ACOUSTIC COUPLING IN PHONATION AND ITS EFFECT ON ...

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viiiTablePage4.3 HSV measures taken from two DKGs representing middle and posteriortissue motion during chest and falsetto registers.Index notation: (f)= falsetto register, (c)= chest register . . . . . . . . 954.4 Cumulative sum of the first five relative EOF weights for each vowel bothbefore and after the voice breaks. Values above a 97% threshold are underlinedto define the number of modes needed for the reconstruction. . 1006.1 Error associated with CPIF and IBIF schemes with respect to “true” flowfrom numerical simulations for complete (com.) and incomplete (inc.)glottal closure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1486.2 Differences between CPIF and IBIF schemes from oral airflow recordings 1516.3 Raw data from CPIF (1) and ACC (2) measures of glottal behavior . . 1606.4 Mean values from ACC measures and those from CPIF and measuredvalues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1616.5 Estimation error between ACC measures and those from CPIF and measuredvalues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1616.6 Mean values of skin properties used in the model. All units are in perunit-areaas in [209]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
ixFigureLIST OF FIGURESPage3.1 Body-cover model. Adapted from [32]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383.2 Tract geometries and impedances used for the driven area observations 453.3 Driven model for F 0 = 200 Hz: airflow and its derivative for a highlycoupled scenario and its variation with respect to the degree of abduction 473.4 Driven model for F 0 = 100 Hz: airflow and its derivative for a less coupledscenario and its variation with respect to the degree of abduction . . . 483.5 Driving forces for IF72 with no acoustic coupling . . . . . . . . . . . . 533.6 Driving forces for IF72 with acoustic coupling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543.7 Intraglottal pressure distributions for IF72 without acoustic coupling . 553.8 Correlation between MFDR and collision forces for IF72 and Rules withacoustic coupling with complete and incomplete glottal closure . . . . . 603.9 Effect of coupling in vowels for complete closure . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633.10 Effect of coupling in vowels for incomplete closure . . . . . . . . . . . . 643.11 Types of incomplete glottal closure for A gap =0.03 cm 2 . . . . . . . . . . 673.12 Types of incomplete glottal closure for A gap =0.05 cm 2 . . . . . . . . . . 683.13 Effect of incomplete glottal closure and its relation with vocal hyperfunction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 704.1 High-speed video measurement and data acquisition system. Flexible endoscopythrough a modified CV mask is shown. Real time data visualizationis displayed for convenience of the clinician and system operator. . 774.2 High speed video and data acquisition system setup used at the LaryngealSurgery & Voice Rehabilitation Center at the Massachusetts GeneralHospital. Figure modified from [149]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 784.3 Endoscopic view obtained with with (a) flexible endoscope and (b) rigidendoscope. White horizontal lines indicate the locations of the three selectedDKGs. White vertical line indicates the glottal midline. . . . . . 83
Page 2 and 3: iiACKNOWLEDGMENTSI am truly gratefu
Page 4 and 5: ivPage2.5.1 Traditional objective a
Page 6 and 7: viPage6.3.1 Evaluation of uncoupled
Page 10 and 11: xFigurePage4.4 Downward pitch glide
Page 12 and 13: xiiFigurePage5.12 Application of ai
Page 14 and 15: xivFigurePage6.26 Uncoupled glottal
Page 16 and 17: xviABBREVIATIONSAC Alternating curr
Page 18 and 19: 11. INTRODUCTIONThis chapter introd
Page 20 and 21: 3methods incorrectly suppress rippl
Page 22 and 23: 5this hypothesis would validate cur
Page 24 and 25: 72. BACKGROUNDThe increasing intere
Page 26 and 27: 9flow in the vocal tract in time do
Page 28 and 29: 112.1.2 The glottal impedanceThe gl
Page 30 and 31: 13with previous considerations on t
Page 32 and 33: 152.1.4 Self-oscillating models of
Page 34 and 35: 17few high-order models are known t
Page 36 and 37: 19known as non-modal phonation. Non
Page 38 and 39: 212.3 Bifurcations in voice product
Page 40 and 41: 23Numerical models have also served
Page 42 and 43: 25an all-pole system, this instabil
Page 44 and 45: 27data points to obtain an acceptab
Page 46 and 47: 29High-speed video is expected to s
Page 48 and 49: 31recordings of normal vocal activi
Page 50 and 51: 33ject’s radiated voice in the ro
Page 52 and 53: 35simply increasing the body stiffn
Page 54 and 55: 37quently proposed [74,97]. However
Page 56 and 57: 39was used, where the index α indi
Page 58 and 59:
41P kd = (P s + p s − p o )/(1
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43Table 3.1Material properties used
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451.5Glottis10.5Radius (cm)0Subglot
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471500Glottal airflowUoUg1500Glotta
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49a different origin. In all cases,
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51Data from recordings on human sub
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530.04Driving forces0.05Driving for
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55500400Intraglottal pressure distr
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Table 3.5Simulations from body-cove
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Table 3.7Simulations from body-cove
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61When contrasting incomplete closu
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63800700Glottal airflowUoUg50040030
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65Table 3.8Summary of selected glot
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671000900Glottal airflowUoUg500400G
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69Table 3.9Summary of selected glot
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713.3 DiscussionThe initial observa
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73chapter better represented the no
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754.1 MethodsThe vocal exercises an
Page 94 and 95:
Fig. 4.1. High-speed video measurem
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79from the subject’s mouth (air-b
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81Instabilities occurring when F 0
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83Fig. 4.3. Endoscopic view obtaine
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85Table 4.1Pitch glides exhibiting
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87CV mask and endoscope on the unst
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89excursion was observed right befo
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91the 50 ms following the break. Th
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Fig. 4.9. Synchronous representatio
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95Table 4.3HSV measures taken from
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970Falsetto register0Chest register
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99To better describe the EOF weight
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101the acoustically-induced case wh
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103to evaluate the most adequate cl
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1055. BIOSENSING CONSIDERATIONS FOR
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107artificial compound (Akton of 1/
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Fig. 5.2. Bioacoustic Transducer Te
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111subjects were in the 20-30 age r
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1135.1.3 Relationship between sensi
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115Fig. 5.4. Tissue-borne and air-b
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Fig. 5.5. Effect on the air-borne s
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119Fig. 5.7. Changes in the respons
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Fig. 5.9. Effect of different surfa
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123favoring the tissue-borne path b
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1255.3.3 Translating the sensitivit
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1276. COUPLED AND UNCOUPLED IMPEDAN
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129Fig. 6.1. Representation of a di
Page 148 and 149:
131(a) Vowel /a/(b) Vowel /i/Fig. 6
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133andZ rad = jωM accA acc. (6.10)
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135Fig. 6.6. Laser grid used for HS
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137experimentally [64] and thus wer
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139viscous losses, inertance, and c
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141schemes were noted, particularly
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143Airflow (cm 3 /s)400350300250200
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145Nevertheless, it was noted that
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147Airflow (cm 3 /s)350300250200150
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149(a) Vowel /a/ - fully open(b) Vo
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151for the chest register. These tr
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153750700Estimates from glottal air
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155It is noticeable from these comp
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157300250Estimates of glottal airfl
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159250200Estimates of glottal airfl
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161signal to derive useful quantiti
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163invariant impedance ( ˜Z g ), d
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165Uncoupled glottal volume velocit
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167500450400Linearized glottal impe
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169500450400Linearized glottal impe
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171The estimated uncoupled airflows
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173600500Uncoupled glottal volume v
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175600500Uncoupled glottal volume v
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177200Linearized glottal impedanceZ
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179Uncoupled glottal volume velocit
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1816.4 DiscussionNumerical simulati
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183less pronounced coupling (i.e.,
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1857. CONCLUSIONSThe principal aims
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187The biosensing experiments indic
Page 206 and 207:
LIST OF REFERENCES
Page 208 and 209:
190[13] K. N. Stevens, Acoustic pho
Page 210 and 211:
192[42] B. H. Story and I. R. Titze
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194[74] I. R. Titze, “Regulating
Page 214 and 215:
196[105] C. Tao and J. J. Jiang,
Page 216 and 217:
198[135] J. Makhoul, “Linear pred
Page 218 and 219:
200[166] J. Xu, J. Cheng, and Y. Wu
Page 220 and 221:
202[194] J. G. Švec, F. Šram, and
Page 222 and 223:
VITA
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