Neural Networks - Algorithms, Applications,and ... - Csbdu.in

52 Adaline and Madaline1.0J0.5 I:-1.5-1.0-0.5 OiS 1.0 1 ;50.3!0,2!0.1!-1.5-1.0-0.5 !-0.1f-0.2J0.75t0.5J0.250.5 1.0 1.5 0.5 1.0 1.5-0.5-0.750.20.1-1.5-1.0-0.5-0.10.5 1.0 1.5Figure 2.5-0.21The first three frequency-domain components of a square waveare shown. Notice that the sine waves each have differentmagnitudes, as indicated by the coordinates on the /axis, eventhough they are graphed to the same height.when we transmit a periodic square wave, we can observe the frequency-domaineffects in the time-domain signal as overshoot, undershoot, and ripple.This example shows that the Fourier series can be a powerful tool in helpingus to understand the frequency-domain nature of any periodic signal, and topredict ahead of time what transmission effects we must consider as we designfilters for our signal-processing applications.We can also apply Fourier analysis to aperiodic signals, by evaluating theFourier integral, which is given by