NUCIS number 12. September 2004. 52 pages (full ... - IAMZ - ciheam

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Bliss F.A., Arulsekar S., Foolad M.R.,Becerra V., Gillen A., Warburton M.L.,Dandekar A.M., Kocsine G.M. and K.K.Mydin. 2002. An expanded geneticlinkage map of Prunus based on an interspecificcross between almond andpeach. Genome 45: 520-529.Bošković R., Tobutt K.R., Batlle I. andH. Duval. 1997. Correlation of ribonucleasezymograms and incompatibilitygenotypes in almond. Euphytica 97:167-176.Bošković R. , Tobutt K R, Batlle I., Duval.H, Martínez-Gómez P. and T.M.Gradziel. 2003. Stylar ribonucleases inalmond: correlation with and predictionof self-incompatibility genotypes. PlantBreed. 122: 70-76.Cerezo M., Socias i Company R. and P.Arús. 1989. Identification of almond cultivarsby pollen isoenzymes. J. Am.Soc. Hort. Sci. 114: 164-169.Channuntapipat C., Wirthensohn M.,Ramesh S.A., Batlle I., Arús P., SedgleyM. and G. Collins. 2003. Identification ofincompatibility genotypes in almondusing specific primers based on the intronsof the S-alleles. Plant Breed. 122:164-168.Dicenta F. and J.E. García. 1993. Inheritanceof self-compatibility in almond.Heredity 70: 313-317.Gradziel T.M., Martínez-Gómez P., DicentaF., and D.E. Kester. 2001a. Theutilization of related almond species foralmond variety improvement. J. Am.Pomolog. Soc. 55: 100-109.Gradziel T.M., Martínez-Gómez P. andA.M. Dandekar. 2001b. The use of S-allele specific PCR analysis to improvebreeding efficiency for self-fertility in almond.HortScience 36: 440-440.Hauagge R., Kester D.E. and R.A.Asay. 1987. Isozyme variation amongCalifornia almond cultivars: I. Inheritance.J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 112: 687-693.Jáuregui B., de Vicente M.C., MesseguerR., Felipe A., Bonnet A., SalessesG. and P. Arús. 2001. A reciprocaltranslocation between ‘Garfi’ almondand ‘Nemared’ peach. Theor. Appl. Genet.102: 1169-1176.Joobeur T., Viruel M.A., de VicenteM.C., Jáuregui B., Ballester J., DettoriM.T., Verde I., Truco M.J., MesseguerR., Battle I., Quarta R., Dirlewanger E.,and P. Arús. 1998. Construction of asaturated linkage map for Prunus usingan almond x peach F 2progeny. Theor.Appl. Genet. 97: 1034-1041.Joobeur T., Periam N., de Vicente M.C.,King G.J. and P. Arús. 2000. Developmentof a second generation linkagemap for almond using RAPD and SSRmarkers. Genome 43: 649-655.Kester D.E. and T.M. Gradziel. 1996.Almonds (Prunus). In: Moore, J.N. andJanick, J. (eds.). Fruit Breeding. NewYork: Wiley. p. 1-97.Martínez-Gómez P. and T.M. Gradziel.2003. Sexual polyembryony in almond.Sex. Plant Reprod. 16: 135-139.Martínez-Gómez P., Arulsekar S., PotterD., T.M. and Gradziel T.M. 2003a.An extended interspecific gene poolavailable to peach and almond breedingas characterized using simple sequencerepeat (SSR) markers. Euphytica 131:313-322.Martínez-Gómez P., Arulsekar S., PotterD., and T.M. Gradziel. 2003b. Relationshipsamong peach and almond andrelated species as detected by SSRmarkers. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 128:667-671.Martins M., Tenreiro R. and M.M. Oliveira.2003. Genetic relatedness of Portuguesealmond cultivars assessed byRAPD and ISSR markers. Plant CellRep. 22: 71-78.Ortega E. and F. Dicenta. 2003. Inheritanceof self-compatibility in almond:breeding strategies to assure self-compatibilityin the progeny. Theor. Appl.Genet. 106: 904-911.Powell W., Morgante M., Andre C., HanafeyM., Vogel J., Tingey S., and A.Rafalski. 1996. Comparison of RFLP,RAPD, AFLP and SSR (microsatellite)markers for germplasm analysis. Mol.Breed. 2: 225-238.Sathe S.K., Teuber S.S., Gradziel T.M.,and K.H. Roux. 2001. Electrophoreticand immunological analyses of almond(Prunus dulcis L.) genotypes and hybrids.J. Agr. Food Chem. 49: 2043-2052.Tamura M., Ushijima K., Sassa H., HiranoH., Tao R., Gradziel T.M. and A.M.Dandekar. 2000. Identification of selfincompatibilitygenotypes of almond byallele-specific PCR analysis. Theor.Appl. Genet. 101: 344-349.Viruel M.A., Messeguer R., de VicenteM.C., Garcia-Mas J., Puigdomènech P.,Vargas F. and P. Arús. 1995. A linkagemap with RFLP and isozyme markersfor almond. Theor. Appl. Genet. 91:964-971.Wünsch A. and J.I. Hormaza. 2002.Cultivar identification and genetic fingerprintingof temperate fruit tree speciesusing DNA markers. Euphytica125: 56-67.1R. Sánchez-Pérez, 1 F. Dicenta, 2 T.M.Gradziel, 3 P. Arús, and 1 P. Martínez-Gómez.1CEBAS-CSIC. Departamento de Mejoray Patología Vegetal, Apdo 4195, 30.080,Murcia, Spain.2University of California-Davis,Dept. of Pomology, Davis,CA-95616, USA.3IRTA. Departament de Genètica Vegetal.Crta. Cabrils s/n, E-08348 Cabrils,Barcelona, Spain.E-mail: pmartinez@cebas.csic.esFusicoccum CANKERIN ALMOND ORCHARDS –BIOTECHNOLOGY TOOLSFOR EARLY SELECTIONOF TOLERANT GENOTYPESFusicoccum CANKER ON ALMONDAlmond is an important crop in the Mediterraneanregion, reaching about 28% ofthe world production. However, its susceptibility,particularly to certain fungal diseasessuch as brown rot blossom blight,constriction canker and almond scab,which can cause severe damage on foliageand branches of the tree, can be a majorimpediment for almond production.Regarding Fusicoccum canker or constrictioncanker, this is a damaging andeconomically important fungal disease inalmond orchards in the Mediterranean region,caused by Phomopsis amygdali(Del.) (perfect stage) Tuset and Portilla,formerly classified as Fusicoccum amygdaliDelacr. (imperfect stage). Besides almond,this fungus also infects peachtrees. Symptoms of this disease usuallyappear in early summer and become increasinglyevident as more infectedshoots appear through late summer. In almondmainly two types of symptoms arevisible, on shoots and on May spurs. Infectedtwigs and shoots wilt, and eventuallydie, because of elongate, brown,sunken cankers, often with a well delimitedoval pattern (Grasselly and Duval,1997) (Fig. 1).The group of leaves that form May spurswilt due to the infection, caused on thatspring or on the previous autumn. It isalso possible to observe cankers on theinternodes of these spurs. Leaves in generalcan also be affected, showing necrosisthat usually appear as big brownspots with circular or irregular shape.Gumming is commonly associated withthe cankers, although it is not a gooddiagnostic characteristic since otheragents may also be responsible for thissign. Constrictions formed at the base ofinfected shoots and leaf symptoms producedwell beyond the infection site resultfrom a translocatable toxin, fusicoccin, aphytotoxic terpenoid glucoside. Fusicoccin,increases the influx of potassium onguard cells inducing the permanent openingof the stomata and the consequenthigh loss of water can eventually lead toplant death (De Boer, 1997).The development of Fusicoccum cankeris favoured by high nitrogen levels in thesoil and by wet weather, since this diseaseis transmitted by rain (Rosenberg,1996). Most infections occur during12 FAO-CIHEAM - Nucis-Newsletter, Number 12 September 2004
Figure 1. Infected shoots showing brown sunken cankers. (Images kindly provided by I. Batlle)spring (growing season of the plants) andautumn, when apparently almond treesas well as peach trees are more susceptibleto the disease. Pycnidia (darkly pigmented,flask-shaped, conidia-bearing fruiting)are produced over the cankered surfacearea. Under wet weather the pycnidiaexude conidia in white tendrils. Theseconidia disseminated by rain, will infectnew plants through scars on leaves, budsor stipules, or directly through youngshoots during their growing stage by latewinter and early spring. By the end ofsummer, the trees can be severely affectedexhibiting numerous terminal deadzones spread through the tree canopy(Grasselly and Duval, 1997). These effectscan lead to significant losses on fruit productionin almond cultivars.The management of infected orchardsshould involve the implementation of fungicideapplication programmes and pruning(elimination) of infected limbs to reduceinoculum. Winter pruning of cankeredshoots, followed by pruning of youngshoots showing symptoms of the diseasein spring, are important practices to helpFusicoccum canker control (Barbé, 1993).Fungicides, applied just before budbreak(February-March) and in autumn, may benecessary in orchards where the diseaseis present (Grasselly & Duval, 1997). Keepingnitrogen at low to moderate levelsin the soil contributes to minimize the severityof the infection (Rosenberg, 1996).Wide differences on Fusicoccum tolerancebetween cultivars have been observed(Grasselly and Crossa-Raynaud, 1980;Romero and Vargas, 1981) and shouldbe taken into consideration when new orchardsare planned.Almond populations are found in mostMediterranean countries, where weatherconditions mainly in coastal orchards areusually favourable to Fusicoccum development.Therefore, the use of toleranceto Fusicoccum as a selectable trait in almondbreeding programmes and in theestablishment of new orchards can be ofgreat importance.MARKER ASSISTED SELECTION (MAS)Genetic markers, as transmissible entitiesassociated to economically importanttraits, can be used by breeders as importantselection tools (Darvasi & Soller,1994). After a decade of marker assistedselection in vegetable crops, increasingavailability of genomics-derived informationis starting to allow the use of molecularmarkers as tools to support classicalbreeding programmes in fruit tree species.Identification of molecular markers closelylinked to genes controlling traits of interestare essential in marker assisted selection.The closer the linkage, less is theprobability of recombination between themarker and the gene(s) that control thetrait of interest, thus the higher will be theefficiency of selection.The best perspectives for MAS applicationmay rely on breeding programmes aimingfor disease resistance improvement,particularly in systems where several genesare involved, with complex interactions,and where gene pyramiding is desirable(Kelly, 1995). Markers for diseaseresistance offer the additional advantageof permitting selection for resistance inthe absence of the pathogen(s) (Mehlenbacher,1995). Another possible applicationcan be on recurrent selection ofthe cultivated genotype when the aim isgene introgression from wild individuals.The construction of a linkage map of acertain population allows the study of cosegregationof markers with genes responsiblefor the variability found in thatpopulation, making possible the identificationof major genes or loci of quantitativecharacters (QTLs) on the map (Arús etal., 1999). Genetic maps developed in almond(or almond x peach) have beenused to identify markers linked to geneswith important effects on the morphologyand physiology of the plant, for exampleself-incompatibility, shell hardness or almondbitterness. Integration in thesemaps of new markers closely linked togenes of interest and their routine use oncurrent or future breeding programmes, isof high interest. However, despite its potentialbenefits, MAS applied to almondbreeding will likely be restricted to a limitedset of traits and parents where datafor segregating populations are available.Examples of applied MAS reported in theliterature are still scarce, mainly becauseprivate companies are the main users ofMAS, therefore information is more difficultto be available. Moreover, the costsand elaborated technology required formost of the markers available make MASapplication of limited use in breeding programmes.MAS applied to woody plants such as almondwould be extremely important,mainly for allowing the selection of charactersof interest on an initial stage ofplant development, which would only beexpressed after 2 to 5 years in the field,hence representing a significant reductionon time and area used when comparedto species with a shorter life cycle.SEARCH AND IDENTIFICATIONOF MOLECULAR MARKERS –THE CASE OF Fusicoccum LINKEDMARKERS IN ALMONDPlant breeding programmes require relativelylow-cost methods that can be usedfor hundreds or thousands of individuals,with a reliability of at least 95% (Rafalski& Tingey, 1993), these criteria make PCRbased techniques very attractive. Due totheir low cost, simplicity and easy detection,RAPD (Randomly Amplified PolymorphicDNA, Williams et al., 1990) markersare frequently chosen for this kind ofstudy. However, a poor specificity andlack of reproducibility can sometimes beassociated to this technique. In order toovercome these deficiencies, RAPD fragmentscan be converted into SCAR markers(Sequence Characterized AmplifiedRegion, Paran & Michelmore, 1993), morereproducible and sometimes codominants,or to CAPS (Cleaved Amplified PolymorphicSequences, Konieczny & Ausubel,1993; Jarvis et al., 1994).Michelmore et al. (1991) showed thatRAPD bands linked to a trait of interestwould be easily identified through the useof two samples of bulked DNA from a populationsegregating for that trait: withineach pool, or bulk, the individuals areidentical for the trait or gene of interestbut are arbitrary for all other genes. Anypolymorphism between the two poolsFAO-CIHEAM - Nucis-Newsletter, Number 12 September 200413
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Page 39 and 40: Hargreaves G. 2003. World round-up
Page 41 and 42: NOTES AND NEWSIN MEMORIAM:MY PROFES
Page 43 and 44: Participants of the VI Internationa
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Page 49 and 50: static pollen applicator developmen
Page 51 and 52: Kevers, C; Bisbis, B; Crevecoeur, M

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