Distillers Grains Feeding Recommendations. - Distillers Grains By ...

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ExtensionExtraExEx 2035August 2002Animal &RangeSciencesCOLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE & BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES / SOUTH DAKOTA STATE UNIVERSITY / USDAUse of Distillers Dried Grains With Solubles(DDGS) in Swine DietsBob Thaler, Extension swine specialistMore and more ethanol co-products are available for livestockfeed because of the rapid growth of the ethanolindustry in South Dakota. The three main co-products areDistillers Grains, Solubles, and Distillers Grains withSolubles, and they can be either “wet” or “dried” dependingon the manufacturing process.Since, in the U.S., on-farm feed mixing and swine feedingsystems are almost exclusively designed for dry feed, wedeal here only with the dried products. All ethanol plantsin South Dakota mainly produce Distillers Dried Grainswith Solubles (DDGS), limiting our discussion further toonly DDGS as a feed ingredient for swine.DDGSCorn is two thirds starch, and during the fermentation anddistillation processes, the starch is converted to ethanol.One bushel of corn produces approximately 2.6 gallons ofethanol, 17 lbs of CO 2 , and a wet spent-mash.The wet mash goes through a series of centrifuges, evaporators,and presses to produce Solubles (liquid) andDistillers Grains (semi-dry). The Solubles and DistillersGrains are then blended and dried to produce 17 lbs ofDDGS from the same bushel of corn.DDGS is a co-product, and like all co-products (soybeanmeal, meat and bone meal, sunflower meal), it can varygreatly in nutrient concentrations. Ranges of nutrient concentrationsand physical characteristics from nine DDGSsamples are given here:Dry matter 87 - 93%Crude protein 23 - 29%Crude fat 3 - 12%Lysine .59 - .89%Color light golden to dark brownSmell sweet to smoky or burntGrowth trials conducted with the nine different DDGSsources demonstrated large differences in gain, feedintake, and feed efficiency, depending on the source ofDDGS in the diet. Therefore, DDGS quality has a considerable—andvariable—impact on livestock performance.Why these differences in nutrient concentrations? Thereare several reasons.First of all, nutrient variability of the corn used has a dramaticimpact on the variability of DDGS. Since the starchin corn is converted to ethanol and removed, the remainingnutrients in corn are concentrated and roughly tripledin the resulting DDGS.For example, if a load of corn contains .26% lysine, theresulting DDGS will likely contain .78 % lysine.However, if a lower lysine corn (.23% lysine) is used, theresulting DDGS will contain only .69% lysine. The same
ule applies for the concentrations of all the other nutrients(fat, fiber, protein, phosphorus, etc.)The second factor to have a major impact on DDGS nutrientconcentrations is processing methods. Type of yeastused, fermenting and distillation efficiency, drying temperatureand time, and amount of solubles blended with thedry material all affect the nutrient concentrations in DDGS.Recent research at the University of Minnesota also hasshown that DDGS from the new-generation ethanol plantsin South Dakota and Minnesota has higher nutrient concentrationsthan DDGS from traditional ethanol plants.Table 1 shows the nutrient composition of traditional and“new generation” DDGS.Table 1. Nutrient composition of two sources of DDGS(as-fed basis).Traditional SD/MNNutrient DDGS DDGSCrude Protein 27.7% 26.8%Total lysine .62% .74%Digestible lysine .29% .39Crude fat 8.4% 9.7%Crude fiber 9.1% 7.8%Calcium .20% .05%Total phosphorus .77% .79%Digestible phosphorus .59% .71%Metabolizable energy, kcal/lb 1282 1633Table 1 shows large differences in nutrient concentrationsfor the processing methods, especially for two of the mostcritical nutrients: digestible lysine (34.5%) and digestiblephosphorus (20.3%). The question then becomes “Whatvalues do I use when formulating swine rations?”The best answer is to properly sample each load of DDGSyou get and analyze for lysine and phosphorus. Thenmultiply those values by their digestibility coefficients(lysine = .53; phosphorus = .90) to get the amountdigestible of each nutrient.For example, if a sample of DDGS contained .80% totallysine and .78 total phosphorus, you’d multiply .80% times.53 to get a digestible lysine value of .42%. Then, multiply.78% by .90 to get a digestible phosphorus concentrationof .702%. These are the values you need to use when balancingswine rations.If analyzing each load of DDGS is not feasible, the nextbest thing to do is to visit the plant you purchased the2DDGS from and find out the nutrient range of its productover the last 6 months. To avoid a potential nutrient deficiency,it is then best to select a value at the lower end ofeach range to use when formulating.If that data is not available, consider changing suppliers oruse the values for traditional DDGS.Another method to reduce nutrient variation is to develop aDDGS specification sheet for nutrient levels and physicalcharacteristics, and then only buy DDGS from plants thatwill guarantee meeting those specifications. However, youare responsible for periodic testing to ensure your specificationsare being met. Table 2 is one example of such asheet.Table 2. Specifications for DDGS for swine diets.Moisture maximum 12%Crude protein minimum 26.5%Crude fat minimum 10%Crude fiber maximum 7.5%Color goldenSmell fresh, fermented, pleasant cereal odorBulk density 34 – 37 lb/cubic footParticle size coarse = 10% maximum on a 2000-mesh screenfine = 15% maximum on a 600-meshscreen and panMycotoxinsMycotoxins are produced by molds either in the field orduring storage. They can severely impact pig and sow performance.While there are many different mycotoxins,zearalenone and vomitoxin (DON) are the main ones ofconcern for South Dakota pork producers.Unfortunately, the fermentation process does not destroymycotoxins. In fact, just as it does for lysine and othernutrients, it concentrates the mycotoxins threefold. If corncontaining 1 ppm zearalenone is delivered to an ethanolplant, the resulting DDGS will contain 3 ppm zearalenone.Since the maximum inclusion rate of both mycotoxins is1 ppm in the total diet, it does not take a large amount ofmycotoxins to cause problems, especially for sows.This is more of a problem if the ethanol plant is purchasingdamaged grains or if it has been a year in which there hasbeen a mycotoxin problem in the corn in the field.
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U.S. Ethanol and & DG DDG Productio
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Handling WDG in warmer weather can
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AS-1242Feeding Coproducts of theEth
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to high levels of phosphorus in the
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Distillers Grains for Beef CattleTe
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meal (-CGM). The tallow and corn gl
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Table 1. Energy Value of Wet vs Dry
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Table 4. Influence of Level in Diet
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Summary of Distillers Grains Feedin
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ExtensionExtraExEx 4022August 2002D
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Distillers Grains for Dairy Cattle
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3a more desirable array of amino ac
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5soyhulls reduced the dustiness of
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7Owen, F. G., and L. L. Larson. 199
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The yeast species Sacchsromyces cer
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their ability to support a “norma
Page 53 and 54: The substitution of DDGS for ground
Page 55 and 56: umen ammonia levels and deficiency
Page 57 and 58: REFERENCES1. Armentano, L. 1995. Ba
Page 60: USES OF CORN COPRODUCTS IN BEEF AND
Page 63 and 64: However, there is no reason why, wi
Page 65 and 66: that diets containing 31.2% wet cor
Page 67 and 68: Wet corn distillers byproducts comp
Page 69 and 70: Table 2. Effect of Wet Distillers G
Page 71 and 72: Table 4. Energy Value of WCGF-A a f
Page 74 and 75: The Advantages of Using Corn Distil
Page 76 and 77: Distiller Grain Trial Rincker and B
Page 82: Distiller Grain Trial Rincker and B
Page 87 and 88: The Advantages of Using Corn Distil
Page 89 and 90: Feeding Recommendations and Example
Page 91 and 92: Table 1. Comparison of Nutrient Con
Page 93 and 94: (deoxynivalenol), T-2 toxin, fumoni
Page 95 and 96: Nursery DietsPhase II (15-25 lbs)Di
Page 97 and 98: Grow-Finish Diets (50-250 lbs)Growe
Page 99 and 100: Grower 1 Grower 2 Finisher 1 Finish
Page 101 and 102: Example Grower Diet Containing 20%
Page 106 and 107: If you suspect a problem, send a DD
Page 109 and 110: Distillers Dried Grains with Solubl
Page 111 and 112: Cautions in Feeding DDGS to Swine1.
Page 116 and 117: Summary of Distillers Grains Feedin
Page 118 and 119: -Keys to CDDGs use in poultry diets
Page 120 and 121: performance was not affected. Witho
Page 122 and 123: at 19 wks of age and breast meat am
Page 124 and 125: Table 2. Selected Diet Composition
Page 126 and 127: Table 4. Performance of Male Market
Page 129 and 130: Distiller’s Grains: Focusing On Q
Page 131 and 132: TABLE 2. Amino acid composition and
Page 133 and 134: The Use of Distillers Dried Grains
Page 135 and 136: Kevin D. Roberson: Use of Dried Dis
Page 137 and 138: Kevin D. Roberson: Use of Dried Dis
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