glot
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671000900Glottal airflowUoUg500400G
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69Table 3.9Summary of selected glot
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713.3 DiscussionThe initial observa
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73chapter better represented the no
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754.1 MethodsThe vocal exercises an
Page 94 and 95:
Fig. 4.1. High-speed video measurem
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79from the subject’s mouth (air-b
Page 98 and 99:
81Instabilities occurring when F 0
Page 100 and 101:
83Fig. 4.3. Endoscopic view obtaine
Page 102 and 103:
85Table 4.1Pitch glides exhibiting
Page 104 and 105:
87CV mask and endoscope on the unst
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89excursion was observed right befo
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91the 50 ms following the break. Th
Page 110 and 111:
Fig. 4.9. Synchronous representatio
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95Table 4.3HSV measures taken from
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970Falsetto register0Chest register
Page 116 and 117:
99To better describe the EOF weight
Page 118 and 119:
101the acoustically-induced case wh
Page 120 and 121:
103to evaluate the most adequate cl
Page 122 and 123:
1055. BIOSENSING CONSIDERATIONS FOR
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107artificial compound (Akton of 1/
Page 126 and 127:
Fig. 5.2. Bioacoustic Transducer Te
Page 128 and 129:
111subjects were in the 20-30 age r
Page 130 and 131:
1135.1.3 Relationship between sensi
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115Fig. 5.4. Tissue-borne and air-b
Page 134 and 135:
Fig. 5.5. Effect on the air-borne s
Page 136 and 137:
119Fig. 5.7. Changes in the respons
Page 138 and 139:
Fig. 5.9. Effect of different surfa
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123favoring the tissue-borne path b
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1255.3.3 Translating the sensitivit
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1276. COUPLED AND UNCOUPLED IMPEDAN
Page 146 and 147:
129Fig. 6.1. Representation of a di
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131(a) Vowel /a/(b) Vowel /i/Fig. 6
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133andZ rad = jωM accA acc. (6.10)
Page 152 and 153:
135Fig. 6.6. Laser grid used for HS
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137experimentally [64] and thus wer
Page 156 and 157:
139viscous losses, inertance, and c
Page 158 and 159:
141schemes were noted, particularly
Page 160 and 161:
143Airflow (cm 3 /s)400350300250200
Page 162 and 163:
145Nevertheless, it was noted that
Page 164 and 165:
147Airflow (cm 3 /s)350300250200150
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149(a) Vowel /a/ - fully open(b) Vo
Page 168 and 169:
151for the chest register. These tr
Page 170 and 171:
153750700Estimates from glottal air
Page 172 and 173:
155It is noticeable from these comp
Page 174 and 175:
157300250Estimates of glottal airfl
Page 176 and 177:
159250200Estimates of glottal airfl
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161signal to derive useful quantiti
Page 180 and 181:
163invariant impedance ( ˜Z g ), d
Page 182 and 183:
165Uncoupled glottal volume velocit
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167500450400Linearized glottal impe
Page 186 and 187:
169500450400Linearized glottal impe
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171The estimated uncoupled airflows
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173600500Uncoupled glottal volume v
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175600500Uncoupled glottal volume v
Page 194 and 195:
177200Linearized glottal impedanceZ
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179Uncoupled glottal volume velocit
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1816.4 DiscussionNumerical simulati
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183less pronounced coupling (i.e.,
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1857. CONCLUSIONSThe principal aims
Page 204 and 205:
187The biosensing experiments indic
Page 206 and 207:
LIST OF REFERENCES
Page 208 and 209:
190[13] K. N. Stevens, Acoustic pho
Page 210 and 211:
192[42] B. H. Story and I. R. Titze
Page 212 and 213:
194[74] I. R. Titze, “Regulating
Page 214 and 215:
196[105] C. Tao and J. J. Jiang,
Page 216 and 217:
198[135] J. Makhoul, “Linear pred
Page 218 and 219:
200[166] J. Xu, J. Cheng, and Y. Wu
Page 220 and 221:
202[194] J. G. Švec, F. Šram, and
Page 222 and 223:
VITA
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