NUCIS number 12. September 2004. 52 pages (full ... - IAMZ - ciheam

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Table 1. Climatic characteristics of chestnut areas in Asturias (www.inm.es), El Bierzo (www.inm.es), Extremadura (www.inm.es),Tenerife (www.inm.es), Andalusia (www.inm.es) and Galicia (Carballeira, 1983).Region Province Location Annual average Annual rainfall Average temperature Annual temperaturetemperature (°C) (mm) in January (°C) range (°C)Asturias Asturias Gijón 13,8 971 4,7 —Oviedo-El Cristo 12,9 973 4,2 —Aeropuerto Ranón 13,2 1140 5,4 —Bierzo León Ponferrada 13,0 675 1,1 17,5Extremadura Cáceres Guadalupe 14,7 755 3,3 17,6Canarias Tenerife Aeropuerto TenerifeNorte-Los Rodeos 16,5 557 12,8 —Andalucía Málaga Gaucín 15,0 1161 6,2 35,0Huelva Almonaster La Real 16,0 1137 4,9 34,9Aracena 14,0 1107 3,1 35,8Galicia Lugo Outeiro de Rei 12,0 1004 2,0 23,3Vilar do Caurel 7,9 1679 -1,3 24,5Ferreira 3,2 1086 2,4 25,7Fonsagrada 8,8 1754 -1,0 23,3Ourense Mesón de Pentes 10,6 1460 0,8 26,0Poboa de Trives 8,9 874 0,1 26,6A Rúa-Petín 15,6 763 5,1 26,7Table 2. Main characteristics of the cultivars of Andalusia (adapted from Pereira and Ramos, 2003).Cultivar Origin Harvesting time Use Male Nuts/kg Lateral Poly-embrionic Splitcatkin z nut (g) nuts (%) nuts (%)Capilla Málaga 20 - 26 Oct Industry, fresh, pollinizer L 66 17,00 11,00 16,00Comisaria Huelva 20 Oct - 2 Nov Industry, fresh, pollinizer L 80 13,37 6,00 0,50Corriente Málaga 18 Sep - 4 Oct Fresh, pollinizer L 65 18,58 15,50 4,50Dieguina Huelva 20 Oct - 1 Nov Marrón al natural, fresh L and M 87 13,61 8,00 2,50Helechal Huelva 22 - 29 Oct Industry, fresh B and L 80 14,14 7,00 1,50Pelón Huelva 19 Oct - 1 Nov Marmalades and purees, L 113 10,22 3,54 7,81pollinizerPilonga Málaga 17 Sep - 4 Oct Industry, fresh, pollinizer L 63 18,32 7,61 8,67Planta Alájar Huelva 20 - 29 Oct Fresh M 71 16,06 10,50 2,25Rubia Tardía Málaga 25 Oct Industry, fresh, pollinizer L 49 20,76 10,00 2,50Temprana Málaga 15 Sep - 4 Oct Fresh, pollinizer L 61 18,76 11,67 8,53Tomasa Málaga 20 - 29 Oct Fresh, pollinizer L 44 24,86 14,38 23,13Vázquez Huelva 20 Oct - 5 Nov Fresh, industry, pollinizer L 73 16,05 4,00 1,50zL = longuistaminate; M = mesostaminate; B = braquistaminateFigure 1. High density spacing in new orchardsof Serranía de Ronda, MálagaFigure 2. New orchard with irrigation in Güimar-Sierra, GranadaFigure 3. Old chestnut orchard in Sierra deHuelva, Huelvabeing established (Figure 3) though traditionallychestnut production came fromseedlings. Chestnut is an interesting alternativein Andalusia, mainly in Málaga,because of the precocity of two cultivars,‘Temprana’ and ‘Pilonga’, harvested atthe end of September. Most of the productionis commercialised by cooperativeswhere big quantities of chestnuts arecleaned and classified. Chestnuts aresold in Spain and in the international market.Recently, an important industry fortransforming chestnuts has been establishedin Huelva. Both in Huelva and Málaga,production is based on local cultivars.Growers graft them over seedlings producedin the same area. In Málaga, due tothe high prices of the nuts, trees are plantedso close as 5 m x 5 m, though it is necessaryto prune severely or remove partof the trees later. In Granada, no localcultivars have been found and new orchardsare based on the excellent cultivarsof Málaga (Figure 3). Weather conditionsfor chestnut areas in Spain are quitesimilar (Table 1), with a rainfall around1.000 mm per year and mild temperatu-34 FAO-CIHEAM - Nucis-Newsletter, Number 12 September 2004
Figure 4.- Capilla Figure 5.- Comisaria Figure 6.- CorrienteFigure 7.- Dieguina Figure 8.- Helechal Figure 9.- PelónFigure 10.- Pilonga Figure 11.- Planta Alájar Figure 12.- Rubia TardíaFigure 13.- Temprana Figure 14.- Tomasa Figure 15.- Vázquezres. Chestnut orchards in Tenerife showedlowest rainfall with 700 mm, followedby Castilla-León and Extremadura, around700 mm. In Andalusia, orchards are locatedin the most humid areas of SouthSpain.In 1995 a study was started to localiseand characterise cultivars of South Spain.An inventory was published in 2001 (Pereiraet al., 2001) and the results foundwere published in a guideline book (Pereiraand Ramos, 2003) and in a workwhere cultivars from Andalusia were comparedwith previous studies (Ramos andPereira, 2004). The paper is a summary ofthe main traits of the Andalusian cultivars.CULTIVARSUp to now 12 cultivars have been studiedin Andalusia which are used locally fornut production and propagated by grafting(Figures 4 to 15): ‘Capilla’, ‘Comisaria’,‘Corriente’, ‘Dieguina’, ‘Helechal’, ‘Pelón’,‘Pilonga’, ‘Planta Alájar’ ‘Rubia Tardía’,‘Temprana’, ‘Tomasa’ and ‘Vázquez’.Cultivars from Andalusia are differentfrom cultivars from other areas of Spain(Ramos and Pereira, 2004). In comparisonwith those from Galicia (Pereira andFernández, 1997) with better characteristicsin nut size, but with higher percentageof poly-embryonic and split nuts, andmore intrusions of the inner coat in cotyledonswhat makes it more difficult topeel them. Nuts coming from Andalusiancultivars showed less worms and diseaseswhat could be related with a drier environment.The best cultivar in Andalusia is ‘Pilonga’(Figure 10) due to its early ripening (endof September), big nut size and less percentageof poly-embryonic nuts (Table 2).The worst feature of ‘Pilonga’ is the highpercentage of split nuts, over 8 %. ‘Temprana’(Figure 13), cultivated in the samearea of ‘Pilonga’ is a little worse due to ahigher percentage of poly-embryonic nutsand intrusions of the inner coat in cotyledons.‘Capilla’, ‘Corriente’, ‘Rubia Tardía’FAO-CIHEAM - Nucis-Newsletter, Number 12 September 200435
Page 1 and 2: N U C I SN E W S L E T T E RInforma
Page 3 and 4: The Nut Network on the webIn additi
Page 5 and 6: Figure 4.- Hard turron ‘Alicante
Page 7 and 8: Figure 2. Percentage of damaged you
Page 9 and 10: ALMOND GENES IN P. webbiiAnalysis o
Page 11 and 12: GENETIC MAPPINGSeveral intraspecifi
Page 13 and 14: Figure 1. Infected shoots showing b
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Page 19 and 20: Picture 4. - Pistachio shelling mac
Page 21 and 22: Figure 3. Tree and nuts of ‘Mateu
Page 23 and 24: S. Kafkas 1 , I. Acar 2 , H. Gozel
Page 25 and 26: B. E. Ak standing close to a young
Page 27 and 28: Leaves of P.veraThese forests exten
Page 29 and 30: Nuts of P. atlantica sub-sp. mutica
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Page 33: WHERE IN A PISTACHIO TREEIS Xanthom
Page 37 and 38: ootstock choice, although recently
Page 39 and 40: Hargreaves G. 2003. World round-up
Page 41 and 42: NOTES AND NEWSIN MEMORIAM:MY PROFES
Page 43 and 44: Participants of the VI Internationa
Page 45 and 46: (2000) and finally Tarragona, Spain
Page 47 and 48: Plant Systematics and Evolution, 23
Page 49 and 50: static pollen applicator developmen
Page 51 and 52: Kevers, C; Bisbis, B; Crevecoeur, M

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