<strong>Journal</strong> <strong>of</strong> Urban Education: Focus on Enrichment<strong>Journal</strong> <strong>of</strong> Urban Education: Focus on Enrichment is published once yearly by the College <strong>of</strong> Education at <strong>Southern</strong> <strong>University</strong> at<strong>New</strong> <strong>Orleans</strong>. The mission <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Journal</strong> is aligned with the <strong>Southern</strong> <strong>University</strong> at <strong>New</strong> <strong>Orleans</strong> College <strong>of</strong> Education mission.The purpose <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Journal</strong> is to create an academic forum and a dialogue for enriching the educational experiences <strong>of</strong> studentsin urban schools. The publication provides educators, scholars, and pr<strong>of</strong>essionals across academic disciplines an opportunity todisseminate their scholarly works. Articles published in the <strong>Journal</strong> <strong>of</strong> Urban Education: Focus on Enrichment include reports ooriginal, rigorously conducted research employing diverse methodologies, epistemologies and cross-disciplinary perspectives.The <strong>Journal</strong> also includes works that are comprehensive syntheses <strong>of</strong> research toward understanding the urban school environmentsand analyses <strong>of</strong> trends and issues. The editorial board is committed to including only the highest level <strong>of</strong> research andpr<strong>of</strong>essional ideas in this publication.Publication GuidelinesThe editors <strong>of</strong> <strong>Journal</strong> <strong>of</strong> Urban Education: Focus on Enrichment invite submission <strong>of</strong> original manuscripts which contains essentialinformation for enrichment focus in urban schools. All manuscripts must be carefully edited before submission. Articlesubmissions should not exceed 7 to 15 pages single-spaced 8.5‛ by 11‛ manuscript pages (roughly 6,500 to 7800 words), in a 12-point font and with one-inch margins. The manuscript must be typed utilizing Micros<strong>of</strong>t Word. Submissions should includethree hard copies <strong>of</strong> the manuscript as well as a disk copy. Authors should include a separate cover page with their names,titles, institutions, mailing addresses, daytime phone numbers(s), fax number(s), e-mail addresses, and brief biographicalsketches. Every effort should be made to ensure that, except for the cover sheet, the manuscript contains no clues to the authors’identity. The manuscript must be accompanied by a cover letter containing the name, address, and phone number <strong>of</strong> a contactauthor, as well as a statement that the manuscript is not under consideration elsewhere. The editors request that all text pagesbe numbered. The page length includes the ‚Footnotes‛ section (for substantive additions to the text which should be includedat the end <strong>of</strong> the paper) and the ‚References‛ section (where full citations amplify the abbreviated in-text references for books orperiodicals, e.g., alphabetized by author’s name). References should include the most recent publications on your research topic.For writing and editorial style, authors must follow guidelines in the Publication Manual <strong>of</strong> the American Psychological Association(APA). The editors reserve the right to make minor changes for the sake <strong>of</strong> clarity. Manuscripts should be sent to theEditor, <strong>Journal</strong> <strong>of</strong> Urban Education: Focus on Enrichment, <strong>Southern</strong> <strong>University</strong> at <strong>New</strong> <strong>Orleans</strong>, 6801 Press Drive, <strong>New</strong> <strong>Orleans</strong>,LA 70126.Before publication <strong>of</strong> any manuscript, authors are obliged to sign a copyright agreement with the <strong>Journal</strong> <strong>of</strong> Urban Education:Focus on Enrichment, in accordance with U.S. Copyright laws effective January, 1978. Under the agreement, authors agree willinglyto transfer copyright to <strong>Journal</strong> <strong>of</strong> Urban Education: Focus on Enrichment which will, however, freely grant the authorthe right to reprint his or her article, if published in the author’s own works.Disclaimer<strong>Journal</strong> <strong>of</strong> Urban Education: Focus on Enrichment disclaims responsibility for statements made by contributors in all articles, reviews,and miscellaneous items whether <strong>of</strong> fact or by opinion. All articles contained in this journal are the sole responsibility <strong>of</strong>the author. <strong>Southern</strong> <strong>University</strong> at <strong>New</strong> <strong>Orleans</strong> assumes no liability for the content.ISSN 1546-3206Copyright © 2008 by the <strong>Journal</strong> <strong>of</strong> Urban Education: Focus on Enrichment, All rights reserved.PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
TABLE OF CONTENTSLESSONS FOR THE EDUCATION OF ETHNIC AFRICANS:IN TRIBUTE TO DR. ASA G. HILLIARD, III - NANA BAFFOUR AMANKWATIA, II ................................................... 1Ruby Burgess, Ed.D., <strong>Southern</strong> Arkansa <strong>University</strong>URBAN SCHOOL DISTRICTS’ ENRICHMENT PROGRAMS: WHO SHOULD BE SERVED? .......................................... 7Stephen T. Schroth, Ph.D., Knox CollegeJason A. Helfer, Ph.D., Knox CollegeBLACK IDENTITY FORMATION: A CONSEQUENCE OF HIGH SCHOOL RACIAL COMPOSITION ........................... 18Jas M. Sullivan, Ph.D, Louisiana State <strong>University</strong>Keena N. Arbuthnot, Ph.D., Harvard Graduate School <strong>of</strong> EducationTUPAC INTO ANTHOLOGIES: UTILIZING POP CULTURE TO MOTIVATE RELUCTANT LEARNERS ...................... 28Matthew McConn, M.Ed., Spring Woods High SchoolE-MAIL AS A PEDAGOGIC TOOL: AN ECONOMETRIC EVALUATION ..................................................................... 31Amaresh Das, Ph.D., <strong>Southern</strong> <strong>University</strong> at <strong>New</strong> <strong>Orleans</strong>THE EFFECTS OF A RESPONSIBILITY-BASED CHARACTEREDUCATION PROGRAM ON MIDDLE SCHOOL ACADEMICACHIEVEMENT AT AN INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL IN EAST AFRICA ....................................................................... 38B. Grant Hayes, Ph.D., <strong>University</strong> <strong>of</strong> Central FloridaTyson H. Kuch, M.A., <strong>University</strong> <strong>of</strong> Central FloridaTerry A. Howard, Ph.D., International School <strong>of</strong> KenyaE. Lea Witta, Ph.D., <strong>University</strong> fo Central FloridaTEACHING TO TRANSGRESS: AFRICAN AMERICAN STUDIESAND ITS IMPACT ON COLLEGE-AGE STUDENTS ........................................................................................................ 47Patrick T. Spearman, Ph.D., Rowan <strong>University</strong>EDUCATIONAL DISCOURSE: INFUSING STUDENT LEARNINGOUTCOMES INTO UNDERGRADUATE CURRICULUM ............................................................................................... 61Anthony I. Igiede, Ph.D., <strong>Southern</strong> <strong>University</strong> and A & M CollegeSTORYTELLING: A BOON TO CHILDREN’S LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT ................................................................ 68Munir Muztaba Ali, Ph.D., <strong>Southern</strong> Univesity and A & M CollegeNCLB AND URBAN TEACHERS’ MORALE:A STUDY OF BELIEFS AND ATTITUDES IN AYP AND NON-AYP ILLINOIS SCHOOLS ........................................... 74Brandt W. Pryor, Ph.D., Pryors Educational ServicesMarie Byrd-Blake, Ph.D., <strong>University</strong> <strong>of</strong> South FloridaJohn W. Hunt, Ph.D., <strong>Southern</strong> Illinois <strong>University</strong>Michael O. Afoláyan, Ph.D., <strong>Southern</strong> Illinois <strong>University</strong>Martins Fabunmi, Ph.D., Univesity <strong>of</strong> IbadanRobert W. LeAnder, Ph.D., <strong>Southern</strong> Illinois <strong>University</strong>