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TABLE 9DISTRIBUTION OF IgM AND ITS CORRESPONDING IgG TODEN VIRUSESIgMIgGSAMPLENO DEN-! DEN-2 DEN-3 VEN-4 DEN-! DEN-2 DEN-3 DEN-'369 - + - - - + - -VF45 - + - - - + - -'VF30 - + - - - + - -30 - + - - - + - -627 - + - - - + - -I656 - + - - - + - -641 - + - - - + - -02/0681 - + - - - + - -3515 - + - - - + - -·2599 + - - - + - - -2463 + - - - + - --3778 - + - - - + - --f,:2725 - + - - - + - ---_..- _._-;,I'92
TABLE 10: DENGUE VIRUS INFECTIONS IN DIFFERENTECOLOGICAL ZONES IN NIGERIA/NO ECOLOGIC CITY IN EACH TOTA NO. DENGUE **REACTIOALZONES ZONE WHERE LNO. POSITIVE SEROTYP NWITHWHERE SAMPLES TEST * E NORMALSERA WERE ED (%) ANTIGENWERE OBTAINED (%)OBTAINED1 RAIN IBADAN 442 4 (0.9) D2 6 (l.4),FOREST.;,2 SUDAN KANO 267 0(0) NONE 6 (2.2) ISAVANNA3 WOODED GOMBE 341 0(0) NONE 14 (4.1)SAVANNAI!4 GRASS ABUJA 281 1(0.36) D2 7 (2.5) 1SAVANNA5 MANGROVE CALABAR 217 3 (0.1) D2 1 (0.1)FOREST.6 SAHEL MAIDUGURI 300 5 (1.7) D1AND 5 (1.7)SAVANNAAL 1948 13 (0.7) 390D2*NO RECTION WITH NORMAL ANTIGEN** REACTION WITH NORMAL ANTIGEN93
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UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN., THIS DISSERT
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DEDICATIONThis thesis is dedicated
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTI would like to expre
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Prof. 0 Tomori, the staff of WHO na
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KFDKUNLIMAC-ELISAMHCmRNAMAFMVENANKV
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Title of DissertationTABLE OF CONTE
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3.4.6 Enzyme immuno assay for the d
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xv4.3.3 Gender distribution of pati
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24 A table showing the level ofcros
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ABSTRACTDengue viruses (DENs) and W
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1.1 INTRODUCTIONCHAPTER ONEArboviru
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CHAPTER TWO2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW2.1
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TABLE 1: MEMBERS OF THE FLAVIVIRIDA
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approximately 1O.5kb. Virions conta
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precludes infection by the oral rou
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extracellular virions respectively.
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complex- specific and group- reacti
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cleavage at the NS1/2A site, but th
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dispersal of Flaviviruses could be
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threshold. The time interval betwee
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that, in susceptible vertebrate cel
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2.3.1RECOMBINATION OF GENETIC MATER
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., by capillary leakage, thrombocyt
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v »infected cells. Also, lysis or
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its first major epidemic of dengue
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sporadic outbreaks (CDC, 2001). In
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genotype 111, which had been presen
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immune responses by eliciting neutr
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hydrophilicity and antigenicity. Ho
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392.3.9 HOST GENETIC FACTORS THAT M
Page 63 and 64: 2.3.12 TREATMENT OF DENGUE VIRUS IN
Page 65 and 66: heterogeneity among strains isolate
Page 67 and 68: 45Dogs are susceptible to infection
Page 69 and 70: 48where 22% of children and 61% of
Page 71 and 72: Experimental inoculation of pregnan
Page 73 and 74: sonicated prior to inoculation. The
Page 75 and 76: encoding the prM and E proteins wit
Page 77 and 78: 56template yields full-length messe
Page 79 and 80: 58TABLE 2: THE ECOLOGICAL ZONES IN
Page 81 and 82: 3.3 SERUM SAMPLES COLLECTION:About
Page 83 and 84: 3.4 SEROLOGYThe IgM capture ELlSA (
Page 85 and 86: aliquoted in lml amount in cryovial
Page 87 and 88: covered and incubated overnight at
Page 89 and 90: 3.4.5.2 DILUTION METHODOne of these
Page 91 and 92: environment. Aedes aegypti has been
Page 93 and 94: 3.5.5 VIRUS ISOLATION FROM FIELD-CA
Page 95 and 96: color was obtained. Flask that beca
Page 97 and 98: a) The extraction of RNA from the c
Page 99 and 100: 3.6.2.3.3 Mixture of reactants for
Page 101 and 102: Condition of amplification:I Cycle
Page 103 and 104: 3.6.3 REVERSE-TRANSCRIPTION POLYMER
Page 105 and 106: 833.6.3.3 The procedure of RT-PCR f
Page 107 and 108: 3.6.4 IDENTIFICATION OF AMPLIFICATI
Page 109 and 110: "r~-TABLE 7: TITRATION or ANTIGEN A
Page 111 and 112: TABLE 8: TITRATION OF ANTIGEN AND M
Page 113: 4.2 PATTER."I OF DENGUE VIRUS INFEC
Page 117 and 118: 4.2.2 SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF DENG
Page 119 and 120: tD SEASON (SEPTTODECEMBER) --',19%H
Page 121 and 122: 4.23 AGE DISTRIBUTION OF PATIENTS W
Page 123 and 124: 4.2.4 GENDER DISTRIBUTION OF I'ATIE
Page 125 and 126: 4.2.5 THE PREVALENCE OF DEN JgG ANT
Page 127 and 128: 90 r-----------------------~-------
Page 129 and 130: 4.3 IgM CAPTURE ELlSA FOR WEST NiLE
Page 131 and 132: 10.90.80.7(/lW;:)...J~ 0.5ci 0.400.
Page 133 and 134: TABLE 18:SEASONAL PATTERN OF WNV Ig
Page 135 and 136: TABLE 19: MONTHLY DISTRIBUTION OF W
Page 137 and 138: TABLE 20: AGE DISTRIBUTION OF WNV I
Page 139 and 140: TABLE 21:GENDER DISTRIIlUTION OF WN
Page 141 and 142: TABLE 22: THE PREVALENCE OF WNV IgG
Page 143 and 144: 4.4. THE PREVALENCE OF YELLOW FEVER
Page 145 and 146: COLD HARMATTANSEASON35%HOT DRY SEAS
Page 147 and 148: .._-~._--TABLE 24: SHOWING THE LEVr
Page 149 and 150: 1~74.7 DILUTION OF DEN POSITIVE IgM
Page 151 and 152: 4.8 VECTOlUAL STUDIES ON MOSQUITO V
Page 153 and 154: :.~. , ,, ,'\"i,,~;"'~'.,0,';i~! ,.
Page 155 and 156: --_._-~._,--_._-------TABLE 26: THE
Page 157 and 158: Figure 12: SEMI NESTED peR WITH AED
Page 159 and 160: 4.8.2.2 RT·PCR FOR WNV IN CULEX MO
Page 161 and 162: 139, '"i., ',"Figure 15:RT-PCR ON C
Page 163 and 164: "Figure 16; RT-rcn ON WNV POSITIVE
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CHAPTER FIVE5.0 DISCUSSION AND CONC
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antibody positive hy MAC-ELlSA on a
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elationship between the prevalence
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status (that is having previous den
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WNV RNA were C~ll[;htprcdomiuan.ly
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patient is not uncommon if it could
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eports (Gublcr 1997, 1998b), which
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detection is a serologic method tha
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November. This is because mosquito
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Ben-Nathan, D. and Feuerstein, G. (
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Cantilc, c. Di Guardo, G. E.; Leni,
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--~------.,Chomczynski, P. and Sacc
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Edelman, R.; Wasserman, S. S.; Bodi
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Gannendia, A.E.; Van kruningen, HJ.
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Gubler, D. Iand'Irent, D.W.(1994):
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Hammon , W. McD.( 1969): Observatio
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Innis., B.L.; Nisalak, A; Nimmannit
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Koonin, E. V. (1993;): Computer-ass
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179Leitmeyer, K. C.; Vaughn, D. W.;
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Marberg, K; Goldblum, N.; Sterk, V.
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Monath T P (1994) Dengue: the risk
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Paradoa, Preze. M. 1.; TrujiIlo, Y.
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Rice, C. M.and Strauss, J. H. (1990
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Shi, P.Y.; Kanfman, E.B.; Ren, P.;
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Sumiyoshi, H.; Tignor, G. H. and Sh
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infection with some arboviruses. Tr
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Webster, L.T. (1993): Inherited and
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APPENDI X I:INOCULATION OF MICE WIT
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APPENDIX 2PREPARATION OF REAGENTS1.
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•17. Preparation of PrimersPrimer
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APPENDIX 4IgM EUSA RESULTS AFTER Ti
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