Drugs of abuse and tranquilizers in Dutch surface waters, drinking ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

RIVM Report 703719064consumption of these Dutch cities is within the range of cocaine consumption for41 Belgian cities as estimated in other studies.Comparison with provisional drinking water limitsThe concentrations of the DOA detected in drinking water are below the generalsignal value of 1 µg/L, which is specified for organic compounds ofanthropogenic origin in the Dutch Drinking water act. To assess possible risks tohuman health, provisional toxicological limits for drinking water were derivedbased on the currently available toxicological knowledge.For the three barbiturates that are detected in finished drinking water, theprovisional drinking water limit is about 1800 times higher than the actualconcentrations detected. Based on this information, effects on public health arenot expected. However, possible effects of combined exposure to multiplecompounds in low concentrations are less clear.For the substances that are detected in raw water (benzoylecgonine, sumoxazepam and temazepam, and sum pentobarbital, phenobarbital and barbital),the provisional drinking water is between 300 and 7000 times higher than theconcentrations detected. For the surface waters of the rivers Rhine and Meuse,the provisional drinking water limits for all substances are more than 1000 timeshigher than the concentrations detected, except for sum oxazepam andtemazepam (provisional drinking water limit 80 times higher).In the STPeffluents, the safety margins between the provisional drinking water limits andthe concentrations detected are smaller. For sum oxazepam and temazepam thethe provisional drinking water limit is smallest: three times higher than themaximum concentration detected. For the other compounds the the provisionaldrinking water l limit is about 100 – 1500 times higher.4.2 RecommendationsAlthough there is no indication of human health risks with respect to thecompounds detected in finished drinking water, alertness is required. Ongoingresearch with respect to possible effects of combined exposure to multiplecompounds in low concentrations needs attention, as well as the development ofanalytical techniques to detect possible new emerging contaminants.As this first screening monitoring campaign was limited, a more thoroughmonitoring yielding information on statistical uncertainty and variability in timeand space is recommended. In order to be able to better evaluate the presenceof DOA in these waters, a more thorough derivation of human andecotoxicological health standards for DOA in surface waters and drinking water isrequired.An ecotoxicological risk assessment of DOA in the aquatic environment isrecommended, especially at locations where these DOA are discharged intosurface waters through STP effluents. Further research is necessary toinvestigate the contributions of STPs with respect to amounts of DOAs that aredischarged into surface waters and the rivers Rhine and Meuse, what kinds ofprocesses occur within the STP, their effects on the fate of the compounds andconcentrations that are detected in STP effluent.Page 47 of 90
RIVM Report 703719064Further research into the presence of barbiturates in drinking water will helpdetermine the necessity of adaptation measures. Information on effectiveness ofdrinking water treatment, sources and pathways will help focus possibleadaptation measures.Page 48 of 90
Page 1: ugs ofbuse andDrugs of abuse and tr
Page 5 and 6: RIVM Report 703719064Page 4 of 90
Page 13 and 14: RIVM Report 703719064 Urban wastewa
Page 15 and 16: RIVM Report 703719064As this first
Page 17 and 18: RIVM Report 7037190642. to evaluate
Page 19 and 20: RIVM Report 703719064Results of a p
Page 21 and 22: RIVM Report 703719064Table 2.1. Ove
Page 23 and 24: RIVM Report 703719064The addition o
Page 25 and 26: RIVM Report 703719064Table 2.4. Ove
Page 27 and 28: RIVM Report 7037190643.1.1 DOA in t
Page 29 and 30: RIVM Report 703719064Andijk70ng/l60
Page 31 and 32: RIVM Report 703719064At Weesperkars
Page 33 and 34: RIVM Report 703719064Ouddorp70ng/l6
Page 35 and 36: RIVM Report 703719064Bankfiltrate70
Page 37 and 38: RIVM Report 7037190643.3 Estimated
Page 39 and 40: RIVM Report 703719064further resear
Page 41 and 42: RIVM Report 703719064were ≥ LOQ a
Page 43 and 44: RIVM Report 703719064An illustrativ
Page 45 and 46: RIVM Report 703719064concentration
Page 47: RIVM Report 703719064Barbiturates a
Page 51 and 52: RIVM Report 703719064Huerta-Fontela
Page 55 and 56: RIVM Report 703719064This LOQ estim
Page 58 and 59: RIVM Report 703719064Appendix B HPL
Page 60 and 61: RIVM Report 703719064Quality contro
Page 62 and 63: RIVM Report 703719064Table B.2. Res
Page 64 and 65: RIVM Report 703719064Table B.2. Res
Page 66 and 67: RIVM Report 703719064Appendix C HPL
Page 68 and 69: RIVM Report 703719064Table C.3 pres
Page 70 and 71: RIVM Report 703719064Appendix D HPL
Page 72 and 73: RIVM Report 703719064Appendix E Mon
Page 74 and 75: RIVM Report 703719064LEGEND - below
Page 76 and 77: RIVM Report 703719064Appendix F Mon
Page 78 and 79: RIVM Report 703719064Chemical class
Page 80 and 81: RIVM Report 703719064Appendix G Coc
Page 82 and 83: RIVM Report 703719064Appendix H Pro
Page 84 and 85: RIVM Report 703719064haemodynamic c
Page 86 and 87: RIVM Report 703719064carcinogenicit
Page 88 and 89: RIVM Report 703719064provisional dr
Page 90 and 91: RIVM Report 703719064ReferencesAmio
Page 92: N.G.F.M. van der Aa | E. Dijkman |

Drugs of abuse and tranquilizers in Dutch surface waters, drinking ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?