NUCIS number 12. September 2004. 52 pages (full ... - IAMZ - ciheam

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Table 1. Pistacia species growing inthe germplasm collection at BIDR andtheir geographical origin.Pistacia speciesOriginP. atlantica CyprusIsraelSpainSyriaP. chinensis USAP. khinjuk SyriaP. lentiscus CyprusIsraelTunisiaSpainP. palaestina IsraelSyriaP. terebinthus SyriaP. vera TurkmenistanSyriaFig.1. View of accessions of Pistacia atlantica(front) and Pistacia lentiscus (back) growing inthe germplasm collection at BIDRZohary (1952), in his famous monographon Pistacia spp. divided the eleven speciesof the genus into four different sections(Fig. 2). The three evergreen speciesof the genus: P. lentiscus, P. weinmanifoliaand P. saportae were includedin the section EU Lentiscus; the two Americanspecies were clustered in the sectionLenticella; in the section EU Terebinthushe included the five species P. terebinthus,P. palaestina, P. vera, P. khinjuk,and P. chinesis, while P. atlantica wasseparated into a single section Butmela(Zohary, 1952). Studies conducted atBIDR germplasm collection on the relationshipamong Pistacia species usinggenetic marker techniques (Golan-Goldhirshet al., 2004) and morphological descriptors,support Zohary’s division of thegenus (Fig. 2). However, while parsimonyanalysis of the morphological descriptorsclustered the six studied species accordingto Zohary’s division, molecular techniquesanalyses (AFLP and RAPD) includedP. atlantica, P. vera and P. khinjuk inthe same genetic subgroup. The geneticclustering indicated that the genetic distancebetween P. atlantica and P. vera-P.khinjuk was smaller than that of the lattertwo species to P. terebinthus-P. palaestina(Fig. 2). We assume that the sameFig. 2. Genetic markers and morphological descriptors clustering of six Pistacia species (bottom) incomparison to the classical division of the genus as was proposed in 1952 by Zohary (top)center of distribution of P. vera, P. khinjukand P. atlantica in central Asia is thecause to the close genetic relationsamong these species. However, a muchdeeper study, such as alignment of genomicnucleotide sequences of conservedgenes, might assist in deciphering thephylogenetic tree of Pistacia sp.The germplasm collection at BIDR includesaccessions of P. vera that were developedfrom seeds collected from Badghiz,Turkmenistan. There, natural standsof P. vera still exist in two populations,Kepele and Agachli, close to the Iranianand Afghan borders. Plant growth parameters(plant height and trunk diameter)over two years of measurements at thecollection site indicated that accessionsfrom Agachli had higher growth rate thanthese of Kepele. Statistical analysisshowed that these differences were significantat 96% and 94% levels for plantheight and trunk diameter, respectively(Barazani et al., 2003). Agachli accessionscan therefore be considered for futurebreeding programmes of P. vera.Moreover, significant statistical relationwas found between plant growth rate andthe genetic matrix as was assessed byRAPD (Barazani et al., 2003). Trees inthe two populations, Kepele and Agachli,although geographically close, grow indifferent habitats, which probably led tothe genotypical differences.The pistachio tree is an important nutcrop in many countries. However, P. atlantica,P. khinjuk, P. palaestina and P.terebinthus are used by local farmers inthe Middle East as rootstocks for graftingof P. vera. Therefore, wild relatives ofhorticultural cultivars may be useful stockmaterial for breeding programmes (Zohary,1995), pointing to the significance ofpreservation of the genetic variability.Increasing concern on loss of genetictraits has led, over the last decades, toconservation plans and more effort togene banks management, as well as establishmentof germplasm collections ofwild relatives of economically importantcrops. We destined the Pistacia spp. livegermplasm for this purpose and for selectionof suitable genotypes for future breedingprogrammes.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThis research was supported in part underGrant No. TA-MOU-98-CA17-028 fundedby the U.S. – Israel Cooperative DevelopmentResearch Program, Bureau forEconomic Growth, Agriculture, and Trade,U.S. Agency for International Development.REFERENCESBarazani, O., Atayev A., Yakubov B.,Kostiukovsky, V, Popov, K., Golan-Goldhirsh,A. 2003. Genetic variability inTurkmen populations of Pistacia vera L.Genet. Resour. Crop Evol. 50: 383-389.Golan-Goldhirsh, A., Kostiukovsky, V.1998. Mediterranean Pistacia genusgermplasm collection at Sede Boker Israel.Acta Hort. 470: 131-137.Golan-Goldhirsh, A., Barazani, O.,Wang, Z.S, Khadka, D.K., Saunders,J.A., Kostiukovsky, V., Rowland, L.J.2004. Genetic relationships among MediterraneanPistacia species evaluatedBy RAPD and AFLP markers. PlantSyst. Evol. (in press).IPGRI. 1997. Descriptors for Pistachio(Pistacia vera L.). International PlantGenetic Resources Institute, Rome,Italy.Zohary D. 1995. The genus Pistacia L.In : Padulosi S., Caruso T., Barone E.(eds.) Taxonomy, distribution, conservationand uses of Pistacia genetic resources.IPGRI, Italy, pp. 1-11.Zohary M. 1952. A monographical studyof the genus Pistacia. Palestine J. Bot.(Jerusalem Series) 5: 187-228.O. Barazani and A. Golan-GoldhirshBen-Gurion University of The Negev, TheJacob Blaustein Institute for Desert Research,Albert Katz Department of Dryland Biotechnologies,Desert Plant Biotechnology Laboratory,Sede Boqer Campus 84990, IsraelE-mail: avigolan@bgumail.bgu.ac.il32 FAO-CIHEAM - Nucis-Newsletter, Number 12 September 2004
WHERE IN A PISTACHIO TREEIS Xanthomonas AND HOW DIDIT GET THERE?BACKGROUNDXanthomonas translucens has been identifiedas the probable causal agent of diebackof pistachio (Pistacia vera) in Australia.The bacteria have been regularlyisolated from twigs with internal stainingfrom diseased trees. The location of Xanthomonasin other parts of the tree andthe identification of possible entry pointsare the focus of research in progress atthe Sunraysia Horticultural Centre (Vic)and the University of Adelaide (SA).INVESTIGATIONIn spring 2001 we performed various surveysto determine the tissues in whichbacteria are most likely to be found. Hundredsof inflorescences and individualmale and female flowers, leaves, vegetativebuds and current season growth wereexamined for the presence of the bacteria.Bacteria were present in male inflorescences,leaves and current seasongrowth from highly diseased trees.We also felled diseased male and femaletrees and healthy male trees at Kyalite(NSW) to locate the bacteria, through laboratoryisolations, in different parts ofthe wood. Samples of wood from therootstocks up to one-year old twigs, andtissues from young and old sapwood andheartwood were also examined.Figure 1. Section of main trunk of a diseasedtree. Heartwood and young sapwood indicatedwith arrowsFigure 2. Lesion from a branch of a diseasedtree. Unstained and stained sapwood indicatedwith arrowsFigure 3. Pruned branch of a young potted treebeing inoculated with a drop of bacterialsuspensionFigure 4. Leaf scar of a young potted tree beinginoculated with bacterial suspensionX. translucens was located mainly in theyoung, unstained or stained sapwood ofthe main trunk (Figure 1), primary branchesand younger branches. The bacteriawere rarely found in discoloured heartwood(dark heartwood is normal in maturetrees) (Figure 1), and incidence in leaveswas very low. Root and soil samplesdid not yield Xanthomonas. Bacteria orpathogenic fungi were not found in thebark and cortex associated with lesionswhereas the stained young xylem beneaththe lesions yielded Xanthomonas (Figure2). Scanning electron microscopy isbeing used to confirm these results.Experiments were initiated in the glasshouseor shade house to determine if pruningwounds and/or scars are possibleentry points for the bacteria. We inoculatedpruned branches (Figure 3) and leafscars (Figure 4) on young trees with suspensionsof bacteria. Also, attempts aremade to introduce the bacteria into thetrees by injection (Figure 5) to simulateentry via an insect vector or wound, andto produce symptoms similar to those observedin the field. Results from these experimentswill also indicate how fast thebacteria move in the trees.In the coming months, roots and flowerswill be inoculated with the Xanthomonasbacteria to determine if those are alsopossible entry points.SUMMARYWe have determined where Xanthomonastranslucens is located in the trees.Results from the ongoing experiments willclarify how the bacteria got into the trees.Figure 5. Young potted tree being inoculated withan injection of bacterial suspensionMore research is needed to determine theways of dispersion of the bacteria in theorchard and to elucidate the cycle of thedisease.Other experiments will be set up to studypossible control measures.E. Facelli 1 , C. Taylor 2 , E. Scott 1 , R. Emmett 2and M. Sedgley 11School of Agriculture and Wine, Universityof Adelaide, Waite Campus, South Australia,Australia. 2 Department of Primary Industries,Mildura, Victoria Australia.E-mail: evellina.facelli@adelaide.edu.auCHESTNUT PRODUCTIONIN ANDALUSIAINTRODUCTIONLast data about Spanish chestnut productionestimates 18.259 t in Spain, half ofthe amount achieved in the seventies.That production corresponds to approximately50.000 ha out of the 128.537 haexisting in Spain. Though chestnut productionis located mainly in North Spain,an interesting area for chestnut productionis localised in Andalusia, South Spain(Pereira et al., 2001). Production in Andalusiais considered to be only 2.000 t butit could be underestimated according tomarketing data and it could reach 6.000 tin 6.000 ha. There are two main areas: i)Sierra de Huelva in Huelva province (Figure1), and ii) Serranía de Ronda (Figure2) and Sierra de Las Nieves, Málagaprovince. Other chestnut areas are locatedin Granada, where new orchards areFAO-CIHEAM - Nucis-Newsletter, Number 12 September 200433
Page 1 and 2: N U C I SN E W S L E T T E RInforma
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Page 9 and 10: ALMOND GENES IN P. webbiiAnalysis o
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Page 23 and 24: S. Kafkas 1 , I. Acar 2 , H. Gozel
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Page 39 and 40: Hargreaves G. 2003. World round-up
Page 41 and 42: NOTES AND NEWSIN MEMORIAM:MY PROFES
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Page 45 and 46: (2000) and finally Tarragona, Spain
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Page 51 and 52: Kevers, C; Bisbis, B; Crevecoeur, M

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