Education Education An approach to some basic Indicators for ...

Catalog ofIndicators An approach to some basic gender indicators for Cambodia Mara Vidal López (Coordinator)Gnim ChandaraHav KongngyHeng ChanthengMaría Palmeiro FernándezJavier SoláProduced by:

Table of content 1. Introduction 1 1.1. What are gender indicators? 2 1.2. What can gender indicators be used for? 3 1.3. Selecting and using gender indicators 3 1.3.1. Demography sector 4 1.3.2. Education sector 5 1.3.3. Health sector 6 1.3.4. Work and Labor sector 7 1.4. Limitations and barriers 8 2. Indicators: Demography 3. Indicators: Education 4. Indicators: Health 5. Indicators: Work/Labor 11 31 69 99

Catalog of indicators Introduction 1 1. IntroductionAchievement in Paris Peace Agreement in 1991 brought new reforms in sociopolitical-economicspheres in Cambodia. Since then, institutionalization on women’s issuesdrew attention of the State, which established the Ministry of Women’s Affairs in 1999 andother several organisms since that date to today. The current institutional machinery workingto bring the gender perspective to all aspects of an institution’s policy, program and projectprocesses became one of the essential axes of the government body. Together with theinstitutions, the Government of Cambodia has demonstrated its efforts and interest on genderequality through the approval of a quite good number of policies and actions to this regard.Of these, the National Policy for Women (1996) and the first national strategic plan namely“Neary Rattanak: Women are Precious Gem” (1999) are among the first initiatives exclusivelyworking on women’s issues. In parallel, other Ministries and Agencies have been working toensure the integration of gender mainstreaming along almost all political documents (forexample the National Strategic Development Plan I).In the same way, since 1993 Cambodia has become a signatory of variousinternational conventions, including the Convention for the Elimination of All Forms ofDiscrimination against Women (CEDAW), the Beijing Platform for Action 1 and the MillenniumDevelopment Goals.Notwithstanding the numerous applications and involvement to achieve national andinternational goal of gender equality and equity, the impact of them is not systematicallymeasured or monitored in some cases. Some NGOs and development partners haveundertaken some research in specific fields related to gender equity, but it is necessary toimprove the coordination among the Government, social agents and international agencies interms of monitoring and/or evaluation of gender impact of programs, projects and policies.To this reference, some lists of agreed indicators have been set, but there’s no documentthat show concrete and technical information about those indicators in a comprehensibleway.In efforts to contribute to research and data collection for advancing equality andequity between women and men, the Cambodian NGO Open Institute, with the support ofthe Ministry of Women’s Affairs, has worked on the present “catalogue of indicators” with thehope of developing a useful tool for all agents working o achieve gender equality inCambodia. It serves to provide resource and reference to look for mechanisms to generateaccurate and relevant data on the status of women, men and gender relation, and facilitatingimpact evaluation of various national interventions (national policies and programs for genderequality).1 The Fourth World Conference of Beijing and the Platform for Action (1995) are the standpoints of the implementation of measurement mechanisms to monitor and evaluate policies and strategies with the inclusion of sex-­‐disaggregated data.

2 Catalog of indicators Introduction 1.1. What are gender indicators?Various conceptions have been created when it come to definition of indicator. CIDA (1997)defines it as “...a pointer. It can be a measurement, a number, a fact, an opinion or aperception that points at a specific condition or situation, and measures changes in thatcondition or situation over time”.“An indicator is an item of data that summaries a large amount of information in a singlefigure, in such a way as to give an indication of change over time, and in comparison to anorm”, Tony Beck (1999).Despite these slight differences, the definitions share the same characteristic: an indicator isa tool for measuring a phenomenon (a specific situation/opinion/perception) with or withoutits changes overtime.A Gender indicator 2 is a kind of indicator that measures gender-related changes within asociety with time perspective. The term gender indicator separates measure between menand women on certain indicator to compare the changing trend of both sexes. It addressesthe gender gaps and inequalities sought to be redressed, requires the collection of data,disaggregated by sex, as well as by age and socio-economic and ethnic groups, taken intoaccount a long-term perspective (i.e., social change takes time); and use participatoryapproaches (UNESCO, 2003). In this case the indicators are tools and analysis that will be thebasis for visualizing the deficiencies and the improvements of the system and understandhow they affect women specifically. They also provide a situation analysis, a look of realitytoward implementing development dynamics.Thus, gender indicators are essential tools to be used in any project, program, and policy toevaluate the outcome of gender-focused and mainstream interventions, assess challenges tosuccess, and adjust program and policies, and activities to better achieve gender equalitygoals and reduce adverse impacts on women and men. It's also important in that it build thecase for taking gender (in)equality seriously, for enabling better planning and actions bygender and non-gender specialists, and for holding institutions accountable to theircommitments on gender. Gender indicators can also make activities visible in which one ofthe sexes/genders may predominate because of gender norms; they may show the ambitsrequiring from political intervention.Gender indicators, as the rest of indicators, shall contain three characteristics:- they should be able to measure what it’s wanted to be measured,- they should be able to explain those aspects of reality that are wanted to bemeasured, and- they should be able to measure exactly what it’s wanted to be measured and whatit’s important.2 Sometimes they’re called “Gender-­‐responsible” or “gender-­‐sensitive” indicators – and they’re definitions can take us into confusion, since some take into mind gender based relations and others only produce sex disaggregated data, which doesn’t mean that gender relations are taken into mind.

Catalog of indicators Introduction 3 In addition and according to the use we want for the proposed indicators, the need toprovide analytical perspectives medium to long term, with the aim of formulating remedialpolicies, i.e. function as tools of forecasting and planning.Going to indicators classifications, there’re qualitative and quantitative indicators; in the workshown in the present catalogue, we have centered mainly on quantitative indicatorsaccording to the objective of promoting and enforcing the statistics resources existing inCambodia today.1.2. What can gender indicators be used for?The definition and use of gender indicators plays a fundamental role to improve the effortworking towards gender equality. On one hand, well-built indicators highlight the key aspectson which political and practical actions shall focus their attention with the support of objectiveand scientific evidences. In this meaning, indicators themselves cannot introduce changes ingender relations but can remark the aspects on which political actions should focus toincrease equality; both, qualitative and quantitative indicators are useful and necessary forthis purpose.They also are capable of showing the evolution of the processes and the impact of actions onthe social spectrum. To this regard, the systematic collection and analysis of data will providebetter basis for the design and planning of policies and strategies3 to stimulate social change.In the line of this last idea, gender indicators also have the capacity to evaluate the qualityand efficiency of the political actions designed to move towards a more equitable, balancedand just society.Indicators can be used for holding institutions accountable for their commitments on genderequality. Gender indicators and relevant data can make visible the gaps between thecommitments many governments and other institutions have made at all levels – for exampleby ratification of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination AgainstWomen (CEDAW) – and their actual implementation and impact. They can also be used tohold policy-makers accountable for their actions, or lack of action.1.3. Selecting and using gender indicatorsThe aim of producing the indicators for each one of the selected sectors is to promote andfacilitate the integration of gender issues through a useful tool to measure the achievementof gender equality. The proposed list of indicators by sectors are not exhaustive - obviously alarge number of indicators can be added to complete the study of each ambit - but the onescollected in the present document can be seen as the main ones, defining quite well theadvances in gender equity. We are quite sure that they can be refined, but they can be3 They’re also useful at program and project levels.

4 Catalog of indicators Introduction considered as a first and guideline to continue working on a final set that will fully portraitsuch situation.The team feels that the value of the work resides in the way that the indicators included havebeen selected (based on policies, priorities and how closely they relate to gender equity) andhow they have been constructed and described, keeping always in mind that they should beunderstandable, in their principle as well as in the formulas and methods used, as to be easilyapplicable in research, even for those not used to work with indicators. This constitutes ourprincipal worry: to bring professionals and decision-makers close to the understanding ofindicators, so they can really appreciate their importance, as well as their meaning.In this first approximation to gender indicators, due to time constraints and technicaldifficulties of this work, the team has selected four focal ambits:1. Demography,2. Education,3. Health, and4. Work and Employment.Development of these indicators draws from examination of existing indicators available innational strategic plans and key priority areas in each sector. The work also takes intoconsideration also looks at the international level indicators that are crucial for crossing andcomparing local data with that of other countries and therefore the realization of crosscountrycomparative studies. Some international priority indicators have been integrated withtechnical calculation for disaggregating data between men and women. As the project aims atpromoting research on the impact of programs and policies at national level, indicatorcollection and generalization look at the main indicators in the impact and outcome level,thus allowing the measurement of the effect of national programs and policies that aim atachieving gender equality.1.3.1. Demography sectorThe decision of including the analytical “demography” field within our sectors lies on the ideaof demography being an essential and mainstreaming axes for the definition of all politicalinterventions that might be taken in all the rest of the social spectrum. Demography providesa glimpse (not only social but also political) over population distribution and the state'sintervention through public politics. Birth rates, mortality (specially infant and maternal),fertility among others, crossed with variables such as age and sex create a clear picture ofthe conditions and lifestyle of a society.Demographic indicators let us investigate a society’s key aspects and its distribution in termsof different characteristics (i.e. distribution by sex and age). In this way, these kinds ofindicators provide the basic information that is needed to understand other socialphenomena. Also - reflecting a demographic reality - it provides a picture of evolutiondynamics and population behavior; these dynamics can be predicted through comparativestudies. The key of the research related to these indicators is to understand why certaindemographic indicators affect women and men to varying degrees.

Catalog of indicators Introduction 5 The inclusion of gender perspective in indicators with socio-demographic characteristics letsus evaluate not only the actions taken in regards of the population itself (for example thepopulation policies), but also to understand how the rest of the policies and strategies focuson the population depending on determined characteristics, and their adequate design interms of covering all social needs.As we have seen though our research, in Cambodia some demographic data is collectedthrough census and other special studies. In terms of statistics, it needs to be said that in thelast years there has been a great progress in the collection and production of demographicstatistics in the country.The following figure enumerates the list of demographic indicators that have been included inthe catalogue:1. Sex ratio by age group 6. Population distribution withineach sex, by location (urban/rural)2. Population distribution within eachsex, by civil status7. Crude Birth rate by sex3. Population by ethno-culturalcharacteristic4. Person with disability rate by sexand type of disability5. Total fertility rate8. Distribution of local migrationby sex and location9. Mean age of mother at firstchild birth1.3.2. Education sectorEducation is one of the key development sectors for progress toward socio-economic wellbeing.Indicators of gender-integrated education are crucially important for measuringdeficiencies in the gender gap.Education is intimately linked to the economy, the labor market and social status; in thissense, it can be said that education opportunities have direct effects on equality and, ingeneral, on distribution of social opportunities. Both formal and informal education can fulfillan essential labor regarding the reduction and elimination of gender gaps in every ambit.Education is a driver for social, economic, political advancement, and ultimately a tool fordevelopment and empowerment. Improved living conditions and poverty reduction are issuesclosely linked to education, hence the efforts and work to generate an equitable high-qualityuniversal education. National policies and international intervention spend much of theirbudgets on education, mostly on ensuring access (especially in the early levels). One of theMillennium Development Goals (MDGs) refers to universal access.

6 Catalog of indicators Introduction The figure below lists the indicators chosen for the education sector:1. Gross enrollment ratio 9. Gross completion rate2. Net enrollment ratio 10. Literacy rate or illiteracy rate3. Repetition rate by grade 11. Pupils per teacher ratio4. Drop out rate by grade 12. Number of teachers5. Out of school population in school age 13. Percentage of trained teacher6. School life expectancy 14. Percentage of management andleadership officials in education sector7. Transition rate 15. Rate of education attainment in adult8. Survival rate by grade 16. Percentage of population awareness ofgender equality in education1.3.3. Health sectorHealth is one of the key areas of intervention from the standpoint of economic and socialdevelopment; the status of health knowledge provides information about the levels of welfareand quality of life of a population.As in other fields, the population's health depends on other factors such as education,income, hygiene, and other interacting factors. Similarly, health is influenced by social factors(such as sexual risk from practices, the male perception of no need to use the services ofhealth centers, etc). In Cambodia, besides all this, poverty and physical distances areimportant limitations of access to health services.Health issues have particular effects by gender; diseases and symptoms of men and womenare not always the same, and women and men have specific health needs that cannot becovered with a generalist (gender-neutral/gender-blind) approach. Similarly, access and theuse made by men and women of health services keeps a strong relationship with gendernorms, but also with education and with social and economic status. It is often found thatthere are more women than men is the lowest financial levels of society.In this section, the developed indicators are:-1. Life expectancy at birth by sex 8. Proportion of women with ANCconsultation (2 or more) to skill healthprofessionals.2. Mortality rate by cause, sex andage9. Prevalence of major non-communicablediseases by sex and disease

Catalog of indicators Introduction 7 3. Maternal mortality ratio per100,000 live birth10. Prevalence of major communicabledisease by sex and disease4. Under-five mortality rate by sex 11. Birth delivered assisted by skilledpersonal rate5. Immunization rate againstinfectious childhood disease by sexand immunization6. Accessibility to treatment, by sex,illness/deficiency and grade oftreatment7. Percentage of women withnutritional problem by cause12. Percentage of population usedcontraceptive method by sex and method13. Abortion rate14. Density of health personnel1.3.4. Work and Employment or Work and Labor sector(s)The labor issue is a central theme in the detection and dismantling the gender inequalities. Inthis sense, it is necessary to set the "traditional" differentiation between "productive labor"and "reproductive work". Almost exclusively women perform reproductive work, while bothwomen and men are at productive works. Then, speaking of "work" we find a very firstsegregation by gender, beyond the existing segregation in the "productive work" or "labormarket".The relevance of the gender category at the macro level lies in its function of linking twodimensions that are complementary to the economy. On the one hand, the gender approachguarantees the existence of a non-remunerated work sphere, called reproductive work,where the labor force is reproduced and put into circulation; and on the other, it conditionsalternatives in the remunerated work sphere, called productive labor. The intersection ofthese two spheres places women in a subordinated and disadvantaged position with regardto access and control of certain material and non-material resources necessary to reach ahigh level of well-being.In most societies women assume the majority of the responsibility of reproductivelabor involved in taking care of children and the home, tasks that tend to be perceived asfemales' natural function without any economic/social value. It is considered that the worksof reproductive nature do not generate income or status. Domestic or reproductive work isalready considered by the OECD as an indicator of economic development (Society andGlance report 2011), creating potential for improving productivity and GDP of a country. Timeuse surveys are measurement tools to help design public and monitor policies, and give amore balanced view of well-being across different societies. Unpaid work - and especially thegender division of unpaid work - is to some extent related to a country's development level.The invisibility of female activity is determined by two factors are not considered relevant orgenerating benefits for the economy and structural discrimination that relegates women tosecond place of employment, labor and the economy (Cooking, Caring and Volunteering:Unpaid Work Around the World. Veerle, Miranda; OCDE. 2011). Such an arrangement has led

8 Catalog of indicators Introduction to the economic subordination of women that is rooted in the economic invisibility of theircontribution in reproductive labor, which is not registered in national censuses nor surveys,and even less in national accounting.On the opposite side, we find "productive works" which do account with social and economicrecognition have historically been seen as men’s main responsibility. The opportunities ofaccess to productive work / labor market depend on many factors and conditions related togender issues, and they have important effects on access and use of resources and servicesby individuals.In most cases, indicators on women's involvement in economic activities do not appear innational level surveys and census. Indicators on women who participate in economic activitiesare crucially important to voice their under-presented involvement in statistic and census.The selected indicators are:1. Employment to population ratio 9. Wage employment by sex and sector2. Labor force participation rate 10. Gender wage gap3. Unemployment rate 11. Feminization index at high positions inPublic Administration4. Long term unemployment 12. Women financial contribution tohouseholds expenditure5. Vulnerable employment 13. Sexual harassment in workplace6. Informal sector employment rate 14. Social perception on household choressharing7. Professional and technical workersby sex15. Proportion of worker with healthinsurance8. Maternal and paternal leave benefit1.4. Limitation and barriersVarious challenges arise in developing methodological tools for measuring change, andindicators are not an exception. The main challenge in developing and selecting indicators formeasuring impact in this catalogue is the lack of methodological tools for measuring change.Subsequently, the main challenge lies in locating the sources and validity (many of therecords are incomplete and do not consider gender differences). At local and national levels,all the methodological issues have not been found or developed for computer data. Variousattempts at international level have been done to define each outcome and impact indicatorsof gender but their interpretation of indicators and methodological issues has not beenproperly developed.

Catalog of indicators Introduction 9 Also diverse terminologies used in various international documents have producedcomplication and confusion, as it requires understanding different conceptions of the worldand terminology.On the other hand, selecting the adequate indicators to be used for measuring changes isalso challenging as it struggles to comply with overlapping measure of internationalstandards. Thus the catalogue tries to harmonize gender indicators at both national andinternational levels; the measurement is performed at national level but taking into account international standards that provide specialized agencies in each area. The comparison can bevery useful to analyze the situation in Cambodia and its proximity to international standards.

DemographyAn approach to some basic Indicators forCambodiaDemographic indicators show a picture of a population, its evolutionand the lives of different groups that compose it. The basicdemographic characteristics such as sex and age, crossed withvariables such as mortality, education, employment, access toresources, income, diagnosis ... provide a diagnostic key to theimplementation of any policy. Women are overrepresented in certainindicators agents, such as lower social classes, ethnic groupsoppressed. The trends point to a disproportionate growth of the poor,which is questioning the effectiveness of the education and birth.

Catalog of Indicators Demography 13 Name of indicator: Sex ratio by age group Definition: It is the concentration degree of women (in relation to male population) and men (in relation to female population) for each age group. Description: The indicator presents about population proportions by sex and age, which is an important information for the design and implementation of policies and appropriate actions in response to specific social distributions. Sector: PopulationSubsector: Socio-­‐economicSources: World Population Agening 1950-­‐2050. UN ( http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/pdf/95annexi.pdf) Unit of measuring: Percentage Formula: Awm =∑age + 0.5× FRa∑FRAFormula explained: It produces to serial ratios, one for females and the other for males. They can be calculated in the next way: for females, the sex ratio for one specific age group is the division of the female population of one age group into the male population of the same age group and all it multiplied by 100. For males, the sex ratio for one specific age group is the division of male population of that age group into the female population for the same age group and all multiplied by 100. In the formula: 1) Frageg= Female ratio for an age group Pfageg= Total female population for the same age group Pmageg= Total male population for the same age group; Mrageg= Male rate for an age group, Pmageg= Total male population for that same age group, Pfageg= Total female population for the same age group; and 2) An example: Fr15-­‐20= Female rate for the 15-­‐20 age group, Pf15-­‐20= Total of females with 15-­‐20 ages, Pm15-­‐20= total of males with 15-­‐20 ages.

14 Catalogue of Indicators Demography Priority: Yes Indicator developed: Yes Local/International: International Kind of indicator: On going Data source/s: Civil registration, Population census,Challenges: For the majority of births, the sex recorded on birth certificates is believed to be accurate. Newborns with rare medical conditions may have genitalia that do not match the sex one would expect from their chromosomal make-­‐up; it is unknown the degree to which this affects the recording of sex in birth certificate records. It is also difficult to assess the relationships between sex ratios at birth of populations with those at other time-­‐points, such as conception or during adulthood. Linked to policy: Other comments: [1] The principal sources of population data are the censuses that are conducted either decennially or quinquennially in most countries. Censuses divide the total population into two segments: household and institutional. The former includes all persons living in households or dwelling units while the latter refers to persons who at the time of enumeration were in hospitals, military barracks, prisons, and similar establishments. For operational convenience and better accuracy, these two segments of the population are often estimated separately. Estimates for intercensal years generally are obtained from sample surveys, projections from previous censuses under assumed population growth rates, or civil and vital registration records. The census is one of the most important sources of information that provides a basis for the official statistics of the country. Normally national census will be conducted for every 5 years, and thus; over or under estimation of population projection can be made.

Catalog of Indicators Demography 15 Name of indicator: Population distribution within each sex, by civil status Definition: All the inhabitants of a territory from age 15 and over in relation to the civil status (single, married, widow/er, divorced and separated). [1] Description: It categorizes population by civil status that provides useful information when data is shown from year to year, in order to evaluate the evolution of traditional family conceptions. Sector: PopulationSubsector: Civil statusSources: [1]At: http://www.inhcc.com/healthcare_management/indicators/Indicators_Demographic.htm Unit of measuring: Percentage (vertical) Formula: Wcs% = PfcsPf×100 ; Mcs% = PmcsPm×100 ; Ws% =PfsPf ×100 Formula explained: It is calculated separately for each sex in the next ways: for women: it is the division of the total number of women with and over the age of 15 with an specific civil status into the total number of women with 15 or more years old; for men: it is the division of the total number of men with and over the age of 15 with an specific civil status into the total number of men with 15 or more years old. In the formulas: 1) Wcs%=Proportion of women (15 and over ages) with an specific civil status Pfcs= Total number of women (15 and over age) with an specific civil status; Pf= Total number of women (15 and over age); 2) Mcs%=Proportion of men (15 and over ages) with an specific civil status, Pmcs= Total number of men (15 and over age) with an specific civil status, Pm=Total number of men (15 and over age); and 3) EG: Ws%=Proportion of single women (15 and over ages) Pfs= Total number of single women (15 and over ages), Pf=Total number of women (15 and over ages).

16 Catalogue of Indicators Demography Priority: Yes Indicator developed: Yes Local/International: Local and International Kind of indicator: On going Data source/s: Civil registration, Population census Challenges: Linked to policy: Other comments: It is calculated separately for each sex, and this means that the total sum for each one must result 100. The data should be complemented with the absolute population data to be able to realize other mathematical operations. This indicator also shows how strict social gender norms are if data is disaggregated by age.

Catalog of Indicators Demography 17 Name of indicator: Population by ethnocultural characteristics (sex, age group, ethnicity)Definition: The number of inhabitants in a territory including both de jure and de facto population classified by ethnicity. Description: The indicator provides information on diversity level of the country in terms of cultural diversities. Understanding these characteristics is important for designing policy and action responding to each diverse characteristic. Ethnicity is important for promotion participation of groups in society or for anti-­‐discrimination. [1] Sector: PopulationSubsector: CultureSources: [1] Conference of European Statisticians Recommendations for the 2010 Censuses of Population and Housing. United Nation (UN). 2006 Unit of measuring: Percentage (vertical) Formula: %FER = NFENME×100 ; %MER =TPE TPE ×100 Formula explained: It is calculated separately for each sex in the next way: for women: it is the division of the number of women in a type of ethnicity into the total population in that type of ethnicity and multiply by 100. For male: it is the division of the number of men in certain type of ethnicity into the total population of that certain type of ethnicity. In formula: 1. %FER= Rate of Female in certain type of ethnicity; NFE= Number of Female in certain type of ethnicity; TPE=Total population of certain type of ethnicity 2. %MER=Rate of Male in certain type of ethnicity; NME=Number of male in certain type of ethnicity; TPE=Total population in certain type of ethnicity.

18 Catalogue of Indicators Demography Priority: Yes Indicator developed: Yes Local/International: Local and international Kind of indicator: On going Data source/s: Civil registration , Population census Challenges: Linked to policy: UN Human Right protectionOther comments:

Catalog of Indicators Demography 19 Name of indicator: Persons with disabilities rate, by sex and type of disabilityDefinition: It is the proportion of inhabitants with one or more disabilities in a concrete territory and period, in relation to the total population and by sex. The classification of “disabilities” proposed for this indicator is : seeing, hearing, speaking, moving, feeling/sensing, psychological/mental, learning and fits. [1] Description: The indicator provide information on the level of functioning in the population which is important for achieving three major goals including formulation of program and policy for service provision and the evaluation of the program, monitoring the level of functioning in the population, and assessment of equalization of opportunity. [1] Sector: PopulationSubsector: Health. Special needs.Sources: [1] Conference of European Statisticians Recommendations for the 2010 Censuses of Population and Housing. United Nation (UN). 2006 Unit of measuring: Proportion (population in thousands) Formula: Pdr = PdP ×1000 Formula explained: Information can be calculated as a global number of number of women and/or men with any disability and by disability. The total disability rate results of dividing the total number of persons with any disability among the total population and multiplying all by 1.000. For example, to calculate the women with seeing disabilities rate, we need to divide the total number of women with seeing disability into the total number of women and to multiply all by 1.000. In the formula: 1) Pdr=Disability rate, Pd=Population (both sexes) with any disability, P=Total population (both sexes); 2) EG: Wsr=Women with seeing disability rate, Pfs=Total of women with seeing disability, Pf=Total population of women (with any and non disability).

20 Catalogue of Indicators Demography Priority: YesIndicator developed: Yes Local/International: Local and international Kind of indicator: Result Data source/s: Cambodian Socio-­‐Economic Survey (CSES). Population Census. Independent studies/surveys. Challenges: The information should be systematically collected (with sex and age disaggregation) by the Government through the census, and the health surveys. Linked to policy: Other comments: Here it is proposed to follow the classification that the Government uses but it may differ to the proposed by the experts and the specialized organizations working in disabilities issues; in case of difference we suggest to follow the classifications stated by these last ones are the one in contact and with experience in the field. It provides useful information to create a social dependency index.

Catalog of Indicators Demography 21 Name of indicator: Total Fertility RateDefinition: The average number of children that would be born alive by a woman at the end of all women's reproductive period if they were subject to the age-­‐specific fertility rate of a given period. The calculation excludes mortality. The indicator is express as children per women and classified by various age-­‐specific fertility rates. [1][2][3][4] Description: The indicator provides the assessment of the impact of family planning programmes. [8] As fertility is the variable that directly affects population change, it can also be used to compare countries, major population subgroups or trend overtime. [7] Lower fertility improved the ability of families and government to make a better use of scarce resources, combat poverty, protect and repair the environment, and set the condition for sustainable development. On the other hand, countries experiencing below-­‐replacement fertility levels (below 2.1 children per woman) could face rapid population ageing and, eventually, decreasing population size. [4] Sector: PopulationSubsector: Population change Sources: [1] Development Indicators Reference Manual: CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS. Asian Development Bank. 2004. [2] Tools and indicators for gender impact analysis, monitoring and evaluation. Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean. 2002. [3] KEY INDICATORS FOR ASIA AND THE PACIFIC 2010. Asian Development Bank. 2010. [4] Indicators of Sustainable Development: Guidelines and Methodologies. United Nation of Economic and Social Affairs. 2007. [5] A FAIR SHARE FOR WOMEN: CAMBODIA GENDER ASSESSMENT AND POLICY BRIEFS. Ministry of Women's Affairs. 2008. [6] Indicator Code Book. World Health Statistics -­‐ World Health Statistics indicators. World Health Organization. 2011. [7] Reproductive Health Indicator. World Health Organization. 2006 [8] Handbook on Reproductive Health. United Nation. 2003 Unit of measuring: Proportion (births per 1000 woman) Formula: ∑ASFR × 5TFR =1000

22 Catalogue of Indicators Demography Formula explained: Calculation for this indicator require data from Age specific fertility rate which is reffered to women aged 15 to 49 years or five time. Age fertility rate is calculated by dividing Births in year to women aged X into number of women at aged X at mid year. Formula: Calculation of Total Fertility Rate is the sumattion of ASFR multiplied by 5 and divide by 1000 In formula: TFR=Total Fertility Rate ASFR=Age specific fertility rate Priority: Yes Indicator developed: Yes Local/International: International Kind of indicator: On going Data source/s: Civil registration, Population census Challenges: The TFR is a hypothetical measure of completed fertility. It is thus possible that women of reproductive age at any given point in time may have completed family sizes that are considerably different from that implied by a current TFR, should ASFR rise or fall in the future. TFR is one of the most widely used fertility measures to assess the impact of family planning programmes. The measure is not affected by the age structure of the female population. Linked to policy: Millennium Development Goals Other comments: Information should be collected by mother' ages (single years) as it is essential to calculate the average maternal age at first birth.

Catalog of Indicators Demography 23 Name of indicator: Population distribution within each sex, by location (rural urban) Definition: It is the concentration degree of both and each sex by kind of geographical area such as urban or rural according national definition.[1] In Cambodian context, urban area is defined as "all provinces, district containing provincial headquarter town." Description: The information is presented in the way to show up how population is stated in rural and urban areas, and it shows if there is a balance for each sex. Sector: PopulationSubsector: Socio-­‐economicSources: [1] Development Indicators Reference Manual: CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS. Asian Development Bank. 2004. [2] KEY INDICATORS FOR ASIA AND THE PACIFIC 2010. Asian Development Bank. 2010. Unit of measuring: Percentage (vertical) Formula: Wa% = PfaPf×100 ; Ma% =PmaPm×100 ; Wr% =PfrPf ×100 Formula explained: It is calculated separately for each sex in the next way: for women: it is the division of the total number of women living in a kind of area (rural or urban) into the total number of women; for men: it is the division of the total number of men living in a kind of area (rural/urban) into the total number of men. In the formulas: 1) Wa%=Proportion of women living in a kind or area (rural/urban), Pfa= Total number of women living in that kind or area (rural/urban); Pf= Total number of women; 2) Ma%=Proportion of men living in a kind of area (rural/urban), Pma= Total number of men (15 and over age), Pm=Total number of men; and 3) EG: Wr%=Proportion of women living in rural areas, Pfr= Total number of women living in rural areas, Pf=Total number of women. Priority: Yes Local/International: Local and international

24 Catalogue of Indicators Demography Indicator developed: Yes Kind of indicator: On going Data source/s: Population census Challenges: Linked to policy: Other comments: Both totals, for female and male populations must result 100. If total population data (both sexes and female or male), with this indicator absolute numbers for each case can be calculated, and that lets us calculate other information (for example the rural feminization rate). The Population Census provides information disaggregated by province (for rural and urban areas), then this indicator can turns into a more complex one if data can be extracted by province (information is available).

Catalog of Indicators Demography 25 Name of indicator: Crude Birth Rate by sexDefinition: Ratio of the total number of live births in a given year to the midyear total population, expressed per 1,000 people. [2] Description: The indicator provider information on the number of live births during the year, per 1,000 population which was estimated at midyear. Subtracting the crude death rate from the crude birth rate provides the rate of natural increase, which is equal to the rate of population change in the absence of migration. [3] The level of the CBR is determined by the sex and age distribution of the population and by the fertility of the population. A relatively high CBR can be recorded if the sex and age distribution is favorable even though fertility is low, e.g. countries with a relatively large proportion of the population in the 15–50 years age groups will have a relatively high CBR, other things being equal. [1] Sector: PopulationSubsector: Population change Sources: [1] Development Indicators Reference Manual: CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS. Asian Development Bank. 2004. [2] KEY INDICATORS FOR ASIA AND THE PACIFIC 2010. Asian Development Bank. 2010. [3] the World Bank at http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.CBRT.IN Unit of measuring: [1] Development Indicators Reference Manual: CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS. Asian Development Bank. 2004. [2] KEY INDICATORS FOR ASIA AND THE PACIFIC 2010. Asian Development Bank. 2010. [3] the World Bank at http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.CBRT.IN Formula: CBR = TLBTMP ×100 Formula explained: Crude Birth Rate=Total no. of live birth in a given year/Total mid year population in a the given year*1000 CBR=Crude Birth Rate TLB=Total Live Birth TMP=Total midyear population

26 Catalogue of Indicators Demography Priority: Yes Indicator developed: Yes Local/International: Local and internation Kind of indicator: On going Data source/s: Population census Challenges: Need a complete and accurate vital registration system Linked to policy: Other comments: Not good for comparing fertility across populations, as variations in age distribution of the populations being compared will affect the birth rate

Catalog of Indicators Demography 27 Name of indicator: Distribution of local migration by sex and locations (rural/urban)Definition: Percent of people moving into and within specific area from a particular area at the time of enumeration categorized by origin of place of birth, reason for migration, duration of stay. [2] Description: The indicator measure geographical mobility of population within the country and into the country. Migration is another factor that influent the size of population in an area or country. [1] Also, local migration both influences and is influenced by economic, social, environmental and political events. Increases of net migration linked to a loss of livelihood can be a symptom of unsustainability [2] Local migration affect access of people to education, health etc. service, which indirectly affect (especially the achievement of many specific MDGs. The impact of migration is important in terms of gender especially new opportunities offering to women. However, it is often disadvantaged group as they usually have little education or socially value job skill. Sector: PopulationSubsector: Population change Sources: [1]Indicators of Sustainable Development: Guidelines and Methodologies. United Nation of Economic and Social Affairs. 2007. [2] At http://esl.jrc.it/envind/un_meths/UN_ME018.htm Unit of measuring: Proportion (population in thousands) Formula: RNLM = NCRNFCRNMCR×100 ; RFM = ×100 ; RMM =TPA TFP TFP ×100Formula explained: The calculation for this indicator is the division of number of people change residence from outside to within specific area of interest (urban/rural) into total population in the area 1.) For Rate of female migrant is the division of number of women change residence into the total female population in the area 2.) For rate of male migrant is the division of number of men changes residence into the total male population in the area In formulas: 1.) RNLM=Rate of Net Local Migration; RFM=Number of People Change Residence; TPA=Total population in certain area 2.) RFM=Rate of local female migrant; NFCR=Number of female population change residence;

28 Catalogue of Indicators Demography TFP=Total female population 3.) RMM=Rate of local male migrant; NMCR=Number of local male population change residence; TMP=Total male population Priority: Yes Indicator developed: Yes Local/International: International Kind of indicator: On going Data source/s: Population Census. Cambodia Inter-­‐Censal Population Survey. Challenges: [1] The definitions of immigrant and emigrant used by different countries and even for different data sources within a single country vary considerably, thus compromising the comparability and interpretation of the indicator. The data are often poorly measured restricting the usefulness for modelling purposes. Illegal immigrants are not captured by the census or survey statistics. Linked to policy: Millennium Development Goals Other comments: [1] Net internal migration rate: Censuses are the major source of Information on internal migration. They vary, however, in the type of data they collect and the way in which the information obtained is coded and tabulated. The questions most commonly included in censuses that indicate the occurrence of some change of residence are: current place residence and place of residence at a specific time before the census; current and previous place of residence, and length of stay in current residence; place of birth. Most countries code place of residence in terms of major geographical subdivision (state, department, province etc.) although use of a finer subdivision of the territory is often useful. Some countries record the urban or rural nature of the place of residence involved. However, net rural-­‐urban migration is more likely to be derived from indirect estimation procedures than directly from census data. In general, data on internal migration gathered by censuses remain underexploited and there is no comprehensive source of information of net migration rates between different units within countries, except for countries with a population register. Other indicators of migration such as the percentage of the population born outside the country (a "stock" measure) are often used instead of the net migration rate. This indicator can also include the next categories: rural to rural, rural to urban, urban to rural and urban to urban. Data by province is available too.

Catalog of Indicators Demography 29 Name of indicator: Mean age of mothers at first child's birth Definition: The indicator is the average completed year of age of women when their first child is born. For a given calendar year, the mean age of women at first birth is calculated using the fertility rates for first births by age (in general, the reproductive period is between 15 and 49 years of age). [1] Description: The indicator provides a comparing trend in fertility overtime in a county. Also it provides a comparison of time of family formulation. Sector: PopulationSubsector: Population change Sources: [1] Social Policy Division -­‐ Directorate of Employment, Labour and Social Affairs [2] Swiss Federal Statistical Office. 2011 Unit of measuring: Absolute numbers (age) Formula: Awm =∑age + 0.5× FRa∑FRAFormula explained: It is division of the summation of the specific fertility rates by age multiplied by each specific age plus 0.5, and all it divided into the summation of the specific fertility rates by age; this is: ((age 15+0.5) multiplied by the fertility rate of women with 15 years old) + ...+ (age 49+0.5) multiplied by the fertility rate of women with 49 years old)) and all divided by (fertility rate of women with 15 years old + … + fertility rate of women with 49 years old). In the formula: Awm= Average maternity age; Fra=fertility rate for each age; 0.5=it is corrective measure to calculate the middle date of the year. Priority: Yes Local/International: Local

30 Catalogue of Indicators Demography Indicator developed: No Kind of indicator: Result Data source/s: Household surveys, Population census Challenges: [2] The average age at the birth of the first child during the calendar year can be established using information on the age and civil status of the mother as well as on the order of birth. For this reason only married women and the order of birth within the current marriage are considered for the calculation of this indicator. Linked to policy: Other comments: It is advisable to examine the possibility of misreporting of ages by survey or census respondents.

EducationAn approach to some basic Indicators forCambodiaEducation is a basic human right, it is universal and inalienableeveryone,regardless of gender, religion, ethnicity or economicstatus, is entitled to it. Education is a basic indicator ofdevelopment on which work on any public policy. This indicator isa priority for the Millennium Development Goals, with specialemphasis on girls: in 2015 all children, particularly girls and thedisadvantaged, must-have access to quality primary educationfree and compulsory.

Catalog of Indicators Education 33 Name of indicator: Gross enrollment ratio in percent Definition: The total enrolment of pupil in grade or cycle or level of education from early child hood education; primary; secondary; to tertiary education, informal and non-­‐formal education, technical and vocational training, post secondary education, and outbound enrollment regardless of age, expressed as percentage of the corresponding to the same level of education in a given school year. Description: To show the general level of participation in a given level of education and type of educational program. It indicates the capacity of the education system to enrol students of a particular age group. It can also be a complementary indicator to net enrolment rate (NER) by indicating the extent of over-­‐aged and under-­‐aged enrolment. The disaggregation by sex is to measure gender disparity between male and female students in accessing education in a given level of education, program orientation, type of educational program. The disaggregation by educational orientation program is to measure opportunity that both male and female students who are out of school or drop out have opportunity to re-­‐entry to education system or opportunity to access specific technical skill provided by Non-­‐formal education, Technical Vocation Education, and Post-­‐Tertiary Education program. The disaggregation by age is to measure which specific group of population access provided educational program in order to measure human capital stock. The disaggregation by level of education see also in Net Enrollment ratio. Sector: Education Subsector: Literacy, Educational level, Labor Sources: [1] Education Indicators: Technical guidelines. United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization. 2009. Unit of measuring: Percentage Formula: PR t i= R t+1it×100 GERthE i= E thP h,a×100 Orientation Program: %E t t s= E sn∑s=1tE st×100 Formula explained: GER Divide the number of pupils (or students) enrolled in a given level of education regardless of

34 Catalog of Indicators Education age by the population of the age group that officially corresponds to the given level of education, and multiply the result by 100. GER by gender: females as % of males -­‐ Girls’ gross enrolment ratio divided by that of boys, as a percentage. The GER is the number of children enrolled in a schooling level (primary or secondary), regardless of age, divided by the population of the age group that officially corresponds to that level. Disaggregation by Orientation program Divide the number of students enrolled in each type of secondary education programme (classified by orientation) by total enrolment in secondary education in a given year, and multiply the result by 100. Where: %E_{s}^{t} Percentage of students enrolled in orientation s of secondary education in school year t E_{s}^{t} Number of students enrolled in orientation s of secondary education in school year t n Number of orientations of secondary education Priority: Yes Indicator developed: Yes Local/International: Local and International Kind of indicator: On going Data source/s: School register, school survey or census for data on enrolment by level of education. Population censuses or estimates for school-­‐age population normally obtained from the central statistical office. Challenges: GER can exceed 100% due to the inclusion of over-­‐aged and under-­‐aged pupils/students because of early or late entrants, and grade repetition. In this case, a rigorous interpretation of GER needs additional information to assess the extent of repetition, late entrants, etc. Linked to policy: National Educational plan of all areas of education (ESP, Non-­‐Formal Education) Other comments: A high GER generally indicates a high degree of participation, whether the pupils belong to the official age group or not. A GER value approaching or exceeding 100% indicates that a country is, in principle, able to accommodate all of its school-­‐age population, but it does not indicate the proportion already enrolled. The achievement of a GER of 100% is therefore a necessary but not sufficient condition for enrolling all eligible children in school. When the GER exceeds 90% for a particular level of education, the aggregate number of places for pupils is approaching the number required for universal access of the official age group. However, this is a meaningful interpretation only if one can expect the under-­‐aged and over-­‐aged enrolments to decline in the future to free places for pupils from the expected age group. Quality Standards. Data can be disaggregated by Sex, Level of education, Location (urban/rural), type of institution (public/private), and Orientation of education program (formal/non-­‐formal/technical-­‐vocational)

Catalog of Indicators Education 35 Name of indicator: Net Enrollment Ratio (NER) Definition: Enrollment of the official school age group as defined by the national education system in a given level of education expressed as a percentage of the corresponding population. The ratio is expressed as the number of girls relative to number of boys at Early Childhood Education, Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary [1][2][3][4]. The enrollment rates express the access of the population to education in order to identify the population groups and areas most neglected geography. Description: In geneneral this indicator aim at showing the extent of coverage in a given level of education of children and youths belonging to the official age group corresponding to the given level of education.[2] At secondary level the enrollment is to reflect the orientation and capacity of secondary education programmes as well as the potential supply of skilled workers in different specializations.[2] At tertiary level, the diseggregation of enrollment by level is to show the distribution of tertiary students by ISCED levels which helps to understand the way in which degrees and qualification structures for tertiary education are organized within country. [2] The diseggregation by fields is to gauge the level of development of tertiary education in terms of the range of fields offered, the capacity in each field as well as student preferences, thus reflecting both the potential demand and supply of qualified human resources in different specializations. [2] The disaggregation by sex in all level of education, type of institution is to assess gender disparity with regard to participation in different levels of education. The disaggregation by type of institution is to measure the relative weight of private education and public in terms of enrolment, hence the scale and capacity of private education and public within a country. It also reflect the quality provided by type of institution [2] The disaggregation by age is to show the extent of the educational participation of a specific age cohort. Sector: Education Subsector: Literacy, Educational level Sources: [1] Development Indicators Reference Manual: CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS. Asian Development Bank. 2004. [2] Education Indicators: Technical guidelines. United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization. 2009. [3] Tools and indicators for gender impact analysis, monitoring and evaluation. Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean. 2002. [4] UNICEF Cambodian Statistics. Education Indicators

36 Catalog of Indicators Education Unit of measuring: Percentage Formula: tP g,i= E t+1 g,i+1− R t+1 tg,i+1Level of Education:%E h=Field of Education: %E ftPrivate Enrollment: %Ep ht=E ft∑hε(5A,5B,6)= Ep thtE hE htE ft∑hε(5A,5B,6)E ht×100 ×100 Female students: %FE ht×100 Enrollment by age: ASER at= FE th×100 tE f= E ta×100 tP aFormula explained: Divide the number of pupils (or students) enrolled who are of the official age group for a given level of education by the population for the same age group and multiply the result by 100. NER h t =Net Enrolment Rate at level of education h in school year t NER h t =Enrolment of the population of age group a at level of education h in school year t. The percentage of school population at every level of education and whose age coincides with the level enrolled in respect of the total population in that age group tP h,a=Population in age group a which officially corresponds to level of education h in school year t Disaggregation by level Divide the number of students in each tertiary ISCED level by the total enrolment in tertiary education in a given academic year, and multiply the result by 100. Disagregation by fields Divide the number of students enrolled in each field of education by total enrolment in tertiary education in a specific academic-­‐year and multiply the result by 100. Disagregation by sex Divide the number of female students enrolled in a specified education level by the total number of students (male plus female) in that level in a given academic-­‐year, and multiply the result by 100. Where: %FE t h= Percentage of female students in a given education level h in academic year t FE h t = Female students in each education level h in academic year t E f t = Total enrolment (male plus female) in education level h in academic year t Disaggregation by type of institution Divide the number of pupils (or students) enrolled in private educational institutions in a given level of education by total enrolment (public and private) at the same level of education, and multiply the result by 100. Disaggregation by age Divide the number of pupils (or students) of a specific age enrolled in educational institutions at all levels of education by the population of the same age and multiply the result by 100. Where:

Catalog of Indicators Education 37 ASER a t = Age Specific Enrolment Rate of the population of age a in school year t E a t = Enrolment of the population of age a in school year t P a t = Population of age a in school year t

38 Catalog of Indicators Education Priority: Yes Indicator developed: Yes Local/International: Local and International Kind of indicator: On going Data source/s: School register, School survey or census for data on enrolment by age Population censuses or estimates for school-­‐age population normally obtained from the central statistical office Challenges: For tertiary education, this indicator is not pertinent because of the difficulties in determining an appropriate age group due to the wide variations in the duration of programmes at this level of education. As regards primary and secondary education, difficulties may arise when calculating an NER that approaches 100% if: 1. the reference date for entry to primary education does not coincide with the birth dates of all of the cohort eligible to enrol at this level of education; 2. a significant portion of the population starts primary school earlier than the prescribed age and consequently finishes earlier as well; 3. there is an increase in the entrance age to primary education but the duration remains unchanged. N.B. Although the NER cannot exceed 100%, values up to 105% have been obtained reflecting inconsistencies in the enrolment and/or population data. Linked to policy: National Educational plan of all areas of education (ESP, Non-­‐Formal Education) Other comments: A high NER denotes a high degree of coverage for the official school-­‐age population. The theoretical maximum value is 100%. Increasing trends can be considered as reflecting improving coverage at the specified level of education. When the NER is compared with the GER, the difference between the two highlights the incidence of under-­‐aged and over-­‐aged enrolment. If the NER is below 100%, then the complement, i.e. the difference with 100%, provides a measure of the proportion of children not enrolled at the specified level of education. However, since some of these children/youth could be enrolled at other levels of education, this difference should in no way be considered as indicating the percentage of students not enrolled. To measure universal primary education, for example, adjusted primary NER is calculated on the basis of the percentage of children in the official primary school age range who are enrolled in either primary or secondary education. A more precise complementary indicator is the age-­‐specific enrolment ratio (ASER) which shows the participation in education of the population of each particular age, regardless of the level of education. The relative concentration of students in particular programmes (long/short programmes) or levels is likely to be driven by job opportunities related to those levels. It also reflects capacities and policies for the development of a particular ISCED level. Relative concentration of students in particular fields of education depicts on the one hand high preference and capacity, and on the other hand may reflect job opportunities as well as

Catalog of Indicators Education 39 relative earnings across different occupations and industries. Data can be disaggregated by Sex, Level of education, Location (urban/rural), age and Type of institution (public/private).

40 Catalog of Indicators Education Name of indicator: Repetition rates (RR) by grade Definition: Proportion of pupils from a cohort enrolled in a given grade at a given school year who study in the same grade in the following school year. [2] Description: To measure the rate at which pupils from a cohort repeat a grade, and its effect on the internal efficiency of educational systems. In addition, it is one of the key indicators for analysing and projecting pupil flows from grade to grade within the educational cycle. [2] Sector: Education Subsector: Literacy, Level of education; Gender disparities in education Sources: [1] Tools and indicators for gender impact analysis, monitoring and evaluation. Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean. 2002. [2] Education Indicators: Technical guidelines. United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization. 2009. [3] Expanded Basic Education Programme (EBEP) Cambodia Phase II: 2006-­‐2010. UNESCO Unit of measuring: Percentage Formula: RR t i= R t+1i×100 tE iFormula explained: [2] Divide the number of repeaters in a given grade in school year t+1 by the number of pupils from the same cohort enrolled in the same grade in the previous school year t. Where: RR i t = Repetition Rate at grade i in school year t R i t+1 Number of pupils repeating grade i, in school year t+1 E i t Number of pupils enrolled in grade i, in school year t Priority: Yes Indicator developed: Yes Local/International: Local and international Kind of indicator: On going Data source/s:

Catalog of Indicators Education 41 Challenges: In some cases, low repetition rates merely reflect policies or practices of automatic promotion. The level and maximum number of grade repetitions allowed can in some cases be determined by the educational authorities with the aim of coping with limited grade capacity and increasing the internal efficiency and flow of pupils (or students). Care should be taken in interpreting this indicator, especially in comparisons between education systems. Linked to policy: National Educational plan (ESP) Education for All (EFA) National Plan 2003-­‐2015 Other comments: Repetition Rate ideally should approach zero percent. High repetition rate reveals problems in the internal efficiency of the educational system and possibly reflect a poor level of instruction. When compared across grades, the patterns can indicate specific grades for which there is higher repetition, hence requiring more in depth study of causes and possible remedies. Data can be disaggregated by Grade, Sex, Location (urban/rural), and type of institution (public/private)

42 Catalog of Indicators Education Name of indicator: Dropout rate by grade (DR) Definition: Proportion of pupils from a cohort enrolled in a given grade at a given school year that are no longer enrolled in the following school year. [1] Description: To measure the phenomenon of pupils from a cohort leaving school without completion, and its effect on the internal efficiency of educational systems. In addition, it is one of the key indicators for analysing and projecting pupil flows from grade to grade within the educational cycle. [1] Sector: Education Subsector: Literacy, Level of education, Access to education Sources: [1] Tools and indicators for gender impact analysis, monitoring and evaluation. Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean. 2002. [2] MDG Monitor UN [3] Expanded Basic Education Programme (EBEP) Cambodia Phase II: 2006-­‐2010. UNESCO [4] Situation Analysis of Youth in Cambodia, May 2009. United Nations Country team. Unit of measuring: Percentage Formula: DR i t =100 − (PR i t + RR i t ) Formula explained: Dropout rate by grade is calculated by subtracting the sum of promotion rate and repetition rate from 100 in the given school year. For cumulative dropout rate in primary education, it is calculated by subtracting the survival rate from 100 at a given grade (see survival rate). Where: DR i t = Dropout Rate at grade i in school year t PR i t = Promotion Rate at grade i in school year t RR i t = Repetition Rate at grade i in school year t Priority: Yes Indicator developed: Yes Local/International: Local and international Kind of indicator: On going Data source/s: School register, School survey or census for data on enrolment and repeaters by grade

Catalog of Indicators Education 43 Challenges: The level and maximum number of grade repetitions allowed can in some cases be determined by the educational authorities with the aim of coping with limited grade capacity and increasing the internal efficiency and flow of pupils (or students). Care should be taken in interpreting this indicator, especially when comparing education systems. Linked to policy: National Educational plan (ESP) Education for All (EFA) National Plan 2003-­‐2015 Other comments: Ideally, the rate should approach 0%; a high dropout rate reveals problems in the internal efficiency of the educational system. By comparing rates across grades, it is possible to identify those which require greater policy emphasis. Achieving the goal of universal primary education (MDO 2) requires more than a full registration. It also requires ensuring that children continue to flock to the classes. Reasons for dropping out at secondary school level include high costs (tuition and additional school-­related costs), child labour to contribute to the household income, low education quality, irregular teacher attendance and distance to school. In case of financial hardship males are usually given the priority over girls. Data can be disaggregated by Grade, Sex, Level of Education, Location (urban/rural), and Type of institution (public/private).

44 Catalog of Indicators Education Name of indicator: Out-­‐Of-­‐School population in school age Definition: Population in the official primary, secondary age range who are not enrolled in either primary or secondary schools and public or private school. [1] Description: To identify the size of the population in the official primary and secondary school age range [6-­‐20 years] who never attended primary education or dropped out, to identify the target population for policies and interventions aimed at achieving universal primary education. [1] Sector: Education Subsector: Literacy, Level of education, Access to education Sources: [1] Education Indicators: Technical guidelines. United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization. 2009. [2] Tools and indicators for gender impact analysis, monitoring and evaluation. Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean. 2002. [3] A fair share for women: Cambodia gender assessment and Policy Briefs. Ministry of Women’s Affairs. 2008. Unit of measuring: Absolut number Formula: OSP a t = TP a− ES p,sFormula explained: Subtract the number of primary school-­‐age pupils enrolled in either primary or secondary school from the total population of the official primary school age range where: tOSP a= Out of school population in school-­‐age group TP a= Total population of school-­‐age group ES p,s = Enrolled students in either primary or secondary Priority: Yes Indicator developed: Yes Local/International: Local and international Kind of indicator: Impact and on going Data source/s: School register, School survey or census for enrolment, Population census or estimates

Catalog of Indicators Education 45 Challenges: Discrepancies between enrolment and population data coming from different sources may not give the exact magnitude of out-­‐of-­‐school children. Linked to policy: Other comments: The higher the number of out-­‐of-­‐school children, the greater the need to focus on achieving universal primary education. Some children of primary school-­‐age who have never been in school may or may not eventually enrol as late entrants. Other children may have initially enrolled but dropped out before reaching the ‘official’ age of primary completion. When disaggregated by geographical location, this indicator can identify areas needing the greatest efforts. Policies can also focus efforts on priority population groups or a particular gender. Data can be disaggregated by sex, age, and Location (urban/rural).

46 Catalog of Indicators Education Name of indicator: School life expectancy (SLE) Definition: The total number of years of schooling which a child of a certain age can expect to receive in the future, assuming that the probability of his or her being enrolled in school at any particular age is equal to the current enrolment ratio for that age. [2] Description: To show the overall level of development of an educational system in terms of the average number of years of schooling that the education system offers to the eligible population, including those who never enter school. [2] How many years of education the average citizen of a country receives in their lifetime. Sector: Education Subsector: Literacy, Level of education, Access to education, Gender disparities in education Sources: [1] Tools and indicators for gender impact analysis, monitoring and evaluation. Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean. 2002. [2] Education Indicators: Technical guidelines. United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization. 2009. Unit of measuring: Years Formula: n tE iti=aP itSLE a= ∑ +∑l=leveleducationtE unknowntP ageoflevel/ D lFormula explained: [2] For a child of a certain age a, the school life expectancy is calculated as the sum of the age specific enrolment rates for the levels of education specified. The part of the enrolment that is not distributed by age is divided by the school-­‐age population for the level of education they are enrolled in, and multiplied by the duration of that level of education. The result is then added to the sum of the age-­‐specific enrolment rates. Where: SLE a t = School life expectancy at an age a in year t E i t = Enrolment of the population of age a in school year t; P i t = Population of age i in school year t. Age of level l denotes the total school age population of that level D l= Theoretical duration of level l

Catalog of Indicators Education 47 Priority: Yes Indicator developed: Yes Local/International: Local and international Kind of indicator: Data source/s: School register, School survey or census for data on enrolment by age, Population censuses, Estimates for school-­‐age population Challenges: Caution is required when making cross-­‐country comparisons; neither the length of the school year nor the quality of education is necessarily the same in each country. In addition, as this indicator does not directly take into account the effects of repetition, it is not strictly comparable between countries with automatic promotion and those allowing grade repetition. It should also be noted that, depending on countries, the enrolment data do not account for many types of continuing education and training. For these reasons, this indicator should be interpreted in the light of complementary indicators, particularly percentage of repeaters. Linked to policy: Could not be found in local indicator Other comments: A relatively high SLE indicates greater probability for children to spend more years in education and higher overall retention within the education system. It must be noted that the expected number of years does not necessarily coincide with the expected number of grades of education completed, because of repetition. Since school life expectancy is an average based on participation in different levels of education, the expected number of years of schooling may be pulled down by the magnitude of children who never go to school. Those children who are in school may benefit from many more years of education than the average. Data can be disaggregated by Sex, and Level of education.

48 Catalog of Indicators Education Name of indicator: Transition Rates Definition: The number of pupils (or students) admitted to the first grade of a higher level of education in a given year, expressed as a percentage of the number of pupils (or students) enrolled in the final grade of the lower level of education in the previous year. [2] Description: To convey information on the degree of access or transition from one cycle or level of education to a higher one. Viewed from the lower cycle or level of education, it is Sector: Education Subsector: Literacy, Gender disparities in education Sources: [1] Tools and indicators for gender impact analysis, monitoring and evaluation. Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean. 2002. [2] Education Indicators: Technical guidelines. United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization. 2009. Unit of measuring: Percentage Formula: tTR h,h+1= E t+1h+1,1t− R h+1,1tE h,n×100 Formula explained: Divide the number of new entrants in the first grade of the specified higher cycle or level of education by the number of pupils who were enrolled in the final grade of the preceding cycle or level of education in the previous school year, and multiply by 100. Where: tTR h,h+1= Transition rate (from cycle or level of education h to h+1 in school year t) E h+1,1t+1 = Number of pupils enrolled in the first grade at level of education h+1 in school year t+1 tR h+1,1= Number of pupils repeating the first grade at level of education h+1 in school year t+1 tE h,n= Number of pupils enrolled in final grade n at level of education h in school year t Priority: Yes Indicator developed: Yes Local/International: Local and International Kind of indicator: Result Data source/s: School register, School survey, Census

Catalog of Indicators Education 49 Challenges: [2] This indicator can be distorted by incorrect distinction between new entrants and repeaters, especially in the first grade of the specified higher level of education. Students who interrupted their studies for one or more years after having completed the lower level of education, together with the migrant students, could also affect the quality of this indicator. Linked to policy: Educaiton for All, ESP, ESSP Other comments: [2] High transition rates indicate a high level of access or transition from one level of education to the next. They also reflect the intake capacity of the next level of education. Inversely, low transition rates can signal problems in the bridging between two cycles or levels of education, due to either deficiencies in the examination system, or inadequate admission capacity in the higher cycle or level of education, or both. Data can be disaggregated by Sex, Level of education, and Location (urban/rural).

50 Catalog of Indicators Education Name of indicator: Survival rate (SR) by grade and age group Definition: Percentage of a cohort of pupils (or students) enrolled in the first grade of a given level or cycle of education in a given school year who are expected to reach successive grades. [2] Proportion of pupils starting grade 1 who reach last grade of primary. Description: To measure the retention capacity and internal efficiency of an education system. It illustrates the situation regarding retention of pupils (or students) from grade to grade in schools, and conversely the magnitude of dropout by grade.[2] [2] It measures the efficiency and effectiveness of the delivery of education services in the country. Sector: Education Subsector: Literacy, Level of education, Gender disparities in education Sources: [1] Tools and indicators for gender impact analysis, monitoring and evaluation. Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean. 2002. [2] Education Indicators: Technical guidelines. United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization. 2009. [3] [3] MDG Indicators Series Details. UN [3] A FAIR SHARE FOR WOMEN: CAMBODIA GENDER ASSESSMENT AND POLICY BRIEFS. Ministry of Women's Affairs. 2008. Unit of measuring: Percentage Formula: kSR g,i=∑mtPt=1 g,ikE gt×100 where P g,i= E t+1 t+1g,i+1− R g,i+1Formula explained: Divide the total number of pupils belonging to a school-­‐cohort who reached each successive grade of the specified level of education by the number of pupils in the school-­‐cohort i.e. those originally enrolled in the first grade of primary education, and multiply the result by 100. The survival rate is calculated on the basis of the reconstructed cohort method, which uses data on enrolment and repeaters for two consecutive years. Where: kSR g,iE g k= Survival Rate of pupil-­‐cohort g at grade i for a reference year k = Total number of pupils belonging to a cohort g at a reference year k tP g,i= Promotees from E k gwho would join successive grades i throughout successive years t t+1R g,i+1= Number of pupils repeating grade i in school year t

Catalog of Indicators Education 51 Priority: Yes Indicator developed: Yes Local/International: International Kind of indicator: Impact Data source/s: School register, School survey or census Challenges: Given that this indicator is usually estimated using cohort analysis models that are based on a number of assumptions (i.e. the observed flow rates will remain unchanged throughout the cohort life), care should be taken in using of the results in comparisons. Care should also be taken in calculating the indicator at sub-­‐national level because of possible pupils’ transfers between localities. Linked to policy: Other comments: Rates approaching 100% indicate a high level of retention and low incidence of dropout. The distinction between survival rate with and without repetition is necessary to compare the extent of wastage due to dropout and repetition. Survival rate to the last grade of primary education is of particular interest for monitoring universal primary education, a central objective for Education for All and the Millennium Development Goals. Data can be disaggregated by Sex, Level of education, Location (urban/rural), and type of institution (private/public).

52 Catalog of Indicators Education Name of indicator: Gross completion rate Definition: Percentage of students completing the last year of each level of education, regardless of age, expressed as a percentage of the population at the theoretical graduation age defined by national education system. [3a] Description: The indicator measures whether or not the entire eligible school age population has access to school and whether or not they complete the full cycle of a given education level. [1] The disaggregate by subject or field of study attainment is to reflect students preference and talents as well as potential supply and demand in particular/various specialization. Sector: Education Subsector: Literacy, Educational level, Gender disparities in Education Sources: [1] List of Selected Indicators for Monitoring Progress NSDP/ MDGs. Ministry of Planning. N.D. [2] KEY INDICATORS FOR ASIA AND THE PACIFIC 2010. Asian Development Bank. 2010. [3a] Indicators of Sustainable Development: Guidelines and Methodologies. United Nation of Economic and Social Affairs. 2007. [3b] Education Indicators: Technical guidelines. United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization. 2009. [4] KEY INDICATORS FOR ASIA AND THE PACIFIC 2010. Asian Development Bank. 2010. [5] Development Indicators Reference Manual: CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS. Asian Development Bank. 2004. Unit of measuring: Percentage Formula: GCR t = GtP at×100 ; GCR t =By field: TPR t h= Tp thtT h×100 TL − RtP at×100 ; Formula explained: Divide the number of graduate in each level of education, irrespective of age, by the population of theoretical graduation in each education level, and multiply the result by 100 where GCR t = Gross Graduation Ratio in school year t G t number of graduate in school year t P at= Population of theoretical graduate age a in the last grade of each level of education, in school year t.

Catalog of Indicators Education 53 Alternatively, it can also be calculated as the total number of students in the last grade of education level, minus the number of repeaters in that grade, divided by the total number of students of official graduation age. GCR t = Gross graduation ratio in school year t TL = Total population in the last grade of education level t P at= Population of theoretical gruaate a in the last grade of each level of education, in school year t. Graduated by field GR f t = Percentage of students graduating from the field of education G ft= Percentage distribution of graduates by fields f of education at the tertiary level in academic-­‐year t Percentage distribution of graduates by ISCED fields of education at the tertiary level Note: The numerator may include over age children who have repeated one or more grades of primary school but are now graduating successfully. Priority: Yes Indicator developed: Yes Local/International: Local and Internatoinal Kind of indicator: On going Data source/s: School register, school survey or census for data on graduates; population census or estimates for population of the theoretical graduation-­‐age in the last grade of primary. Challenges: As this calculation includes all graduates (regardless of age), the ratio can exceed 100%, due to over-­‐aged and under-­‐aged children who enter primary, secondary or tertiary school for the first time early/late or/and repeat a grade. In some countries, the results of graduation might be driven by the availability of places in secondary education, so care should be taken in making comparisons. This indicator requires complete and reliable data on the number of graduates by field of education in tertiary level and clear distinction between different fields of education. The percentage in all fields of tertiary education must sum up to 100. Various factors may lead to poor performance on this indicator, including low quality of schooling, discouragement over poor performance and the direct and indirect costs of schooling. Students' progress to higher grades may also be limited by the availability of teachers, classrooms and educational materials. The current world database has many gaps, earlier years and gender breakdowns, and obvious anomalies and estimates that are suspect. The current database is a mixture of enrolment data and data based on different systems of graduation (exams, diplomas, automatic promotion), limiting international comparability Linked to policy: Cambodia Millennium Development Goal (CMDG), National Strategic Development Plan (NSDP)

54 Catalog of Indicators Education Other comments: A high ratio indicates a high degree of current each education level's outputs. Rural and urban differences are particularly important in analyzing data on education due to the significant differences in school facilities, available resources, the demand for children's time for work and dropout patterns. It is also important to consider the breakdown by geographical areas and social groups or etnic groups. Data can be disaggregated by Sex, Level of education, subject or field of study from secondary and over, Location (urban/rural), type of institution (public/private), and Orientation of education program (formal/non-­‐formal/technical-­‐vocational).

Catalog of Indicators Education 55 Name of indicator: Literacy rate or illiteracy rate Definition: The literacy rate is the percentage of population of a given age range who can both read and write with understanding a short simple statement on their everyday life. Generally, ‘literacy’ also encompasses ‘numeracy’, the ability to make simple arithmetic calculations. Illiteracy is defined as the percentage of the population of a given age range who cannot both read and write with understanding a short simple statement on their everyday life. [6] Description: To show the accumulated achievement of primary education and literacy programmes in imparting basic literacy skills to the population, thereby enabling them to apply such skills in daily life and to continue learning and communicating using the written word. Literacy represents a potential for further intellectual growth and contribution to economic-­‐socio-­cultural development of society. Sector: Education Subsector: Literacy and, Literacy, Gender disparities in education Sources: [1] Indicators of Sustainable Development: Guidelines and Methodologies. United Nation of Economic and Social Affairs. 2007. [2] Indicator Code Book. World Health Statistics -­‐ World Health Statistics indicators. World Health Organization. 2011. [3]Tools and indicators for gender impact analysis, monitoring and evaluation. Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean. 2002. [4]Development Indicators Reference Manual: CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS. Asian Development Bank. 2004. [5]KEY INDICATORS FOR ASIA AND THE PACIFIC 2010. Asian Development Bank. 2010. [6] Education Indicators: Technical guidelines. United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization. 2009. [7] MDG 2, Goal 2.3 Literacy rate of 15-­‐24 year-­‐olds, women and men. UN Unit of measuring: Percentage Formula: LIT t a= L ta×100 tP aFormula explained: Divide the number of literates of a given age range by the corresponding age group population and multiply the result by 100. Alternatively, apply the same method using the number of illiterates to derive the illiteracy rate; or by subtracting the literacy rate from

56 Catalog of Indicators Education 100%. Where: LIT at= Adult Literacy Rate (a) in year t L atP at= Adult Literate Population (a) in year t = Population in age group (a) in year t Priority: Yes Indicator developed: Yes Local/International: Local and International Kind of indicator: Impact Data source/s: National Population Census, Household survey Education for All (EFA) National Plan 2003-­‐2015 Challenges: [6] It has been observed that some countries apply definitions and criteria for literacy which are different from the international standards defined above, or equate persons with no schooling to illiterates, or change definitions between censuses. Practices for identifying literates and illiterates during actual census enumeration may also vary, as well as errors in literacy self-­‐declaration can affect the reliability of literacy statistics. Linked to policy: National Educational plan (ESP, Non-­‐Formal Education) Other comments: A high literacy rate (or low illiteracy rate) suggests the existence of an effective primary education system and/or literacy programmes that have enabled a large proportion of the population to acquire the ability of using the written word (and making simple arithmetic calculations) in daily life and to continue learning. It is common practice to present and analyse literacy rates together with the absolute number of illiterates as improvements in literacy rates may sometimes be accompanied by increases in the illiterate population due to a changing demographic structure. Data can be disaggregated by Sex, Location (urban/rural) and by the following five-­‐year age groups: 10-­‐14; 15-­‐19; 20-­‐24; 25-­‐29, 30-­‐34; 35-­‐39; 40 and above.

Catalog of Indicators Education 57 Name of indicator: Pupils per Teacher Ratio (PTR) Definition: Average number of pupils (students) per teacher at a specific level of education in a given school year. [1] Description: To measure the level of human resources input in terms of the number of teachers in relation to the size of the pupil population. The results can be compared with established national norms on the number of pupils per teacher for each level or type of education. Sector: Education Subsector: Education, resources Sources: [1] Education Indicators: Technical guidelines. United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization. 2009. Unit of measuring: Percent Formula: STR t h= E thtT hFormula explained: Divide the total number of pupils enrolled at the specified level of education by the number of teachers at the same level. PTR h t = Pupil-­‐teacher ratio at level of education h in school year t E h t = Total number of pupils or (students) at level of education h in school year t T ht= Total number of teachers at level of education h in school year t Priority: Yes Indicator developed: Yes Local/International: Local and International Kind of indicator: On going Data source/s: School registers, teacher records, school census or surveys for data on enrolment and teaching staff. Challenges: This indicator does not take into account factors which could affect the quality of teaching/learning, such as differences in teachers’ qualifications, pedagogical training, experiences and status, teaching methods, teaching materials and variations in classroom

58 Catalog of Indicators Education conditions. Linked to policy: Other comments: A high teacher pupil-­‐ratio suggests that each teacher has to be responsible for a large number of pupils. In other words, the higher the pupil/teacher ratio, the lower the relative access of pupils to teachers. It is generally assumed that a low pupil-­‐teacher ratio signifies smaller classes, which enables the teacher to pay more attention to individual students, which may in the long run result in a better performance of the pupils. Data can be disaggregated by Sex, Level of education, Type of institutions (private/public), and Location (urban/rural).

Catalog of Indicators Education 59 Name of indicator: Number of teachers by sex Definition: Number of teachers in a given level of education teaching in a given type of institution at the same level in a given school year. Description: The disaggregation of data by sex is to show the gender composition of teaching force that provide need assessment for opportunities and/or incentive to encourage women to participate in teaching activities at a given level of education. [1] The disaggregation by type of institution is to assess the relative weight of private education in terms of teaching staff, hence scale human resources in private education within a country. This disaggregation when analyzed together with the corressponding pupil per teacher ratio show the relative size of teaching force in relation to enrollment in private education. [1] Sector: Education Subsector: Labor, Gender disparities in Education, Literacy, Level of education, Education resources Sources: [1] Education Indicators: Technical guidelines. United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization. 2009. [2] Tools and indicators for gender impact analysis, monitoring and evaluation. Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean. 2002. [3] A FAIR SHARE FOR WOMEN: CAMBODIA GENDER ASSESSMENT AND POLICY BRIEFS. Ministry of Women's Affairs. 2008. Unit of measuring: Percent Formula: PFT t h= FT th×100 ; PMEtf= P mT hPS ×100 ; PTS t h= TS thtT h×100 Formula explained: Female teachers Divide the total number of female teachers at a given level of education by the total number of teachers (male and female) at the same level in a given school year, and multiply by 100. Where: PFT h t = Percentage female teachers in educational level h in year t FT h t = Number of female teachers in educational level h in year t T ht= Total number of teachers (male and female) in educational level h in year t Private teacher Divide the number of teachers in private educational institutions in a given level of education by the total number of teachers (in both public and private educational institutions) at the

60 Catalog of Indicators Education same level, and multiply the result by 100. Where: PTP ht= Percentage of teaching staff in private institutions at the level of education h in school year t Tp h t = Teaching staff in private institutions at the level of education h in school year t T h t = Total number of teachers (in public and private educational institutions) at level of education h in school year t Subject of Teaching Divide the number of field teaching in a given level of education by the total number field of teaching at the same level and multiply the result by 100. Where: PTS h t = is percentage of specific teaching subject at the a level of education h in school year t TS h t = teaching subject at the level of education h in a school year t T h t = total number of subject at level of education h in school year t Priority: Yes Indicator developed: Yes Local/International: Local and International Kind of indicator: On going Data source/s: [1] Education Indicators: Technical guidelines. United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization. 2009. [2] Tools and indicators for gender impact analysis, monitoring and evaluation. Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean. 2002. [3] A FAIR SHARE FOR WOMEN: CAMBODIA GENDER ASSESSMENT AND POLICY BRIEFS. Ministry of Women's Affairs. 2008. Challenges: This indicator measures the level of gender representation in the teaching profession rather than the effectiveness and quality of teaching. In countries where private institutions are substantially subsidized or aided by the government, the distinction between private and public educational institutions may be less clear-­‐cut especially when certain teachers are paid by government. The fact that some religious or private schools are not registered with the government nor follow the common national curriculum may also result in them not being included in official statistics, hence preventing a realistic assessment of the share of teachers in private education. Linked to policy: National Policies in Education, Education for All, Education Law, Five, Year Education Stragetic Plan, Education Sector Support Program Other comments: Percentage of female teachers approaching 50% indicates gender parity in the composition of the teaching force. A value of greater than 50% reveals more opportunities and/or preference for women to participate in teaching activities at a specific level, grade or programme of education. Data can be disaggregated by Sex, Age, Level of education they teach, Field of teaching, Public

Catalog of Indicators Education 61 and private, location. Name of indicator: Percentage of trained teachers by sex Definition: Number of teachers who have received the minimum organized teacher training (pre-­‐service or inservice) required for teaching at the specified level of education in the given country, expressed as a percentage of the total number of teachers at the same level of education. Description: To measure the proportion of teachers trained in pedagogical skills, according to national standards, to effectively teach and use the available instructional materials. It reveals also a country's commitment to invest in the development of its human capital involved in teaching activities. Sector: Education Subsector: Educaiton resources, Gender, Labor Sources: Education Indicators: Technical guidelines. United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization. 2009. Unit of measuring: Percentage Formula: PT t h,c= T th,c×100 tT cFormula explained: Divide the number of teachers of the specified level of education who have received the minimum required teacher training by the total number of teachers at the same level of education, and multiply the result by 100. Where: PT t h,c= Percentage of teachers of level of education h who have the required teacher training in year t tT h,c= Total number of teachers of level of education h who have the required teacher training in year t T c t = Total number of teachers of level of education h in year t Priority: Yes Indicator developed: Yes Local/International: Local and International Kind of indicator: Impact

62 Catalog of Indicators Education Data source/s: School registers, Teacher records, School census or surveys for data on teaching staff Challenges: This indicator does not take into account differences in teachers’ experiences and status, teaching methods, teaching materials and variations in classroom conditions -­‐-­‐ all factors that also affect the quality of teaching/learning. It should be noted that some teachers without this formal training may have acquired equivalent pedagogical skills through professional experience. Linked to policy: National Educational plan (ESP) Other comments: A high percentage of teachers certified to teach in schools implies that a majority of the teaching force is trained and has the necessary pedagogical skills to teach and use the available instructional materials in an effective manner. Data can be disaggregated by Sex, Age, Level of education, Type of institution (public/private), and Location (urban/rural).

Catalog of Indicators Education 63 Name of indicator: Percentage of management and leadership officials in education sectors by sex Definition: Number of administrative, managerial, and leadership staffs in educational intitutions whose work are not teaching. Description: The disagreegation by sex at all level of buraucracy is to assess gender disparity in education management from national to commune level in different position and especially in decision-­making position. Sector: Education Subsector: Gender, Labor, Education resources Sources: [1] A FAIR SHARE FOR WOMEN: CAMBODIA GENDER ASSESSMENT AND POLICY BRIEFS. Ministry of Women's Affairs. 2008. Unit of measuring: Percentage Formula: PFMLS f p =FPTMLS ×100 Formula explained: Divide number of educational-­‐women staff in each given level of management and leadership position by the total number of staff in the same level of position. Priority: Yes Indicator developed: Yes Local/International: Local and international Kind of indicator: Data source/s: UNITED NATIONS STATISTICS DIVISION; The World's Women School census or surveys Teachers’ records Challenges: Linked to policy: National Educational plan (ESP, Non-­‐Formal Education, Gender strategy)

64 Catalog of Indicators Education Other comments: Data can be disaggreegate also by Age, Location, Level of position (political appointees, directors, administrators, non-­‐teaching staff, etc.), Level of buraucracy (national/province/district/commune /school).

Catalog of Indicators Education 65 Name of indicator: Rate of Education attainment of adult Definition: The proportion of the working-­‐age population (25 years old and above) who has attained a given level of education or a specific education program. Description: To measure the extent to which working-­‐age population is engaged in learning activities, thus life-­‐long and quality of human capital stock within a country so as to gauge need and establish policies for upgrading. The indicators also mirror the structure and performance of education system adn its accumulated impact on human capital stock. The scale and quality of human resources are major determinants of both the creation of new knowledge and its dissemination.. Sector: Education Subsector: Literacy, Level of education, Gender disparities in Education, Labor Sources: [1] Education Indicators: Technical guidelines. United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization. 2009. [2] Tools and indicators for gender impact analysis, monitoring and evaluation. Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean. 2002. [3]World Food Programe. Cambodia. Literacy Unit of measuring: Percentage Formula: %P_{25+,h}^{t}=\frac{P_{25+,h}^{t}}{P_{25+}^{t}}*100 Formula explained: Divide the number of persons aged 25 years and above with respect to the highest level of education attained by the total population of the same age group and multiply the result by 100. Where: %P_{25+,h}^{t} Percentage of the population aged 25 years and above that attained educational level h, in year t P_{25+,h}^{t} Population aged 25 years and above that attained educational level h, in year t P_{25+}^{t} Total population aged 25 years and above in year t The formula can also be applied to specific age range who think it is better to educate girl than boy Priority: Yes Indicator developed: No Local/International: Local Kind of indicator: Impact

66 Catalog of Indicators Education Data source/s: National population census Household and/or labour force surveys Challenges: Certain educational programmes and study courses cannot be easily classified according to ISCED. This indicator only measures educational attainment in terms of level of education attained, i.e. years of schooling, and do not necessarily reveal the quality of the education (learning achievement and other impacts). Linked to policy: National Educational plan (ESP, Non-­‐Formal Education, Gender strategy) Other comments: A relative high concentration of the adult population in a given level of education reflects the capacity of the educational system in the corresponding level of education. Educational attainment is closely related to the skills and competencies of a country's population, and could be seen as a proxy of both the quantitative and qualitative aspects of the stock of human capital. Life-­‐long learning is essential to sustainable development. As society shifts towards sustainable production and consumption patterns, workers and citizens who are willing to develop and adopt new technologies and organisation techniques as workers, as well as new attitudes and behaviour as citizens and consumers will be needed. Data can be disaggregated by Sex, Age, Location, Level of education.

Catalog of Indicators Education 67 Name of indicator: Percentage of population awarness of gender equality and equity in education. Definition: Percentage of population who think that it is better to education boy than girl or vice versa or both have the same right and opportunity. Description: To measure the cultural trend and attitude of population toward education between girl and boys in order to formulate policy for promoting gender equality and equity in education. Sector: Education Subsector: Gender Sources: Unit of measuring: Percentage Formula: PME f= P mPS ×100 Formula explained: Divide the number of population who think it is better to educate boy than girl by the total sample of the survey. Where: PME_{m} Percentage of population who think it is better to educate boy m than girls. P_{m} Number of population who think it is better to education boy m than girl PS Total population in the sample The formula can also be applied to specific age range who think it is better to educate girl than boy Priority: Yes Indicator developed: No Local/International: Local Kind of indicator: Impact Data source/s: Survey, interview Challenges: Linked to policy:

68 Catalog of Indicators Education Other comments:

HealthAn approach to some basic Indicators forCambodiaGlobalization is affecting the social cohesion of many countries,and no doubt that health systems, essential elements of thestructure of contemporary societies, are not working as well asthey could and should. Health systems thus represent a globalchallenge in order to respond better and more quickly to thechallenges of a changing world. Women are the main playersaffected by poor health, especially in relation to motherhood. By2015 the objectives focus on reducing 75% the rate of maternalmortality and ensuring universal access to reproductive health.

Catalog of Indicators Health 71 Name of indicator: Life expectancy at birth, by sexDefinition: The average number of year that a newborn with full health could expect to live, if he or she were to pass through life subject to the age-­‐specific death rate and ill-­‐health rate and ill-­health rate of a given period. [1][2]Description: The indicator captures fatal and non-­‐fatal health outcomes in summary that provide general health condition of a population, which are in turn an integral part of development. It's provides a more complete picture of the impact of morbidity and mortality on populations, than life expectancy alone. [1][2] Sector: HealthSubsector: HealthSources: Living conditions, Mortality Unit of measuring: Year(s) Formula: e = " α1 %$x ∑ x+1 ' / 1 x# &t=1Formula explained: Estimation requires construction of a life table which is a summary presentation of the experience of a cohort (e.g. a generation of females) over its period of life. The expectation of life at age x, ex, is the sum of all years lived from age x+ 1 divided by the number of persons who survive to age x. Setting x = o gives life expectancy at birth, e0 = (11 + 12 + ...) /10 Priority: Yes Indicator developed: Yes Local/International: International Kind of indicator: Impact

72 Catalog of Indicators Health Data source/s: Special studiesChallenges: The first challenge is lack of reliable data on mortality and morbidity, especially from low income countries. Other issues include lack of comparability of self-­‐reported data from health interviews and the measurement of health-­‐state preferences for such self-­‐reporting. [2]Linked to policy: Other comments: It can also take into account other variables such as location (rural/urban area).

Catalog of Indicators Health 73 Name of indicator: Mortality rate by causes, sex and age.Definition: The estimate number of people of all age who have died due to major causes of death in a defined territory in a specific year, expressed per 100 000 population. In Cambodia the major causes of death are tuberculosis, malaria, HIV/AID, diarrhea, diabetes, and traffic accidents. [1][2] It's estimated by type of cause of death, sex, age, and location. Description: The death rate from each major cause of mortality show the level of each epidemic pattern and is more important information in helping to assess the impact of intervention program which point out the level of success or failure in terms of prevention or access to effective treatment of the country's health system. [1][2] Sector: HealthSubsector: Mortality, MorbiditySources: [1] Indicators of Sustainable Development: Guidelines and Methodologies. United Nation of Economic and Social Affairs. 2007. [2] Indicator Code Book. World Health Statistics -­‐ World Health Statistics indicators. World Health Organization. 2011. [3] Development Indicators Reference Manual: Concept and Definitions. Asian Development Bank. 2004 Unit of measuring: 100.000 peopleFormula: IRI = TVTC *1.000 Formula explained: Total number of estimated deaths by cause in relation to total population or to a defined population (sex), and divided by that total population (both sexes or it correspondent sex). It is expressed by 100.000 people for a determined year. For example, the mortality rate by tuberculosis for women is calculated by dividing the number of women that have died because of it during the selected year into the number of female that composed the whole population for that same year, and all multiplied by 100.000. The rest of populations and causes can be calculated in the same way. Mortality rate= (number of deaths / total population) * 100.000 ;

74 Catalog of Indicators Health In the formula: MR=Mortality rate, D=number of deaths; P=total population, 100.000=100.000 people. EG: MRf-­‐tuberculosis=Female mortality rate because of tuberculosis, Df-­‐tuberculosis=number of women dead because of tuberculosis, Pf=female population, 100.000=100.000 female. Priority: Yes Indicator developed: Yes Local/International: Local and International Kind of indicator: Impact Data source/s: Household surveys, Population census, Sample or sentinel registration systemsChallenges: Linked to policy: Other comments: The ability to generate country, regional, and global estimates with higher precision and accuracy would be greatly facilitated if country civil registration systems were further improved. This improvement would reduce the need to conduct special maternal mortality studies (which are time-­‐consuming, expensive, and of limited use in monitoring trends). The maternal mortality ratio should not be confused with the maternal mortality rate (whose denominator is the number of women of reproductive age), which reflects not only the risk of maternal death per pregnancy or birth but also the level of fertility in the population. The maternal mortality ratio (whose denominator is the number of live births) indicates the risk once a woman becomes pregnant, thus does not take fertility levels in a population into consideration. It can also be disaggregation by Administrative regions, Age, Education level, Health regions, Location (urban/rural), Wealth quintile...

Catalog of Indicators Health 75 Name of indicator: Maternal mortality ratio per 100,000 live births Definition: The number of women who dies during pregnancy and childbirth from pregnancy-­‐related causes or its management (excluding accidental or incidental causes), irrespective of the duration and site of the pregnancy, per 1000,000 live birth fir a specified year. [1][2][3]Description: MMR provide a comprehensive assessment of the capacity of health systems to provide effective health care in preventing and addressing the complications occurring during pregnancy and childbirth. The complication is a leading cause of death and disability of women of reproductive age in developing countries. The maternal mortality ratio represents the risk associated with each pregnancy, i.e. the obstetric risk. It is also a Millennium Development Goal Indicator for monitoring Goal 5, improving maternal health. [2]Sector: Health Subsector: Reproductive health Sources: [1] Indicators of Sustainable Development: Guidelines and Methodologies. United Nation of Economic and Social Affairs. 2007.[2] Indicator Code Book. World Health Statistics -­‐ World Health Statistics indicators. World Health Organization. 2011.[3] Development Indicators Reference Manual: Concept and Definitions. Asian Development Bank. 2004[3] Tools and indicators for gender impact analysis, monitoring and evaluation. Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean. 2002.Unit of measuring: Deaths per 100 000 live births Formula: MMR = DpB *100.000 Formula explained: The maternal mortality ratio can be calculated by dividing recorded (or estimated) maternal deaths by total recorded (or estimated) live births in the same period and multiplying by 100,000. Measurement requires information on pregnancy status, timing of death (during pregnancy, childbirth, or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy), and cause of death. Maternal mortality ratio= (number of women died during pregnancy or just after it for one year / number of births alive in that year) * 100.000. In the formula: MMR=Maternal mortality

76 Catalog of Indicators Health ratio, Dp=number of women died during pregnancy or just after it for one year, B=number of births alive in that year. Priority: Yes Indicator developed: Yes Local/International: Local and International Kind of indicator: Impact Data source/s: MDG and Local Health strategic plan Challenges: Maternal mortality is difficult to measure. Vital registration and health information systems in most developing countries are weak, and thus, cannot provide an accurate assessment of maternal mortality. Even estimates derived from complete vital registration systems, such as those in developed countries; suffer from misclassification and underreporting of maternal deaths.Linked to policy: MDG and Local Health strategic plan Other comments: The ability to generate country, regional, and global estimates with higher precision and accuracy would be greatly facilitated if country civil registration systems were further improved. This improvement would reduce the need to conduct special maternal mortality studies (which are time-­‐consuming, expensive, and of limited use in monitoring trends). The maternal mortality ratio should not be confused with the maternal mortality rate (whose denominator is the number of women of reproductive age), which reflects not only the risk of maternal death per pregnancy or birth but also the level of fertility in the population. The maternal mortality ratio (whose denominator is the number of live births) indicates the risk once a woman becomes pregnant, thus does not take fertility levels in a population into consideration. It can also be disaggregation by Administrative regions, Age, Education level, Health regions, Location (urban/rural), Wealth quintile...

Catalog of Indicators Health 77 Name of indicator: Under-­‐five mortality rate by sexDefinition: The probability of a newborn baby in a specific year or period will die before reaching the age of 5, if subject to age specific mortality rate of that period. The probability is expressed as death per 1,000 live birth. Description: The infant mortality, under-­‐five mortality, and child mortality rates measure the survival of children which in turn is a reflection of the social, economic, and environmental influences on children's lives. In high-­‐mortality settings, a large fraction of all deaths occurs at ages under 5 years. Under-­‐five mortality levels are influenced by the availability, accessibility and quality of health services; education, particularly of mothers; access to safe water and sanitation; poverty and nutrition, among other factors. Under-­‐five mortality rate is an MDG indicator.[1][2]Sector: HealthSubsector: Childhood health Sources: [1] Indicator Code Book. World Health Statistics -­‐ World Health Statistics indicators. World Health Organization. 2011. [2] Development Indicators Reference Manual: Concept and Definitions. Asian Development Bank. 2004 [3] Indicators of Sustainable Development: Guidelines and Methodologies. United Nation of Economic and Social Affairs. 2007. [4] Indicator for Monitoring Millennium Development Goals Unit of measuring: 1.000 births alive Formula: UMR = DcDfc*1.000 Eg. UMRf =B B *1.000 Formula explained: The number of deaths divided by the number of population at risk during a certain period of time) but a probability of death derived from a life table and expressed as rate per 1000 live births. Under-­‐five mortality rate= (total number of children under five dead within one defined year / total number of births alive in the same year) * 1.000 births alive, where: UMR=Under-­‐five mortality rate, Dc=total number of children under five dead within one defined year, B=total number of births alive in the same year, 1.000=1.000 births alive. EG: In

78 Catalog of Indicators Health the formula: UMRf=Female under-­‐five mortality rate; Dfc=total number of girls under five dead in one defined year; B=total number of births alive in that year); 1.000= 1.000 births alive Priority: Yes Indicator developed: Yes Local/International: Local and international Kind of indicator: Impact Data source/s: Civil registration with complete coverage, Household surveys, Population census Challenges: Data on under-­‐five mortality is more complete and more timely than data on adult mortality. The under-­‐five mortality rate is considered to be a more robust estimate than the infant mortality rate if the information is drawn from household surveys. Linked to policy: MDG and Local Health strategic plan Other comments:

Catalog of Indicators Health 79 Name of indicator: Immunization rate against infectious childhood disease, by sex and immunization Definition: The percentage of children under one year of age who have received vaccines, in a given year, against the six standard vaccine preventable diseases such as polio, diphtheria, whooping cough (pertussis), tetanus, measles, and tuberculosis. [1] The definition includes three component Description: Immunization is an essential component for reducing under-­‐five mortality [1] and in integral to the achievement of sustainable development.[2] Immunization coverage estimates are used to monitor coverage of immunization services and to guide disease eradication and elimination efforts. It is a good indicator of health system performance. [2] Sector: Health Subsector: Childhood health Sources: [2] Indicator Code Book. World Health Statistics -­‐ World Health Statistics indicators. World Health Organization. 2011.Unit of measuring: PercentFormula: IRI = TVTCFormula explained: The estimate of immunization coverage is derived by dividing the total number of vaccinations given by the number of children in the target population where: IRI = Immunization Rate against Infection TV=Total vaccin TC=Total Number of children in target population Priority: Yes Indicator developed: Yes Local/International: Local and inernational Kind of indicator: Outcome

80 Catalog of Indicators Health Data source/s: MDG and Local Health strategic plan Challenges: Linked to policy: MDG and Local Health strategic plan Other comments: Full vaccination is requires three dose, so data is separated according to number of doses children received in each type immunization. Also the calculation of percentage of male and female children is differentiated. A child is considered adequately immunized against measles after receiving one dose of vaccine and against DPT after receiving two or three doses depending on the immunization scheme.

Catalog of Indicators Health 81 Name of indicator: Accessibility to treatment, by sex, illness/deficiency and grade of treatment Definition: The proportion of population receiving health treatment, depending on treatment needed and its grade of completion. Information is disaggregated following the incidence of major causes of death (malaria, HIV/AID, diarrhea, tuberculosis and diabetes). Description: It provides indirect assessment of the efficiency of health system to afford peoples' needs. Sector: HealthSubsector: Living conditions. Access to services. Sources: Own creation based on the “Health Strategic Plan (2008-­‐2015)”. Unit of measuring: ProportionFormula: Pfpr =PfpPf 15−49×100 *1.000 Eg. Wctb − treat =Wctb − treatPtb*1.000 Formula explained: An approximation to measure access to treatment by population can be calculated by dividing the population who has the correct treatment (complete or partial) into the population with disease, and all it by 1.000. This is: Access to treatment = ((Population having a complete treatment + Population having a partial treatment) / Population with diseases) *1.000 , where Treat =Access to treatment, Pctreat=Population having a complete treatment, Pptreat=Population having a partial treatment, and Pdis=Population with diseases EG: To calculate the access for women to a tuberculosis complete treatment we would have to divide the number of women having a complete treatment for tuberculosis into the total population with tuberculosis and all it multiplied by 1.000. This is: Women with tuberculosis access to complete treatment = (Women with complete treatment for tuberculosis / Population with tuberculosis) *1.000, where: Wctb-­‐treat=Women with tuberculosis access to complete treatment, Wctb-­‐treat=Women with complete treatment for tuberculosis, and Ptb=Population with tuberculosis. Priority: No Local/International: Local

82 Catalog of Indicators Health Indicator developed: No Kind of indicator: Outcome Data source/s: Some information could be extracted from the National Health Survey. Specific data: unknown. Challenges: Some information could be extracted from the National Health Survive, but for a really specify data, Ministry should produce it. Data should always be disaggregated by sex; I could be disaggregated by area, kind of health service (public, private) and grade of completion of treatment depending on the statistics elaborated by MoH or INS. Linked to policy: International strategy and Local Health strategic plan Other comments:

Catalog of Indicators Health 83 Name of indicator: Percentage of women with nutrition problems by cause. Definition: The percent of women with nutritional problem because of nutrition deficiencies, malnutrition, dietetic deficiency and disease. This nutritional problem results in various health condition, including underweight, height stunting, anemia, vitamin A deficiencies and night blindness, low birth weight, and micronutrient-­‐related birth defects, such as neural tubed defects as a consequence of folic acid deficiency. [4] Description: It provides basic information about basic nutritional health status of women that is crucially important in relation to women's quality of life and their reproductive health and pregnancy outcomes. Undernourished women can have long term effect especially during pregnancy which results in various cause for both women and children. Thus indicator can also be use to develop measure for preventing maternal mortality, newborn mortality and malnutrition among newborn. [4] Sector: HealthSubsector: Living conditions. Mortality. Morbidity Sources: [1] Indicator Code Book. World Health Statistics -­‐ World Health Statistics indicators. World Health Organization. 2011. [2] Development Indicators Reference Manual: Concept and Definitions. Asian Development Bank. 2004 [3] Handbook on Reproductive Health Indicator. United Nation. 2003 [4] Measure Evaluation Population and Reproductive Health (PRH): Family Planning and Reproductive Health Indicators Database. At http://www.cpc.unc.edu/measure/prh/rh_indicators/specific/womens-­‐nutrition/percent-­‐of-­women-­‐of-­‐reproductive-­‐age-­‐with-­‐anemiaUnit of measuring: ProportionFormula: Nwr =NWTWage 15−49*1.000 Eg1. Uwr =UWTWage 15−49*1.000 Eg2. Mwr =MWTWage 15−49*1.000 Formula explained: The general information about the proportion of women with nutrition problems in a specific period can be calculated by dividing the total number of women age 15-­‐49 with any nutritional problem among total number of women age 15-­‐49 and all this multiplied by 1.000. It is also interesting to have access to knowledge about data by main cause and the proportion of each cause in relation to the number of pregnant and non-­‐pregnant women

84 Catalog of Indicators Health with any nutritional problem. Meanings: First formula, the general one: WNR= Women with nutritional problems rate, WN= Women with nutritional problems, TW_age15-­‐49=Total women age 15 -­‐ 49; Second formula: Uwr=Undernourished Women rate, UW= Undernourish Women, TW_age15-­‐49=Total Women age 15-­‐49; Third formula: MWr=Malnutrition Women rate, MW=Malnutrition Women, TW_age15-­‐49= Total Women age 15-­‐49. Priority: Yes Indicator developed: Yes Local/International: International Kind of indicator: Impact Data source/s: Population-­‐based surveysService statisticsChallenges: Linked to policy: Other comments: It could be recommendable to disaggregate data by severeness of specific causes of under-­nutrition, age and area (rural/urban). Note the different meanings of formula examples: one provides information about the quantitative information of an specific group of causes in relation to the total group of women age 15-­‐49, and the last one provides information about the importance of each group of causes among all the causes. Definitions: Undernourishment is the insufficient consume of calories and proteins for a correct operational of the organism, the growth and a normal physical activity. Dietetic deficiency is the lack of specific nutrients (minerals and vitamins). Diseases are some specific illness that hinders nutrients assimilation (such as diarrhea). The physiological needs of pregnant and lactating women also make them more susceptible to malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies. Twice as many women suffer from malnutrition as men, and girls are twice as likely to die from malnutrition as boys. To mainstream gender equity in its programmes for improved food security and nutrition, FAO has set itself some targets to 2013.

Catalog of Indicators Health 85 Name of indicator: Proportion of women with ANC consultations (2 or more) to skilled health professionals. Definition: It is the number of pregnant women that receives attention from professionals in relation to all the pregnant women. Description: It provides information about the access for women to specialized and qualified health services during pregnancy. For Cambodia the accepted stand is 2 or more visits during pregnancy; for other countries the standard goes from 4 and up visits to qualified health professionals. Sector: HealthSubsector: Reproductive health Sources: [1] Indicators of Sustainable Development: Guidelines and Methodologies. United Nation of Economic and Social Affairs. 2007. [2] Indicator Code Book. World Health Statistics -­‐ World Health Statistics indicators. World Health Organization. 2011. [3] Development Indicators Reference Manual: Concept and Definitions. Asian Development Bank. 2004 [4] Handbook on Reproductive Health Indicator. United Nation. 2003 Unit of measuring: PercentageFormula: Pr anc =Pr anc*100 PrFormula explained: It is the quotient of the total of pregnant women attended by skilled personnel with two or more consultations among the total number of pregnant women, expressed in percentage. In formula: Pranc=Proportion of women with ANC qualified consultation, Pranc= Number of pregnant women with 2 or more ANC qualified consultations, PR=Total number of pregnant women Priority: Yes Indicator developed: Yes Local/International: International Kind of indicator: Result

86 Catalog of Indicators Health Data source/s: Household survey, Facility reporting systemChallenges: It is important to note that the MDG indicators do not capture the components of care described under "Comments" below. Receiving antenatal care during pregnancy does not guarantee the receipt of all of the interventions that are effective in improving maternal health. Receipt of antenatal care at least four times, which is recommended by WHO, increases the likelihood of receiving the interventions during antenatal visits. Although the indicator for “at least one visit” refers to visits with skilled health providers (doctor, nurse, midwife), “four or more visits” usually measures visits with any provider because national-­‐level household surveys do not collect provider data for each visit. In addition, standardization of the definition of skilled health personnel is sometimes difficult because of differences in training of health personnel in different countries. Recall error is a potential source of bias in the data. In household surveys, the respondent is asked about each live birth for a period up to five years before the interview. The respondent may or may not know or remember the qualifications of the person providing ANC. Discrepancies are possible if there are national figures compiled at the health facility level. These would differ from global figures based on survey data collected at the household level. In terms of survey data, some survey reports may present a total percentage of pregnant women with ANC from a skilled health professional that does not conform to the MDG definition (for example, includes a provider that is not considered skilled such as a community health worker). In that case, the percentages with ANC from a doctor, a nurse or a midwife are totaled and entered into the global database as the MDG estimate. Linked to policy: Other comments: WHO recommends a standard model of four antenatal visits based on a review of the effectiveness of different models of antenatal care. WHO guidelines are specific on the content of antenatal care visits, which should include clinical examination, blood testing to detect syphilis & severe anemia (and others such as HIV, malaria as necessary according to the epidemiological context), gestational age estimation, uterine height, blood pressure taken, maternal weight / height, detection of sexually transmitted infections (STI)s, urine test (multiple dipstick) performed, blood type and Rh requested, tetanus toxoid given, iron / Folic acid supplementation provided, recommendation for emergencies / hotline for emergencies. ANC coverage figures should be closely followed together with a set of other related indicators, such as proportion of deliveries attended by a skilled health worker or deliveries occurring in health facilities, and disaggregated by background characteristics, to identify target populations and planning of actions accordingly.

Catalog of Indicators Health 87 Name of indicator: Prevalence of major non-­‐communicable diseases by sex (and disease). Definition: Number of persons with non-­‐communicable diseases in a period in relation to the total population. As “non-­‐communicable diseases” we include: cervical cancer, diabetes and hypo-­tension). They are measured separately depending on specific case of each disease. Description: It is a tool for national control over long-­‐term diseases in terms of quantity; it offers information about the rate of population having a disease that requires long-­‐term treatment. Sector: HealthSubsector: Mortality. Morbidity Sources: [1] Indicators of Sustainable Development: Guidelines and Methodologies. United Nation of Economic and Social Affairs. 2007. [2] Indicator Code Book. World Health Statistics -­‐ World Health Statistics indicators. World Health Organization. 2011. [3] Development Indicators Reference Manual: Concept and Definitions. Asian Development Bank. 2004 [4] Handbook on Reproductive Health Indicator. United Nation. 2003 Unit of measuring: Cases per 100000 Formula: Ped = P dFcc×100, 000 Eg. Pefcc = ×100, 000 P PFormula explained: The prevalence of a disease among population can be calculated with the number of population affected by that disease divided into the total population in the same territory and period. Formula reading: Pe-­‐d=Prevalence rate for disease, Pd= Number of persons with disease, and P= total population in the same period and place EG: Pe-­‐fcc=Female with cervical cancer prevalence rate, Fcc= Number of women with cervical cancer (in a period and in a specific area), and P= Total population in the same period and area. Priority: Yes Local/International: Local

88 Catalog of Indicators Health Indicator developed: Yes Kind of indicator: Outcome Data source/s: Specific population survey, Special study Challenges: Linked to policy: Other comments: The optimum would be to stablish a ranking with all the non-­‐communicable diseases to evaluate how prevalences change over the time, but all so to evaluate if those transmissible diseases have met the efforts the measures in prevention developed. It is also recommended to integrate age variable.

Catalog of Indicators Health 89 Name of indicator: Prevalence of major communicable diseases by sex (and disease). Definition: Number of persons with communicable diseases in a period in relation to the total population. As “communicable diseases” we include: TB, Malaria, Dengue and HIV. They are measured separately depending on specific case of each disease. Description: It is a tool for national control over diseases in terms of quantity; it offers information about the rate of population having a disease in a specific period. Sector: HealthSubsector: Mortality, Morbidity. Sources: [1] Indicators of Sustainable Development: Guidelines and Methodologies. United Nation of Economic and Social Affairs. 2007. [2] Indicator Code Book. World Health Statistics -­‐ World Health Statistics indicators. World Health Organization. 2011. Unit of measuring: Cases per 100000 Formula: Ped = P dFcc×100, 000 Eg. Pefcc = ×100, 000 P PFormula explained: The prevalence of a disease among population can be calculated with the number of population affected by that disease divided into the total population in the same territory and period. Formula reading: Pe-­‐d=Prevalence rate for disease, Pd= Number of persons with disease, and P= total population in the same period and place EG: Pe-­‐fm=Female with malaria prevalence rate, Fm= Number of women with malaria (in a period and in a specific area), and P= Total population in the same period and area. Priority: Yes Indicator developed: Yes Local/International: Kind of indicator: Outcome

90 Catalog of Indicators Health Data source/s: Specific population surveys. Special studies Challenges: Linked to policy: Other comments: The optimum would be to establish a ranking with all the communicable diseases to evaluate how the change prevalence over the time. It is also recommended to integrate age variable.

Catalog of Indicators Health 91 Name of indicator: Birth deliveries assisted by skilled personnel rate Definition: The proportion of birth deliveries attended by personnel trained to give the necessary supervision, care, and advice to women during pregnancy, labor, and the postpartum period, to conduct deliveries, and to care for newborns. Trained health personnel include doctors (specialists or non-­‐specialists), and/or persons with midwifery skills who can manage normal deliveries and diagnose, manage or refer obstetric complications. Description: This indicator is used as a proxy indicator for providing a more accurately measure maternal mortality, and for monitoring short-­‐term trends. Assistance by properly trained health personnel during pregnancy and during delivery can be used to measuring assesses and use health care service during pregnancy and delivery. It presents opportunities for reaching pregnant women with interventions that may be vital for ensuring prevention, detection and management of complication, thus providing them better health and wellbeing and that of infants. Sector: HealthSubsector: Reproductive health. Sources: [1] Indicators of Sustainable Development: Guidelines and Methodologies. United Nation of Economic and Social Affairs. 2007. [2] Indicator Code Book. World Health Statistics -­‐ World Health Statistics indicators. World Health Organization. 2011. [3] Development Indicators Reference Manual: Concept and Definitions. Asian Development Bank. 2004 [4] Handbook on Reproductive Health Indicator. United Nation. 2003 Unit of measuring: PercentageFormula: BSr = BsB ×100 Formula explained: The proportion can be calculated by dividing the number of births that were attended by skilled professionals into the total number of births in the same period, and multiplying all it by 100. Formula meaning: Bs%=Proportion of births by skilled health personnel, Bs=Number of births attended by skilled health personnel, and B=Total number of live births.

92 Catalog of Indicators Health Priority: Yes Indicator developed: Yes Local/International: Local and internationalKind of indicator: Impact Data source/s: Household surveys, Facility reporting systemChallenges: The indicator is a measure of a health system’s ability to provide adequate care during birth, a period of elevated mortality and morbidity risk for both mother and newborn. However, this indicator may not adequately capture women’s access to good quality care, particularly when complications arise. In order to effectively reduce maternal deaths, skilled health personnel should have the necessary equipment and adequate referral options. Standardization of the definition of skilled health personnel is sometimes difficult because of differences in training of health personnel in different countries. Although efforts have been made to standardize the definitions of doctors, nurses, midwives and auxiliary midwives used in most household surveys, it is probable that many skilled attendants’ ability to provide appropriate care in an emergency depends on the environment in which they work. Recall error is another potential source of bias in the data. In household surveys, the respondent is asked about each live birth for a period up to five years before the interview. The respondent may or may [2] Linked to policy: Other comments: [2] The indicator is a measure of a health system’s ability to provide adequate care for pregnant women. Concerns have been expressed that the term skilled attendant may not adequately capture women’s access to good quality care, particularly when complications arise.In addition, standardization of the definition of skilled health personnel is sometimes difficult because of differences in training of health personnel in different countries. Although efforts have been made to standardize the definitions of doctors, nurses, midwives and auxiliary midwives used in most household surveys, it is probable that many skilled attendants’ ability to provide appropriate care in an emergency depends on the environment in which they work.

Catalog of Indicators Health 93 Name of indicator: Percentage of population use contraceptive methods, by sex and method.Definition: Percentage of men and women in reproductive age involving with sexual act either as spouse or sexual partners who used modern contraceptive method either condom to prevent HIV/AID or to control birth. Conceptive methods include condom, injection, contraceptive pills, IUD, tubal ligation, diaphragm, contraceptive implant, contraceptive patch; contraceptive pills for men, vasectomy. Anti STI: condoms. Description: The measure indicates the extent of couples conscious efforts and capabilities to control their fertility and preventing exposer to HIV. It's a proxy measure of access to reproductive health services that are essential for meeting many of the Millennium Development Goals, especially those related to child mortality, maternal health, HIV/AIDS, and gender equality. [1][2][3]Sector: HealthSubsector: Reproductive health. ITC. Family planning. Sources: [1] Indicators of Sustainable Development: Guidelines and Methodologies. United Nation of Economic and Social Affairs. 2007. [2] Indicator Code Book. World Health Statistics -­‐ World Health Statistics indicators. World Health Organization. 2011. [3] Development Indicators Reference Manual: Concept and Definitions. Asian Development Bank. 2004 [4] Tools and indicators for gender impact analysis, monitoring and evaluation. Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean. 2002. [5] Handbook on Reproductive Health Indicator. United Nation. 2003 Unit of measuring: PercentFormula: PPc =Pc ×100 Eg. PPfp =Pfp ×100 P 15−49Pf 15−49Formula explained: It is the division of the population using any kind of contraceptive method among the population with fertility ages, and all multiplies by 100. In the formula: PPc= Proportion of the population using any kind of contraceptive methods, Pc= Absolute population using any kind of contraceptive methods,(15-­‐49)= Population with ages between 15 and 49 years old. EG: EG: PPfp=Proportion of female using contraceptive pills, Pfp=Female population using contraceptive pills, Pf(15-­‐49)= Female population with ages between 15 and 49.

94 Catalog of Indicators Health Priority: Yes Indicator developed: Yes Local/International: Kind of indicator: Outcome Data source/s: Guideline on construction on core indicators. Challenges: Contraceptive prevalence is generally estimated from nationally representative sample survey data. Differences in the survey design and implementation, as well as differences in the way survey questionnaires are formulated and administered can affect the comparability of the data. The most common differences relate to the range of contraceptive methods included and the characteristics (age, sex, marital or union status) of the persons for whom contraceptive prevalence is estimated (base population). The time frame used to assess contraceptive prevalence can also vary. In most surveys there is no definition of what is meant by “currently using” a method of contraception. When data on contraceptive use among married or in-­‐union women aged 15 to 49 are not available, information on contraceptive prevalence for the next most comparable group of persons is reported. Illustrations of base populations that are sometimes presented are: sexually active women (irrespective of marital status), ever-­‐married women, or men and women who are married or in union. When information on current use is not available, data on use of contraceptive methods at last sexual intercourse or during the previous year are utilized. Footnotes are employed to indicate any differences between the data presented and the standard definition of contraceptive prevalence. In some surveys, the lack of probing questions, asked to ensure that the respondent understands the meaning of the different contraceptive methods, can result in an underestimation of contraceptive prevalence, in particular for non-­‐traditional methods. Sampling variability can also be an issue, especially when contraceptive prevalence is measured for a specific subgroup (according to method, age-­‐group, level of educational attainment, place of residence, etc) or when analyzing trends over time. [2] Linked to policy: MDG and Local Health strategic plan Other comments: It would be desirable to have data disaggregated by age, marital status, area (rural/urban).

Catalog of Indicators Health 95 Name of indicator: Abortion rateDefinition: Abortion rate represent the number of induced abortion in a given year expressed as rate per 1000 women in reproductive age. [2]Induced abortion is a deliberate termination of a pregnancy before the foetus has attained viability. [3]Description: The indicators provide useful measure in evaluating contraceptive service either for determining baseline or for measuring the progress. It can also be used to assess contraceptive method and user effectiveness, as well as access to services.[1][2] Sector: HealthSubsector: Reproductive rights. Family planning. Sources: [1] Handbook on Reproductive Health Indicators[2] Measure Evaluation Population and Reproductive Health (PRH): Family Planning and Reproductive Health Indicators Database. At http://www.cpc.unc.edu/measure/prh/rh_indicators/specific/womens-­‐nutrition/percent-­‐of-­women-­‐of-­‐reproductive-­‐age-­‐with-­‐anemiaUnit of measuring: PercentFormula: Ar =AiPf 15−49×10000 Formula explained: To calculate abortion rate, it requires total number of induced abortions occurring in a given year or reference period and the enumerated or estimated mid-­‐period female population for the same period. In the formula: Ar=Abortion Rate, Ai=Total number of induced abortions, Pf (15-­‐49)=Total number of female population age 15-­‐49. Priority: No Indicator developed: Yes Local/International: Local and International Kind of indicator: Outcome

96 Catalog of Indicators Health Data source/s: Surveys, hospital-­‐based studies, population-­‐based surveys, combination of sourcesChallenges: Data on abortions: where abortion laws are liberal, official statistics are likely to provide the most accurate numbers; where abortion is restricted, data will be less accurate. Even in less restricted settings, research has shown that women underreport their abortion experiences. [2] Linked to policy: Other comments: It could be disaggregation by place (public/private/illegal), marital status, month of pregnancy, methods (specialist, injection, pills, no-­‐one, traditional methods). The reality is that we will probably have access to those data on legal abortions (those done in official health services, both private and public services). It is hard to estimate the number of abortions done under traditional conditions, without doing use of official medical skilled services. It is recommended to produce data taking into account (at least) the use of modern and traditional methods.

Catalog of Indicators Health 97 Name of indicator: Density of Health personnel Definition: Number of health workers in a country by occupational specialization per 10 000 population. [1][2] Health workers are referred to all eligible individuals with training, accreditation, and skills participating in health labor market of a country. [2] At global level, the workers center on physicians, nurses and midwives. However, health workforce extends to various service categories such as dentists, pharmacists, physiotherapists, community health workers. [2] In this gender aspect, we include the extent such as physician, nurse, midwife, dentists, pharmacists. Description: Measuring and monitoring the availability of health workers for servicing the need of basic level of health care, the indicator give insight on the stock of health worker relative to the population, thus provide health service situation in a country. Low density of health personnel reflects insufficient capacity to meet the minimum coverage of essential service. [1][2] Sector: HealthSubsector: EmploymentSources: [1] Indicator Code Book. World Health Statistics -­‐ World Health Statistics indicators. World Health Organization. 2011. [2] Measure Evaluation Population and Reproductive Health (PRH): Family Planning and Reproductive Health Indicators Database. At http://www.cpc.unc.edu/measure/prh/rh_indicators/specific/womens-­‐nutrition/percent-­‐of-­women-­‐of-­‐reproductive-­‐age-­‐with-­‐anemiaUnit of measuring: persons per 10 000 Formula: DHP=NOC/ ENP*10000Formula explained: To calculate the indicator, divide the number of health workers at a given time in a given country or region by Total population for the same geographical area)Density of Health Personnel= Occupational specialization/ Total National Population * 10000Priority: Yes Local/International: Yes

98 Catalog of Indicators Health Indicator developed: Yes Kind of indicator: Outcome Data source/s: Administrative reporting system, Household surveys, Population census Challenges: The classification of health workers is based on criteria for vocational education and training, regulation of health occupations, and the activities and tasks involved in carrying out a job, i.e. a framework for categorizing key workforce variables according to shared characteristics. Linked to policy: WHO and Local Health strategic plan Other comments: Counts of workers outside the public sector (i.e., private, non-­‐governmental, community-­based) are likely to be less accurate, particularly if these sectors are not required to register and/or provide reports on staff and services. While this indicator measures the availability of service providers, it does not take into account all of a health system's objectives, particularly with regard to accessibility, equity, efficiency, and quality of training and services.

Work andEmploymentAn approach to some basic Indicators forCambodiaWork is a decisive indicator of development. Decent work sums upthe aspirations of people in their working lives. The equality ofopportunity and treatment for all women and men is a majorchallenge for the economy, legislation and the labor marketworldwide. Women still are positions of inferiority, and sufferfrom social discrimination by gender and work exploitationconditions.

Catalog of Indicators Work/Labor 101 Name of indicator: Employment to population ratio (ETPR)Definition: Percentage of persons employed to total persons in the labor force, measures the proportion of the country's working-­‐age population that is employed. It is typically disaggregated by sex and by age group. This percentage is only for people in age working, usually 15 -­‐ 64 years. Description: The employment-­‐to-­‐population ratio provides information on the ability of an economy to create employment. Employment-­‐to-­‐population ratios are of particular interest when broken down by sex, as they can provide information on gender differences in labor market activity in a given country. For policy purposes, employment-­‐to-­‐population ratios of youth and old are particular relevant. Sector: Work/Employment Subsector: Employment Sources: [1] Indicators of Sustainable Development: Guidelines and Methodologies. United Nation of Economic and Social Affairs. 2007. [2] Development Indicators Reference Manual: CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS. Asian Development Bank. 2004. [3] KEY INDICATORS FOR ASIA AND THE PACIFIC 2010. Asian Development Bank. 2010. [4] World Bank Databank [5] Labour and Social Trends in Cambodia. 2010.ILO Unit of measuring: Percentage Formula: LTUWR = LTUOTWWP ×100 ETPR = WP 15−64TWP 15−64×100 Formula explained: It can be calculated with the division of the age working population (15-­‐ 64 ages) that is working among the total age working population, and multiplied by 100. Employment to population ratio is calculated by number of working people divided by total population of one country in a specific year. The working force and population only include individuals, whithin the working age (15-­‐ 64 ages). The study of this indicator is by age and sex, and taking into account the variable educational. In general, a high ratio is considered to be above 70 percent of the working-­‐age population whereas a ratio below 50 percent is considered to be low. In formula: ETPR= Employment to population ratio; WP(15-­‐64)= age working population (15-­‐ 64 ages) that is working; TWP(15-­‐64)= total age working population (15-­‐64). For Women: WETPR: Women employment to population ratio= WW (15 -­‐ 64)

102 Catalog of Indicators Work/Labor Working age women working. TWWP: total age women working population. Priority: Yes Indicator developed: Yes Local/International: International Kind of indicator: On going Data source/s: Cambodia Socio-­‐Economic SurveyChallenges: In some countries, particularly developing ones, it is often appropriate to include younger workers because “working age” can, and often does, begin earlier (specially for girls, who start working usually earlier than men). Linked to policy: Rectangular Strategy Other comments: This indicator alone does not provide information on labor market problems such as low earnings, underemployment, poor working conditions, or the existence of a large informal sector.

Catalog of Indicators Work/Labor 103 Name of indicator: Labor force participation rateDefinition: Labor force is called active population. Labor Force refers to persons 15 -­‐ 64 years who contribute or are available produce goods and services in the country, so it is the total active population employed and unemployed. This indicator consists of everyone of working age, that is employed or seeking employment. It provides an indication of the relative size of the supply of labor that is available for the production of goods and services in the economy. Note: People in those age groups who are not counted as participating in the labor force are typically students, homemakers, and persons under the age of 64 who are retired. Description: The labor force participation rate is a key component in long-­‐term economic growth, almost as important as productivity. It is not considered active population who performs work without remuneration, for example, home care or study, but not in the market looking for work in paid employment (ie, not incorporated into the labor market). This indicator helps when you know how much labor is available in a country. Compared with the unemployment rate, this indicator shows a state's capacity to create jobs. Sector: Work/EmploymentSubsector: Employment Sources: [1] KEY INDICATORS FOR ASIA AND THE PACIFIC 2010. Asian Development Bank. 2010. [2] Development Indicators Reference Manual: CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS. Asian Development Bank. 2004. [3] Tools and indicators for gender impact analysis, monitoring and evaluation. Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean. 2002. [4] Female labor force participation. OECD 2004 [5] Labor force survey of Cambodia. 2001. NIS Unit of measuring: Percentage Formula: LFPR = WP 15−64P×100 ; For women: WLFPR = WW 15−64P×100 Formula explained: It is the working population with 15-­‐64 ages and the population seeking for a job with the same ages divided by the total population (all ages) and all it multiplied by 100. In formula: LFPR= Labor force participation rate; WP(15-­‐64)= Working population and population seeking for a job with 15-­‐64 ages; P= Total population (all ages). For women: WLFPR = Women Labor force participation rate; WW (15 -­‐ 64)= working women and women seeking for a job with 15

104 Catalog of Indicators Work/Labor -­‐ 64ages; TP= women population Priority: Yes Indicator developed: Yes Local/International: International Kind of indicator: On going Data source/s: Cambodia General Population CensusChallenges: It is not considered active population who performs work without remuneration, for example, home care or study, but not in the market looking for work in paid employment (ie, not incorporated into the labor market), by what domestic workers, housewives or people with unregistered jobs are outside of this statistics. Linked to policy: Rectangular Strategy Other comments: It is not considered active population who performs work without remuneration, for example, home care or study, but not in the market looking for work in paid employment (ie, not incorporated into the labor market), by what domestic workers, housewives or people with unregistered jobs are outside of this statistics.

Catalog of Indicators Work/Labor 105 Name of indicator: Unemployment RateDefinition: The percentage of the labor force that is unemployed (persons who are without work but who are actively seeking for it). This is probably the best-­‐known labor market measure. Together with the employment rate, it provides the broadest indicator of the status of the country labor market. Description: Unemployment is useful and relevant to measuring sustainable development, especially if uniformly measured over time, and considered with other socioeconomic indicators. It is one of the main reasons for poverty in rich and medium income countries and among persons with high education in low income countries. Sector: Work/Employment Subsector: Work and income Sources: [1] Development Indicators Reference Manual: CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS. Asian Development Bank. 2004. [2] Tools and indicators for gender impact analysis, monitoring and evaluation. Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean. 2002. [3] KEY INDICATORS FOR ASIA AND THE PACIFIC 2010. Asian Development Bank. 2010. [4] Indicators of Sustainable Development: Guidelines and Methodologies. United Nation of Economic and Social Affairs. 2007. Unit of measuring: Thousands Formula: UR = UPUW×1000 ; For women: WUR =TLF TWLF ×1000 Formula explained: Unemployment rate is calculated dividing the total number of unemployed population among the total labor force of a country in a specific year, and all it multiplied by 1000. In formula: UR= Unemployment rate; UP=Total Unemployed population; TLF= Total labor force. WUR = Women Unemployment Rate; UW= Unemployment women; TWLF= Total women labor force. Priority: Yes Local/International: International

106 Catalog of Indicators Work/Labor Indicator developed: Yes Kind of indicator: On going Data source/s: Cambodia General Population Census Challenges: The concept of poverty refers to a long lasting situation while the number of unemployed can change very fast depending of various short term circumstances. Therefore, it may be interesting to use the concept of usual unemployment and usual economically active population instead of current unemployment and labor force. The difference is that the survey reference period is a long one (e.g. one year) and that a person is to be classified in one category (employed, unemployed or inactive) according to the category in which he or she is classifiable for the greatest amount of time. Linked to policy: Rectangular Strategy, Labor and Social Trends in Cambodia 2010. ILO Other comments: [3] The unemployment disaggregated by gender, educational level and age helps us identify vulnerable groups in economic and social inclusion policies to generate decent work and stable that drives economic development. Usually, the highest rates of unemployment are from women.

Catalog of Indicators Work/Labor 107 Name of indicator: Long-­‐term unemployment (LTU) Definition: Long-­‐term unemployment refers to the number of people with continuous periods of unemployment extending for a year or longer, expressed as a percentage of the total unemployed. It´s called structural unemployment too. Long term unemployed workers are those who are currently not working and without a job for more than 1 year) but are willing and able to work for pay, currently available to work, and have actively searched for work. Description: Long-­‐term unemployed (12 months and more) persons are those aged at least 15 years not living in collective households who are available to start work within the next two weeks and who are seeking work (have actively sought employment at some time during the previous four weeks) . This is an important indicator to measure social exclusion. Sector: Work/Employment Subsector: Work and income Sources: [1] Key Indicators of the Labour Market database. International Labour Organization. 2010 [2] Eurostat; [3] Strategy for Gender Mainstreaming in the Employment Sector 2010-­‐2015 ILOUnit of measuring: Percentage Formula: LTUR = LTUWTWLTUO×100 ; For Women: LTUWR =TWWP ×100Formula explained: Long-­‐term unemployment rate is the number of total long-­‐term unemployment workers divided among the total of working people. In formula: LTUR = Long-­‐term unemployment rate; LTUW= Long-­‐term unemployed workers; TW= Total working population. For women: LTUWR = Long-­‐term unemployed women rate.; LTUWO= Long-­‐term unemployed women; TWWP= Total working women population Priority: Yes Local/International: Local

108 Catalog of Indicators Work/Labor Indicator developed: Yes Kind of indicator: On going Data source/s: No source/ not found sourceChallenges: This data should be systematically collected to evaluate the extension of the population in situation of social exclusion risk because of absence of incomes from an employment. Linked to policy: Labor and Social Trends in Cambodia 2010. ILO. Other comments: The negative effects of long-­‐term unemployment are rather relevant when the model of management of economy is being changed. The larger and longer unemployment causes social and economic problem. The existence of stable long-­‐term unemployment extracts a segment out of the labour force and isolates it economically and socially. The reintegration of unemployed into working life requires new investments.

Catalog of Indicators Work/Labor 109 Name of indicator: Vulnerable employmentDefinition: The total of workers in vulnerable employment is the sum of own-­‐account workers and contributing family workers. Three main characteristics are unsafe, low paid, insecure work. There are risk sectors of work that causes risk of exploitation Description: Vulnerable employment is a gauge of labor market conditions of a country, social coverage, legislation and its effects. Poverty is closely related to this indicator, and also because poverty is a phenomenon feminized, women are the protagonists of vulnerable employment, or who are exposed to a greater degree of labor and economic vulnerability. The Cambodian labor market has experienced significant growth, reducing poverty rates (higher income), with unemployment declining, raising concerns about the quality of employment generated and the increase of workers in vulnerable employment. Sector: Work/Employment Subsector: Labor conditions. Social exclusion. Sources: [1] Cambodia decent work programme 2011-­‐ 2012 [2] Global Employment Trends 2012. ILO Unit of measuring: PercentageFormula: SEW + FWVER = ×100 ; For women: VWER =TWSEW + FWWTW×100 Formula explained: The vulnerable employment rate is the proportion of self-­‐employed and family workers in relation to the total working population, and all it multiplied by 100. In formula: VER= Vulnerable employment rate; SEW= number of self-­‐employed workers ; FW= number of family workers; TW= Total working population. For women: VWER= Vulnerable Working Women Rate; SEWW = Self Employed Working Women; FWW= Family Women Workers. TW= Total working Population Priority: Yes Local/International: Local

110 Catalog of Indicators Work/Labor Indicator developed: Yes Kind of indicator: On going Data source/s: Cambodia Socio-­‐Economic Survey Challenges: The large proportion of vulnerable employment remains a major concern. As the working-­‐age population expands in the coming years, the pressure on the labor market to provide quality jobs will also rise. Addressing deficits in the both the quantity and quality of jobs therefore remains a main policy challenge for Cambodia. Linked to policy: Cambodia Decent Work Programme Other comments: Vulnerable work occurs in contexts where there is excess labor, shortage of jobs and poverty, so that workers have no choice, being forced to accept jobs that do not meet legal standards and labor rights. Vulnerable work characterizes by inadequate earnings, low productivity and difficult conditions of work that undermine workers’ fundamental rights, job insecurity, no social benefits, limited legal rights and no ‘voice’ through effective representation by trade unions and similar organizations. Groups exposed to vulnerable work: young workers, industrial homeworkers: who are often denied even the most basic employment right, unpaid family workers employed across a range of businesses with no legal protection at work, recent migrants (are more likely to face extreme discrimination, dangerous working conditions and a range of other abuse), informal workers. The indicator on vulnerable employment has some limitations: 1) wage employment is not synonymous with decent work, (workers can be at economic risks despite being employees), 2) unemployed persons are not included in the indicator, 3) a worker may be included in one of two groups of vulnerable workers but not run a high economic risk.

Catalog of Indicators Work/Labor 111 Name of indicator: Informal sector employment rateDefinition: This rate compares the total population working in the informal sector to the total working population. Notes: Informal employment is a job-­‐based concept and encompasses those jobs that generally lack basic social or legal protections or employment benefits and may be found in the formal sector, informal sector or households. Employment in the informal sector is an enterprise-­‐based concept which is defined as jobs in unregistered and/or small unincorporated private enterprises; such enterprises are not constituted as separate legal entities (and are thus not officially registered) and do not maintain a complete set of accounts. It is characterized mainly by the vulnerability and precariousness. Description: Informal employment is negatively correlated with income per capita and positively correlated with poverty across countries. This suggests that as GDP increases and/or as poverty declines across countries, workers are more likely to be aware of their rights to certain legal and social protections and worker benefits and successfully achieve such protections and benefits. Sector: Work/EmploymentSubsector: Legislation. Migration. Social exclusion. Sources: [1] Global Employment Trends, OIT, Ginebra,2010; [2] Living with economic insecurity. Women and Precarious Work. International Trade Unions Confederation. ITUC. March 2011; [3] Informal Employment and Gender in Poverty Reduction. A Handbook for Policy-­‐makers and Other Stakeholder. Commonwealth Secretariat, 2004. [3] Statistical Update on employment in the informal economy. ILO. June 2011 Unit of measuring: Percentage Formula: SSw% = WwssTW*100; WERIS =WWITWI *100; Formula explained: Informal sector employment rate is the division of the total workers who are in the informal sector (jobs in unregistered and/or small unincorporated private enterprise) among the workers in the country. In formula: ISER= Informal sector employment rate; WI= Total workers in the informal sector; TW= Total workers. For women: WERIS= Women

112 Catalog of Indicators Work/Labor employment rate in the informal sector. WWI= Working women in informal sector; TW = Total workers Priority: Yes Indicator developed: yYes Local/International: Local Kind of indicator: On going Data source/s: Independent studies: [1] Participation approaches to improving safety, health and working conditions in the informal economy. Experiences from Cambodia, Thailand and Vietnam. ILO. 2007 [2] Statistical Update on employment in the informal economy. ILO. June 2011 Challenges: Linked to policy: Informal Economy, Poverty, Employment in Cambodia, Mongolia, Thailand. ILO.2007 (pag 28 -­‐ 45). Other comments: The most visible occupational groups in the informal economy are those who work on the streets or in open spaces. Not all informal workers are mired in poverty and some informal occupations can bring more revenue to work formally recognized. The general characteristics of the informal sector employment are the lack of protection in the event of non-­‐payment of wages, the compulsory overtime or extra shifts, the lay-­‐offs without notice or compensation, the unsafe working conditions and the absence of social benefits such as pensions, sick pay and health insurance. In every country, the informal economy is highly segmented by location of work, sector of the economy and employment status and, in addition, by social group and gender. Informal sector is highly feminized and linked to domestic work, prostitution, and agricultural labor. It is important make the difference between informal sector (unregistered and/or small unincorporated private enterprises engaged in the production of goods or services for sale or barter) and informal employment (encompasses all of the jobs included in the concept of employment in the informal sector except those which are classified as formal jobs in informal sector enterprises, refers to those jobs that generally lack basic social or legal protections or employment benefits and may be found in the formal sector, informal sector or households). in the concept of employment in the informal sector except those which are classified as formal jobs in informal sector enterprises, refers to those jobs that generally lack basic social or legal protections or employment benefits and may be found in the formal sector, informal sector or household).

Catalog of Indicators Work/Labor 113 Name of indicator: Professional and technical workers by sexDefinition: Distribution of both sexes among the professional and technical positions within the Public Administration organisms. Technical workers are skilled, trained or specific knowledge of a subject that makes them expertise in the field. Typically have higher wages than the unskilled, as well as better working. This group of workers consists on high occupational groups: legislators, senior officials and managers, professional, technicians and associate professionals and clerks. It includes physical, mathematical and engineering science professionals, life science and health professionals, teaching professionals, business, information and communication technologies, legal, social and cultural professionals. Description: The indicator provides essential information about the presence of women and men in high technical positions; this show us to what extend there is a shared market labor in accordance to formal training skills. The indicator shows information about the gender segregation in high skilled positions. Sector: Work/Employment Subsector: Labor status Sources: [1] Gender Statistic. Encyclopedia of the Nation. 2006 [2] Labor Force Survey of Cambodia. 2001 [3] Human Development Report 2009: Overcoming barriers: Human mobility and development Unit of measuring: Percentage Formula: T Pr = TPWTW*100; For women: T PWr =TPWTW *100; Formula explained: Technician and Professional rate are calculated by the division between technician and professional workers (physical, mathematical and engineering science professionals+ life science and health professionals + teaching professionals + business, information and communication technologies+ legal, social and cultural professionals) by the total workers. In formula: TPr= Technical and Professional rate; TPW=Total technical and professional working population; TW= Total working population. Note: Measuring levels of technical

114 Catalog of Indicators Work/Labor positions held by women can be done from the horizontal perspective (compared to other working women) or vertical (compared to the number of men in the same technical category occupation). For women: TPWr = Technical and professional women rate; TPW = technical and professional women; TW = Total working population Priority: Yes Indicator developed: Yes Local/International: Local Kind of indicator: On going Data source/s: General Population Census Challenges: Importance of occupational classification with clear and limited overall idea of driving to social policies and labor. The occupational classification is closely related to the situation of women in employment, and can be crossed with variables such as education or income level. Linked to policy: Neary RattanakOther comments: Access of women to the technical professions is still very restricted. Besides equality between men and women in access to vocational training is not a reality, that concludes the fact remains that scientific and technical careers are still a men area.

Catalog of Indicators Work/Labor 115 Name of indicator: Maternity and paternity leave benefits rate Definition: It is the proportion of women and men who are working, have become parents and enjoy the right of maternity/paternity leave compared to the working populations (of each sex). Note: a maternity or paternity leave is a period of paid absence from work, to which a woman and men are legally entitled during the months immediately before and after childbirth. The benefit is not the same for men and women: men have the right of 10 days for paternity leave and women have up to 90 days (per year in both cases). Description: This indicator measures the permitted coverage and enjoyment for both women and men. That is, the scope of maternity and paternity policies at both the administration and private enterprise. The lack of coverage in motherhood is a professional limiter obstacle for women, both in access and in professional development. Sector: Work/Employment Subsector: Labor conditions. Family and labor conciliation. Sources: [1] Better Factories Cambodia 2012. ILO [2] http://www.prake.org/home/labour-­‐law/maternity-­‐at-­‐work [3] Maternity at work. Examination of national legislation. Database of the ILO on the laws relating to conditions of employment. Cambodia. Geneva 2010 Unit of measuring: Percentage Formula: MI =WMlp +WMlu*100; For men: Pl =TWWPlp + PluTWM*100; Formula explained: Each formula has different populations. For women, the maternity leave benefit rate is the division of all the maternity leaves taken (number of women with paid maternity leave + number of women with unpaid maternity leave) divided among the total female working population, and all it multiplied by 100. For men, the paternity rate is composed by the sum of all the paternity leaves (number of men with paid paternity leave plus the number of men with unpaid paternity leave) divided among the total male working population, and multiplied by 100. In formulas: For women: Ml= maternity leave benefit rate; WMlp= number of women who

116 Catalog of Indicators Work/Labor has enjoyed a paid maternity leave; WMlu= number of women who has enjoyed an unpaid maternity leave; TWW= total working women; For men: Pl= paternity leave benefit rate; Plp= total of men who has enjoyed a paid paternity leave; Plu= total of men who has enjoyed an unpaid paternity leave; TWM= total working men.Priority: Yes Indicator developed: Yes Local/International: Local Kind of indicator: On going Data source/s: Non-­‐collected data Challenges: The Government should collect data regarding to maternity and paternity leave benefits, including times of leaves and payment of salaries during the leaves. Linked to policy: Labor Law. Royal Constitution of Cambodia. Other comments:

Catalog of Indicators Work/Labor 117 Name of indicator: Waged employment by sex and sectorDefinition: Proportions of the number of women and men working by sector; data is disaggregated for agriculture, industry and services sectors. Knowledge of the feminization of certain sectors, female representation in the total labor force, with respect to the total population working. Description: The indicator measures equal access to paid employment, which economic integration in monetary conditions, indicating openness to women in labor market sectors. Sector: Work/Employment Subsector: Economic development Sources: [1] Cambodian Millenium Development Goals, 2003 [2] Rectangular Strategy. Phase II [3] Equal Remuneration Convention, 1951 (No. 100); Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention, 1958 (No. 111); ILO (both ratified by Cambodia in 1999)Unit of measuring: Percentage Formula: Female pressence in a sector (paid work):FPS =FWSTWFPS *100; Formula explained: It is the proportion of women in a selected sector in comparison to the total workers in the same sector. In formula: The share of women in wage employment (paid work) in a sector= FPS; FWS= female paid workers in a sector; TWFPS = Total paid workers in the same sector. Priority: Yes Indicator developed: Yes Local/International: Cambodia Socio-­‐Economic Survey Kind of indicator: On going

118 Catalog of Indicators Work/Labor Data source/s: Cambodia Socio-­‐Economic Survey Challenges: Cambodia is on track to eliminate gender disparities in agriculture and industry. The substantial increases in female share of wage employment in all sector from 1998 to 2008, contrast with the female share in the wage employment in services (still low) Linked to policy: Rectangular Strategy. Cambodian Millennium Development Goals. Report 2010. UN Other comments: The equal remuneration for men and women workers for work of equal value refers to rates of remuneration established without discrimination based on sex.

Catalog of Indicators Work/Labor 119 Name of indicator: Gender wage gap (unadjusted)Definition: The “gender wage gap” is measured as the difference between male's and female's earnings expressed the comparison of one to the other. The extent of the gap varies with the position of men and women taken as reference in the distribution of earnings. Description: The wage gap is one of the most important indicators to evaluate gender equality at work. It shows to what extend the female labor force has the same "recognition" at work as men. Sector: Work/Employment Subsector: Work and income. Labor conditions. Sources: [1] OECD Statistics 2008. Society and Policy division; [2] National Strategic Development Plan 2009 -­‐ 2014. Key Indicators; [3] International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC) Report. March 2012; [4] Wageindicator.org; [5]Gender Inequality Index (GII). UNDP 2011; [6] Prake.org Unit of measuring: Percentage Formula: GWg = MWwMWm *100; Formula explained: It is the result of dividing the average women's wage among the average men's wage, and all it multiplied by 100. In formula: GWg= Gender wage gap; MWw= Average women's wage; MWm= Average men's wage. Priority: Yes Indicator developed: No Local/International: Local Kind of indicator: On going

120 Catalog of Indicators Work/Labor Data source/s: Global wage report ILO 2010 – 2011 Challenges: Data on wages/salaries should be systematically collected with disaggregation by sex, occupation, section and position. Linked to policy: Labor Law Other comments: It is the most common and yet most invisible and unrecognized form of discrimination against women in employment. Gender differences on payment may be analyzed on a gross wage (without taxes and social security). The sector of occupation, type of contract (temporary or permanent contract) and the type of day (partial, complete) are variables to consider in the analysis of the indicator. It is important to differentiate between the unadjusted wage gap and the adjusted wage gap. The unadjusted pay gap doesn't take into account differences in personal (e.g., age, education, the number of children, job tenure and occupation) and workplace characteristics (e.g., the economic sector and place of employment) between men and women. The adjusted gender wage gap is the average wage taking into mind any differences in personal (e.g., age, education, the number of children, job tenure and occupation); to calculate it it's needed to use a classification of occupations (based on the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) provided by the International Labour Organization (ILO)), positions of responsibility, job category or functions.

Catalog of Indicators Work/Labor 121 Name of indicator: Feminization index at high positions in Public Administration Definition: It measures the proportion of women at high positions within the Public Administration organisms in relation to men's presence at the same positions. Values means: 1 is equity, lower than 1 means that women are underrepresented, and higher than 1 the positions are feminizated. Description: The indicator shows the equity degree among women and men to access to responsibility positions. Participation in the process decision-­‐making remains areas where there are more reluctant the application of equality between the sexes. The glass ceiling is also related to the gender segmentation of employment for women get promoted. Sector: Work/EmploymentSubsector: Work. Power. Decision making. Sources: Strategy for Gender Mainstreaming in the Employment Sector 2010-­‐2015. Aligned with ILO Action Plan for Gender Equality 2010-­‐2015. Phase I: Programme and Budget 2010-­‐2011 [2] Tripartite Meeting on access of women in management. (Geneva, 15-­‐19 December). ILO Unit of measuring: Percentage Formula: Dw + DrW + MwW =Dm + DRm + Mm *100; Formula explained: It can be calculated trough the sum of the number of women in directive positions, the number of women in department management positions and the number of women in management positions, all it divided among the sum of the number of men in directive positions, the number of men in department management positions and the number of men in management positions; the division of the summatories needs to be multiplied by 100. In formula: FiW= Feminization index at high positions within Public Administrations; Dw= number of women in directive positions; DRw= number of women in department management positions; Mw= number of women in management positions; Dm= number of men in directive positions; DRm= number of men in department management positions; Mm= number of men in management positions.

122 Catalog of Indicators Work/Labor Priority: No Indicator developed: Not developed in Cambodia Local/International: Local Kind of indicator: On going Data source/s: No source/ not found source Challenges: The Government should collect data regarding to the presence of women and men working in the different positions within Public Administration, the public sector and the private sector in order to monitor and evaluate the impact of some policies. Linked to policy: Neary Rattanak Other comments: The differences between managers of both sexes are simply the most obvious sign of occupational discrimination that prevails in all segments of the labor market.

Catalog of Indicators Work/Labor 123 Name of indicator: Women's Financial Contribution to Household Expenditure Definition: It is the proportion of the contribution to household incomes done by women in relation to the whole composition of the family's incomes. Women's contribution includes goods and services, but the difficulty of measuring services (maintenance of the house and the family-­cleaning and caring) in monetary/financial terms obliges us to leave this part of the contribution uncovered. Description: The indicator makes visible the economic contribution that women's paid work provides to the family economy. Regrettably this indicator fails at measuring house and family related works. Sector: Work/Employment Subsector: Work and income Sources: [1] Seventeenth International Conference Labour Statisticians. ILO. Geneva 2003. [2] Standards Measurement Study (LSMS) . World Bank. LSMS Working paper 126. 1996 [3] Contribution of income for rural women to their homes. Unifem 2010 Unit of measuring: Percentage Formula: Wc = lw ∑ lf*100; Formula explained: It is calculated with the division of the total incomes that women provide to the household expediture among the total incomes of the family (the summatory of the incomes provided by each member to the household expenditure) and all it multiplied by 100. In formula: Wc= Percentage of women's contribution to family's incomes; Iw= incomes generated by women; sum(If)= the summatory of all the incomes generated by all the family members. Priority: Yes Indicator developed: Yes Local/International: Local Kind of indicator: On going

124 Catalog of Indicators Work/Labor Data source/s: Household incomes are classified with different degrees of detail, with the groups higher level of aggregation wage employment, self-­‐employment, the property transfers and other income. You can also sort by mode of payment: cash or in kind (value or imputed. Certain jobs (non-­‐productive and invisible in the economic analysis) are performed by women, but they are valued and recognized by society and its economic policies: caring for dependents (elderly, children, etc..), tasks related to maintenance home and housework (cleaning, cooking, washing and ironing, ...). These works are a vital economic contribution to the maintenance of the household. The effectiveness of this indicator is measured through the reality of the role of women in the home: generalized conception of the household head or person with greater authority, % of women owners of home ownership, involvement in making important decisions. Challenges: Linked to policy: Other comments: Household incomes are classified with different degrees of detail, with the groups higher level of aggregation wage employment, self-­‐employment, the property transfers and other income. You can also sort by mode of payment: cash or in kind (value or imputed. Certain jobs (non-­productive and invisible in the economic analysis) are performed by women, but they are valued and recognized by society and its economic policies: caring for dependents (elderly, children, etc), tasks related to maintenance home and housework (cleaning, cooking, washing and ironing, etc). These works are a vital economic contribution to the maintenance of the household. The effectiveness of this indicator is measured through the reality of the role of women in the home: generalized conception of the household head or person with greater authority, % of women owners of home ownership, involvement in making important decisions.

Catalog of Indicators Work/Labor 125 Name of indicator: Sexual harassment in the workplace Definition: It is the number of women who suffer of has suffered (in a concrete year/period) any kind of sexual harassment in the work context. We can only estimate the real proportions as many situations are not identified nor denounced. Note: Harassment on grounds of sex is given on women only because they are women. Behavior according to sex, unpleasantness and offensive to the person who suffers, exercised mainly on women. Conditioning (by a superior to influence the victim or by a hostile work environment) with the attainment of a job benefit, increased soil, promotion or continued employment, access to sexual behavior. Description: It provides basic information about the violence extension suffered by women in the labor ambit. Forms of abuse that can occur in several ways: physical, verbal, nonverbal (whistles, looks, gestures...) that happens in a sexist work environment. It is an indicator about labor conditions to be considered by public bodies supervisors decent working conditions and the company. Represents an indicator to assess working conditions for women. It is a form of sexual discrimination and violence against women. It's given especially to economical, social or work vulnerable women. The ILO appoints prototypical elements of victim: young, single or divorced, economically vulnerable or immigrant. Sector: Work/Employment Subsector: Violence. Labor conditions. Sources: [1] Work in Freedom. Sexual harassment in the workplace. ILO Unit of measuring: Absolute number Formula: Nº C WWSFormula explained: Number of complaints by women workers of harassment, discrimination, humiliation or hostile / sexist in employment. Sexual harassment can be mearue throught: [2] Surveys of working conditions that can measure the situations of abuse or discrimination to which the worker has undergone a period of time. By age, position and area There are also surveys that assess the degree of discrimination against women in the company. Still, the biggest problems arise when assessing the situation as it is very difficult to demonstrate by the victim.

126 Catalog of Indicators Work/Labor Priority: No Indicator developed: Yes Local/International: Local Kind of indicator: On going Data source/s: No source/ not found source Challenges: The MoWA, the MoLVT, the Trade Unions and the Judicary should collect data of denounces and queries (disaggregated by victim's sex, aggressor's sex, sector, position). Harassment at the workplace is quite difficult to handle when no grievance procedure at the enterprise related to harassment has been established and understood by workers and employers and when the victims are hesitant to discuss their case. Therefore, it is necessary to encourage prevention and common action to avoid discriminative treatment at the workplace. Linked to policy: Other comments: It is internationally agreed that sexual harassment is a form of gender discrimination and is recognized as a violation of human rights. Sexual harassment at work can happen to any worker at any workplace—offices, factories, plantations and farms, small and large enterprises.

Catalog of Indicators Work/Labor 127 Name of indicator: Social perception on household chores sharingDefinition: It is the percentage of women and men who are agree with the participation of men at household chores. Description: It is an indicator that measures the social perception on the importance of household chores and the degree of gender equality about the perception of responsibilities related to family and household maintenance and gender-­‐based roles. Sector: Work/Employment Subsector: Labor conditions. Sources: Unit of measuring: Percentage Formula: Wac + MacPac% =TP*100; For women: Wac% = WacTW *100; Formula explained: It is the proportion of people who think that men should collaborate at household chores in relation to the total each sex populations. In formula: Pac%= Percentage of population that agree with the men's participation at chousehold chores; Wac= number of women who agree with the men's participation at chousehold chores; Mac= number of men who agree with the men's participation at chousehold chores; TP= Total population (women+men). For women: Wac%= percentage of women who agree with the men's participation at chousehold chores; Wac= number of women who agree with the men's participation at chousehold chores; TW= Total female population. The same can be calculated for men's opinion. Priority: No Indicator developed: Yes Local/International: Kind of indicator: On going Data source/s: Cambodia Demographic and Health survey

128 Catalog of Indicators Work/Labor Challenges: The MoH and the MoLVT should collect data disaggregated at least by sex and sector to monitor and evaluate the implementation of the Law. Linked to policy: Labor Law. Constitution of Cambodia. Other comments: There is available data on females' opinions segregated by age-­‐group, marital status and other variables.

Catalog of Indicators Work/Labor 129 Name of indicator: Proportion of workers with health insurance Definition: It shows the proportions of workers with social security insurance in relation to the total of working population.Description: It is an indicator to measure labor conditions from the point of view of social (health) needs coverage. It is an indicator related to job security, decent work and human/social welfare. Social protection at employment in an indicator necessary to the aim of poverty ending (quality job for a quality life). Sector: Work/Employment Subsector: Labor conditions. Sources: [1] Ministry of Women's Affairs, Cambodian Government Statistics; [2] National Social Security Fund of Cambodia [3] www.prake.org Social Security; [4] XIX World Congress on Safety and Health at Work -­‐ ILO Introductory Report: Global Trends and Challenges on Occupational Safety and Health, 2011; [5] SOLVE training package: Integrating health promotion into workplace OSH (ocupational, safety and health) policies. ILO, 2012. Unit of measuring: Percentage Formula: Wwss +WmssSS% = *100; For women: SSw% = WwssTWTW *100; Formula explained: The percentage of working population with social security insurance is the division of all the working population with social security insurance (the summatory of working women and men with insurance) among the total working population (both with and without social security insurance). In formula: Both sexes: SS%= Percentage of working population with social security insurance; Wwss= number of working women with social security insurance; Wmss= number of working men with social security insurance; TW= total working population; For women: SSw%= Percentage of female working population with social security insurance; Wwss= number of working women with social security insurance; TW= total working population; Note: indicators by sector can be also calculated.

130 Catalog of Indicators Work/Labor Priority: No Indicator developed: Yes Local/International: Kind of indicator: Data source/s: No source/ not found source Challenges: The MoH and the MoLVT should collect data disaggregated at least by sex and sector to monitor and evaluate the implementation of the Law. Linked to policy: Labor Law. Constitution of Cambodia. Other comments: There are certain employment sectors in which the lack of health insurance is common, and these areas are also characterized by its feminization: domestic work, agriculture and services. Improving and Expanding Social Protection is one of the ILO´s aims in the Cambodia Decent Work Programme. Equality of opportunity and treatment, social protection. Providing social protection is a part of the ILO strategy in Cambodia, including the right to a safe work environment, and creating more and better jobs for women and men.

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