williams-et-al-1983-apple-ii-computer-graphics

Recommendations

Info

10 APPLE II COMPUTER GRAPHICSthe system your Apple understands. There are, however, a few instanceswhere you must convert hex to decimal, such as for use in an APPLESOFTPOKE or CALL statement. When you do have to perform the conversionyou may use the following algorithm:Reading the hex number from right to left, the decimal value of theentire number is found by taking the decimal value of the fi rst hex digit(nibble), plus 16 times the decimal value of the second digit, plus 256(162) times the decimal value of the third digit, plus 4096 (163) times thedecimal value of the fourth digit, and so on.Example 1$Clll57 = 7 + 16*5 + 256*© + 4096*11= 7 + Bill + Ill + 45056= 45143Example 2$10 = © + 1*16= 16Microcomputers rarely deal internally with numbers having more than fourhex digits, but the algorithm does carry on if necessary. If you convert thelargest possible two byte hex number, $FFFF, to decimal you should get65,536. Since your micro uses two byte addresses, you can again see whythat number is the largest in the Apple's world.Although conversion methods have been discussed only briefly, the precedingdiscussion is sufficient to serve our purposes for now. Appendix 1contains a more thorough treatment of hexadecimal, decimal, and binarynumber systems. There are also a number of calculators presently on themarket which are designed for computer programmers; they have fu nctionsto do all of the conversions fo r you at the press of a button.VocabularyAddressBinaryBitByteDecimalHexHexadecimalMemoryNibbleRAMROMROM Resident
CHAPTER 2-COMPUTER PHYSIOLOGY 11Exercises1. Convert the following binary numbers to hex:a. !1©1 1 ©1©©b. !©1 ©1 1111c. !©1 ©1 ©1 1©2. Convert the following to binary:a. $7Cb. $FFc. $ASd. $DB3. Convert the following to decimal:a. $7C e. $7CFFb. $FF f. $DBASc. $AS g. !1©1 1 ©©©© (Hint: convert tod. $DB h. !©111 ©1©1 hex fi rst.)4. Convert $3F and $S7 to binary and to decimal numerals.S. Convert ! 1 ©©1 ©1 1 © and !©1 11 1 ©1 1 to hexadecimal.
Page 3 and 4: APPLE IICOMPUTERGRAPHICSKen William
Page 5 and 6: Contents1 Introduction 12 Computer
Page 7 and 8: 1IntroductionThe level of graphics
Page 10 and 11: 4 APPLE II COMPUTER GRAPHICSmachine
Page 12 and 13: 6 APPLE II COMPUTER GRAPHICScompute
Page 14 and 15: 8 APPLE II COMPUTER GRAPHICSzeros i
Page 18 and 19: •
Page 20 and 21: 14 APPLE II COMPUTER GRAPHICSdiffer
Page 22 and 23: 16 APPLE II COMPUTER GRAPHICSDOS ve
Page 24 and 25: 18 APPLE II COMPUTER GRAPHICSThe po
Page 27 and 28: 4APP LESO FTExtensionsObjectivesAft
Page 29 and 30: CHAPTER 4-APPLESOFT EXTENSIONS 23va
Page 31 and 32: CHAPTER 4-APPLESOFT EXTENSIONS 251
Page 35 and 36: Introducing -Diskette to Accompany
Page 39 and 40: 5Graphics Modes andSoft SwitchesObj
Page 41 and 42: CHAPTER 5-CRAPHIC MODES AND SOFT SW
Page 43 and 44: CHAPTER 5-GRAPHIC MODES AND SOFT SW
Page 45: CHAPTER 5-CRAPHIC MODES AND SOFT SW
Page 48 and 49: 40 APPLE II COMPUTER GRAPHICSthe le
Page 50 and 51: 42 APPLE II COMPUTER GRAPHICSSoluti
Page 52 and 53: 44 APPLE II COMPUTER GRAPHICSEach b
Page 54 and 55: ..46 APPLE II COMPUTER GRAPHICS[ b
Page 56 and 57: 48 APPLE II COMPUTER GRAPHICS3 PLOT
Page 58 and 59: 50 APPLE II COMPUTER GRAPHICSType t
Page 60 and 61: 52 APPLE II COMPUTER GRAPHICSVocabu
Page 62 and 63: 54 APPLE II COMPUTER GRAPHICScolor.
Page 64 and 65: 56 APPLE II COMPUTER GRAPHICSThis m
Page 66 and 67:
58 APPLE II COMPUTER GRAPHICSmuch l
Page 68 and 69:
60 APPLE II COMPUTER GRAPHICS70 POK
Page 70 and 71:
62 APPLE II COMPUTER GRAPHICS37- 85
Page 73 and 74:
8Hi-Res GraphicsObjectivesAfter rea
Page 75 and 76:
CHAPTER 8-Hl-RES GRAPHICS 67When J
Page 77 and 78:
C..: HAPTER 8-Hl-RES GRAPHICS 69Goi
Page 79 and 80:
CHAPTER 8-Hl-RES GRAPHICS 71Row Add
Page 81 and 82:
CHAPTER 8-Hl-RES GRAPHICS 73The fou
Page 83 and 84:
CHAPTER 8-Hl-RES GRAPHICS 75The row
Page 85 and 86:
CHAPTER 8-Hl-RES GRAPHICS 77Solutio
Page 87:
CHAPTER 8-Hl-RES GRAPHICS 79b. XX-X
Page 90 and 91:
82 APPLE II COMPUTER GRAPHICSA Bit
Page 92 and 93:
84 -APPLE II COMPUTER GRAPHICSget t
Page 94 and 95:
86 APPLE II COMPUTER GRAPHICSDOTBIT
Page 96 and 97:
88 APPLE II COMPUTER GRAPHICSIn Fig
Page 98 and 99:
90 APPLE II COMPUTER GRAPHICSblue a
Page 100 and 101:
92 APPLE II COMPUTER GRAPHICSHEX HE
Page 102 and 103:
94 APPLE II COMPUTER GRAPHICS50 HGR
Page 104 and 105:
96 APPLE II COMPUTER GRAPHICSone of
Page 107 and 108:
991 111ObjectivesAfter reading Chap
Page 109 and 110:
CHAPTER 10-SHAPING UP 101A closed d
Page 111 and 112:
CHAPTER 10-SHAPING UP 103In the fir
Page 113 and 114:
CHAPTER 10-SHAPING UP 105( (J(J) ha
Page 115 and 116:
CHAPTER 10-SHAPING UP 107as the com
Page 117 and 118:
6 POKE 232,: POKE 233 ,37 REM8 REM
Page 119 and 120:
CHAPTER 10-SHAPING UP 111Sections A
Page 121 and 122:
CHAPTE R 10-SHAPING UP 113DRAW 2 AT
Page 123 and 124:
CHAPTER 10-SHAPING UP 115printed at
Page 125:
CHAPTER 10-SHAPING UP 117Exercises1
Page 128 and 129:
120 APPLE II COMPUTER GRAPHICS1 REM
Page 130 and 131:
122 APPLE II COMPUTER GRAPHICSLet's
Page 132 and 133:
124 APPLE II COMPUTER GRAPHICSJ28 :
Page 134 and 135:
126 APPLE II COMPUTER GRAPHICS670 X
Page 136 and 137:
128 APPLE II COMPUTER GRAPHICS71¥l
Page 138 and 139:
130 APPLE II COMPUTER GRAPHICS100 R
Page 140 and 141:
132 APPLE II COMPUTER GRAPHICSAs we
Page 143 and 144:
12Byte-Move ShapesObjectivesAfter r
Page 145 and 146:
CHAPTER 12-BYTE-MOVE SHAPES 13729JJ
Page 147 and 148:
CHAPTER 12-BYTE-MOVE SHAPES 139l!il
Page 149 and 150:
CHAPTER 12-BYTE-MOVE SHAPES 141POKE
Page 151 and 152:
CHAPTER 12-BYTE-MOVE SHAPES 1431BYT
Page 153:
CHAPTER 12-BYTE-MOVE SHAPES 145Agai
Page 156 and 157:
148 APPLE II COMPUTER GRAPHICSprovi
Page 158 and 159:
150 APPLE II COMPUTER GRAPHICSaroun
Page 160 and 161:
152 APPLE II COMPUTER GRAPHICS3 : 2
Page 162 and 163:
154 APPLE II COMPUTER GRAPHICSdesir
Page 164 and 165:
156 APPLE II COMPUTER GRAPHICSso ma
Page 166 and 167:
158 APPLE II COM PUTER GRAPHICSfigu
Page 168 and 169:
160 APPLE II COMPUTER GRAPHICSHPLOT
Page 170 and 171:
162 APPLE II COMPUTER GRAPHICSset u
Page 172 and 173:
164 APPLE II COMPUTER GRAPHICStoget
Page 174 and 175:
166 APPLE II COMPUTER GRAPHICSThen
Page 176 and 177:
168 APPLE II COMPUTER GRAPHICSyou s
Page 178 and 179:
170 APPLE II COMPUTER GRAPHICS-$960
Page 180 and 181:
172 APPLE II COMPUTER GRAPHICSand i
Page 182 and 183:
174 APPLE II COMPUTER GRAPHICSsome
Page 184 and 185:
176 APPLE II COMPUTER GRAPHICSTable
Page 186 and 187:
ZS$==e
Page 189 and 190:
GlossaryA particular number that co
Page 191 and 192:
GLOSSARY 183HI-RES. High Resolution
Page 193 and 194:
GLOSSARY 185SEPARATION. Any one of
Page 195 and 196:
Editoi:(s)Hi-Res, 66, 100Low- Res,
show all

williams-et-al-1983-apple-ii-computer-graphics

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?