Promoting the Rights of Children with Disabilities, UNICEF

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AcknowledgementsThe UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre in Florence,Italy, was established in 1988 to strengthen theresearch capability of the United Nations Children’sFund and to support its advocacy for childrenworldwide. The Centre (formally known as theInternational Child Development Centre) helps toidentify and research current and future areas ofUNICEF’s work. Its prime objectives are to improveinternational understanding of issues relating tochildren’s rights and to help facilitate the full implementationof the United Nations Convention on theRights of the Child in developing and industrializedcountries. Innocenti Digests are produced by theCentre to provide reliable and accessible informationon specific child rights issues.The underlying research for this issue of theInnocenti Digest was carried out by Michael Miller.It has been updated and completed by Peter Mittlerand David Parker. The Digest was prepared underthe guidance of the Innocenti Research Centre’sDirector, Marta Santos Pais.Thanks are extended to Nora Groce, GulbadanHabibi and Lena Saleh for their expert guidanceand perspectives. This publication benefitedfrom the contributions of participants in an initialconsultation held at UNICEF IRC including TonyBooth, Susie Burrows, Nigel Cantwell, SunilDeepak, Gaspar Fajth, Maryam Farzanegan,Garren Lumpkin, Maura Marchegiani, PennyMittler, Michael O’Flaherty, Richard Rieser, FloraSibanda Mulder, Alan Silverman, Sheriffo Sonko,Marc Suhrcke, Illuminata Tukai, Renzo Vianelloand Christina Wahlund Nilsson. Significantcontributions, including comments on drafts,were subsequently made by Naira Avetisyan, NoraGroce, Geraldine Mason Halls, Garren Lumpkin,Reuben McCarthy, Federico Montero, Kozue KayNagata, Voichita Pop, Smaranda Poppa, MartaSantos Pais, Helen Schulte, Nicola Shepherd andTraian Vrasmas. The input of Nicola Shepherd inrelation to the Convention on the Rights of Personswith Disabilities is particularly acknowledged.Research support was provided by ShaistaAhmed, Adam Eckstein, Virginia Dalla Pozza,Monica Della Croce, Sarah Enright and GeorgStahl. Administrative support was provided byClaire Akehurst. The IRC Communication andPartnership Unit is thanked for providing editorialand production support for the document.The Innocenti Research Centre is grateful to theUNICEF Programme Division, to UNICEF countryand regional offices, and to the United NationsDivision of Economic and Social Affairs and theWorld Health Organization, for their inputs andsupport in this cooperative undertaking.UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre gratefullyacknowledges the support provided tothe Centre by the Government of Italy andspecifically for this project by the Governmentsof Sweden and Switzerland.Previous Innocenti Digest titles are:• Ombudswork for Children• Children and Violence• Juvenile Justice• Intercountry Adoption• Child Domestic Work• Domestic Violence against Women and Girls• Early Marriage: Child Spouses• Independent Institutions ProtectingChildren’s Rights• Birth Registration: Right from the start• Poverty and Exclusion among Urban Children• Ensuring the Rights of Indigenous Children• Changing a Harmful Social Convention:Female genital mutilation/cuttingFor further information and to download or toorder these and other publications, please visitthe website at .The Centre’s publications are contributions to aglobal debate on child rights issues and includea wide range of opinions. For that reason, theCentre may produce publications that do notnecessarily reflect UNICEF policies or approacheson some topics. The views expressed are thoseof the authors and are published by the Centre inorder to stimulate further dialogue on child rights.Extracts from this publication may be freelyreproduced, provided that due acknowledgementis given to the source and to UNICEF.Correspondence should be addressed to:UNICEF Innocenti Research CentrePiazza SS. Annunziata, 1250122 Florence, ItalyTel: (39) 055 20 330Fax: (39) 055 2033 220Email: florence@unicef.orgWebsite: www.unicef-irc.orgii Promoting the Rights of Children with Disabilities Innocenti Digest No. 13
CONTENTSExecutive Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ivEditorial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Promoting inclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Scope of this Digest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Box 1.1: Disability terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 How many childrenwith disabilities?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Box 2.1: Changing levels of disability inCEE/CIS and the Baltic States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Disability and inclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5The ’social model’ of disability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Disability and poverty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 International standardsand mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Convention on the Rights of the Child . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Box 4.1: Human rights instruments andhigh-level decisions reinforcing the rightsof persons with disabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Other international human rightsinstruments and decisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9UN Standard Rules on the Equalization ofOpportunities for Persons with Disabilities . . . . . . . . . 9Box 4.2: Work of the UN Special Rapporteuron Disability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10Convention on the Rights of Personswith Disabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10Article 7: Children with disabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11Article 24: Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11Article 32: International cooperation . . . . . . . . . . . . 11Monitoring implementation of the Convention . . . . . 12Implementation at national level: Next steps . . . . . . 12Millennium Development Goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Box 4.3: Millennium Development Goals. . . . . . . . . . 135 Human rights of children withdisabilities today . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14Global review of the rights of childrenwith disabilities by the UN Committeeon the Rights of the Child . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14Confronting discrimination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14Box 5.1: Disability and gender . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15Access to health, rehabilitation andwelfare services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15Access to education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Institutionalization and lack of appropriate care . . . . 17Protection from violence, exploitation and abuse . . . 19Disability in conflict and emergency situations . . . . . 19Box 5.2: Landmines cause disability in Angola . . . . . 20Participation and access to opportunities . . . . . . . . . 206 Foundations for inclusion . . . . . . . . . . . 22Working with families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22Box 6.1: The Portage Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Box 6.2: Parent advocacy in Newham, London . . . . . 24Working with communities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Box 6.3: WHO programme ondisability and rehabilitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Community-based rehabilitation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26Box 6.4: Using local resources toproduce low-cost aids in Mexico andthe Philippines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26From institutions to communities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Towards inclusive schools and learningenvironments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Box 6.5: Bulgaria’s National SocialRehabilitation Centre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28Box 6.6: Inclusive schooling in Italy:A pioneering approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Box 6.7: Uganda: An example ofinclusive planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Training teachers for inclusive education . . . . . . . . . 30Box 6.8: Empowering teachers in Lesotho . . . . . . . . 30Involving children with disabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317 Ensuring a supportiveenvironment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32Local governance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32Laws and policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32Box 7.1: Nicaragua: Coordination promotesthe rights of children with disabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Box 7.2: Raising disability awarenessin the Maldives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34“Nothing about us without us” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Changing attitudes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Budget allocations and priorities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Box 7.3: Monitoring human rightsviolations and abuse against personswith disabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35International and regional partnerships . . . . . . . . . . 358 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39Links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44Convention on the Rights ofPersons with Disabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51Optional Protocol to the Convention onthe Rights of Persons with Disabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66Innocenti Digest No. 13Promoting the Rights of Children with Disabilitiesiii
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Amnesty InternationalWebsite: www.a
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Healthlink WorldwideCityside, 40 Ad
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ADDITIONAL RESOURCESChild Rights In
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(p) Concerned about the difficult c
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egulation or custom on the pretext
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indirect participants, including as
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(a) The right of all persons with d
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(b) Protect the rights of persons w
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(a) Ensuring that international coo
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Article 38Relationship of the Commi
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Optional Protocol to the Convention
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2. An amendment adopted and approve
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