applied fracture mechanics

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Fracture Analysis of Generator Fan Blades 319addition, several small semi-elliptical cracks are also shown to have initiated from theopposite convex side of the airfoils.Blade No.Crack location2 3 7 9Outer surface 24 3 70 78Inner surface 79 90 - 80Table 3. Measured lengths of surface cracksBased on the fractographic observations, fatigue cracking is singled out as the primaryfracture mechanism involved in the failure of the fan blades. Final fracture regionsconstitute only about 25–30 % of the fracture surfaces of the blades. Therefore, fatiguecracking of the blades can be considered to have occurred under high cycle fatigueconditions.According to Fig. 11 the presence of shallow semi-elliptical cracks on both concave andconvex sides of the airfoils is indicative of the influences of considerable bending stressesduring crack propagation.An SEM micrograph showing one of the typical primary crack initiation sites is presented inFig. 12a. A secondary electron mode micrograph of this region revealed a large secondphase particle with a length of about 100 µm at the crack origin as shown in Fig. 12b. TheEDS spectrum of this particle identified that its composition is very similar to theintermetallic particle. Presence of the large particles at the origin of the crack have beenshown to act as preferred fatigue crack nucleation sites in such alloys, despite the fact thatthey represent a small fraction of the particle population (Kung, 1979; Merati, 2005).Crack propagation mode near the initiation region and throughout the fatigue fracturesurface was predominantly transgranular and formation of secondary cracks was verylimited. Examination of the airfoils near the crack initiation sites showed no apparentdefects due to corrosion or foreign object impact.Dye penetrant non-destructive testing that was carried out on the blades after the accidentidentified that some of the non-fractured blades have been cracked. The crack surface of oneof these blades (blade No. 7) was disclosed as shown in Fig. 13 by cutting the remainingcross-section of the airfoil and opening carefully. In this figure the semi-elliptical fatigueregion is obvious. The crack surface is covered by the penetrant material and a highermagnification view identifies the transition of the penetrant material out of the fatigueregion that has different microscopic features, so it can be recognized as the final fracturezone. Therefore, the final fracture stage could not be completed because of the generatorstoppage after the fracture of the three blades.
320Applied Fracture MechanicsFigure 11. Schematic drawings of the fracture surfaces: (a) blade No. 1, (b) blade No. 8 and (c) bladeNo. 11
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PrefaceKnowledge accumulated in the
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Section 1Computational Methods of F
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Chapter 4Fracture of Dental Materia
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Fracture Mechanics Based Models of
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