1.4 PRACTICAL CHALLENGESStrikes in some states meant teachers in these public schools could not participate.1.5 ORGANISATION OF THE FINDINGSThere were many steps in the qualitative analysis of the findings of the research projectto categorise factors and link them to possible solutions. The voices of the participants arerepresented in the report in the form of quotes and through generalisations drawn fromthe research process. Where possible, solutions suggested by stakeholders at all levelsare presented.The findings are grouped into six main themes, divided into sub-themes. Each theme is outlinedin a separate chapter in the report:1. Terms and conditions: covers the financial benefits that teachers receive, facilities they haveand the conditions under which they are hired. This section also highlights the various conditionsof teachers at different levels.2. Human resource management: discusses the different issues related to human resources –appointments, promotions and appraisal systems.3. Policy processes: investigates different education policies on supervision, support and guidance;teacher training; head teachers; teacher numbers; participation, transparency andaccountability; and policy coherence and communication.4. School environment: examines how teaching and learning materials and school facilities affectteachers’ motivation.5. Students and equity: looks at special needs teaching and highlights the interaction betweenstudents and teachers with motivation. It also looks at the discipline of students.6. Teachers’ voice and status: explores the role of the unions in education development and howteachers’ status affects their motivation. It also looks at the relationship between teachers andcommunities.For each theme’s components, the policy framework; teachers’ and other stakeholders’ viewswere examined; and recommendations presented to address the issues raised.12
2 CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS2.1 SOCIO-ECONOMIC OVERVIEW OF NIGERIAAt over 924,768 square kilometres and with an estimated 140 million inhabitants, <strong>Nigeria</strong>accounts for nearly one-quarter of the population of sub-Saharan Africa. <strong>Nigeria</strong>’s culture isabundantly rich, with over more than 200 ethnic groups who speak more than 500 languagesand dialects.<strong>Nigeria</strong> has enormous natural potential, with arable land; natural gas; petroleum; tin;columbite; iron ore; coal; limestone; lead; zinc; kaolin; gold; gemstones and many more. Itproduces two million barrels of oil per day, and is the sixth largest producer in the Organizationof the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). <strong>Nigeria</strong>’s reserves of oil amount to 32 millionbarrels, enough for almost 40 years at the current rate of production.Despite this great natural wealth, 70 per cent of <strong>Nigeria</strong>’s citizens live on below one dollar aday and the country ranks 151 out of 175 countries in the UN Human Development Index. Lackof basic services such as clean water, education, and health care – exacerbated by lack of assetssuch as land, credit and supportive networks and further aggravated by lack of income includingfood, shelter and empowerment – keep the majority of <strong>Nigeria</strong>ns in a state of poverty.However, former <strong>Nigeria</strong>n president Olusegun Obasanjo professes education is the way forward. Thispolitical commitment of the government backed with actions is what the teachers of <strong>Nigeria</strong> require.2.2 NIGERIA’S EDUCATION SYSTEMThis section will look at the current views of <strong>Nigeria</strong>’s education system, which has received anabundance of attention and interest from researchers. Various interested individuals, aidagencies and the FME itself have invested resources and time into investigating various aspectsof the education system’s structure and organisation, dating from the early 60s to the presenttime. With all this awareness and insight over a lengthy period, one has to question how muchof this knowledge and information is being considered and acted upon.The National Planning Commission’s (NPC) National Economic Empowerment andDevelopment Strategy (NEEDS) is a recent attempt to address the issues of <strong>Nigeria</strong>, announcingit as “<strong>Nigeria</strong>’s plan for prosperity” (NPC, 2004). It identifies education as a transformative toolto develop, empower and progress the <strong>Nigeria</strong>n nation. In recognising that the future of <strong>Nigeria</strong>is presently in their education system, NEEDS aims to:• reduce the number of unqualified primary school teachers by 80%• mobilise community and private sector involvement in education• ensure completion of the FME initiative, Universal Basic Education programme, which overseesthe management of primary education in <strong>Nigeria</strong>,• ensure and sustain unfettered access to education for the total development and the provisionof quality education at all levels• use education as a tool for improving the quality of life through skills acquisition and job creationand for poverty reduction• periodically review and effectively implement curriculum at all levels• promote information and communication technology capacities at all levels.(EFA (<strong>Nigeria</strong>), 2006: 5)NEEDS promotes the development of quality education in <strong>Nigeria</strong> through enhancing thestandard of teachers, curricula, teacher support, teaching materials and all other elementsthat contribute to a high quality education system. Thus it aims to accomplish the Education forAll (EFA) and the education UN Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) for <strong>Nigeria</strong> by 2015.“Without a proper educational sector, there is no possibility of attaining our MDG and EFAgoals or fast tracking NEEDS.”President Olusegun Obasanjo (Vision 2020, 2006: 1)13