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Kaufman, B. M.; Summers, P. L.; DuBios, D. R; et. al. (1989): Monoclonalantibodies for dengue virus prM glycoprotein protect mice against lethaldengue infection. Am. J. Trap. Med. lfyg. 41:578-580.Kay, B. H.; Fanning, LD.; Mottram, P. (1989): Rearing temperature influencesFlavivirus vector competence of mosquitoes Med. Vet.Entomal..3: 415.422.Kemp, G. E.; Causey, O. R; Moore, D. L., O'Connor, E. H. (1973).: Viral isolatesfrom livestock in northern Nigeria: 1966-1970. Am. J. Vet. Res. 34: No. 5,707-710.Kinney, R. M., Chang C. L, Tsuchiya K. R, Snider J. M .., Roehrig J. T., WoodwardT. M. and Trent D. W. (1993): Attenuation of Venezuelan equineencephalitis virus strain TC-83 is encoded by the 5' - non coding region andthe Ez envelope glycoprotein. J. Viral. 67:1269-1277.Kinney, R.; M., Butrapet, S.; Chang, G. J. J; Tsuchiya, K. R.; Roehrig, J. T.;Bhamarapravati, and Gubler, D (1997): Construction of infectious cDNAclones for dengue 2 virus: strain 16681 and its attenuated vaccine derivate,strain PDK - 53. Viral. 230:300-308.Kightlinger L. (2003): West Nile virus first transmission season in south Dakota,002 South Dakota Pub. Hlth. BKlicks, S. C.; Nisalak, A.; Brandt, W. E.; Wahl, L. and Burke D. S. (1989):Antibody-dependent enhancement of dengue virus growth in humanmonocytes as a risk factor for dengue hemorrhagic fever. Am. J. Trap, Med.Hyg. 40: 444 - 451.Ko, Y.-C.; Chen, M.-J.; Yeh, S.-M. (1992): The predisposing and protective factorsagainst dengue virus transmission by mosquito vector. Am. J. Epidemiol.136: 214-220.Komar, N. (2000) West Nile Viral encephalitis. Rev. Sci. Int. Epizoot. 19:166-176.176
Koonin, E. V. (1993;): Computer-assisted identification of a putativemethltransferase domain in NS5 protein of flaviviruses and lambda 2 proteinof reovirus. J. Gen. Viral. 74:733-740.Koopman, J. S.; Prevots, D. R.; Vaca, M. M. A., Gomez, D.H.; et al (1991):Determinants and predictors of dengue infection in Mexico. Am J.Epidemical; 133:1168-1177.Kundin, W. D.; Liu, C.; Hysell, P.; et. al. (1963): Studies in West Nile infection bymeans of fluorescent antibodies. 1. Pathogenesis of West Nile virus infectionexperimentally inoculated in suckling mice. Arch. Ges. Virus Res.; 12:514528.Kuno, G.; Gubler, D.J. and Oliver, A (1993): Use of original antigenic sin theory todetermine the serotypes of previous dengue infections. Trans. Ray. Soc.Trap. Med. Hyg. 87: 103-105.Kuno;G. (1997):Factors influencing the transmission of dengue viruses. PP.61-88 inDJ Gubler and G. Kuno,eds. Dengue. hemorrhagic fever. CAB Int'l,Wallingford, U. K.Kuno, G.; Gomez, 1. and Gubler, D.J. (1991): An ELISA procedure for thediagnosis of dengue infections. J. Viral. Meth. 33, 101-113.Kuno, G.; Ghangi, G.-U.; Tsuchiya, K.R.; Karabatsos, N. and Cropp, S.B. (1998):Phylogeny of genus flavivirus. J. Viral. 72, 73-83.Kurane, 1.; Kontry, U.; Janus, J. and Ennies, F.A (1990). Dengue 2-virus infection ofhuman mononuclear cell lines and establishment of persistent infections.Arch. Viral. 110: 91-101.177
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UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN., THIS DISSERT
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DEDICATIONThis thesis is dedicated
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTI would like to expre
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Prof. 0 Tomori, the staff of WHO na
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KFDKUNLIMAC-ELISAMHCmRNAMAFMVENANKV
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Title of DissertationTABLE OF CONTE
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3.4.6 Enzyme immuno assay for the d
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xv4.3.3 Gender distribution of pati
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24 A table showing the level ofcros
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ABSTRACTDengue viruses (DENs) and W
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1.1 INTRODUCTIONCHAPTER ONEArboviru
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CHAPTER TWO2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW2.1
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TABLE 1: MEMBERS OF THE FLAVIVIRIDA
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approximately 1O.5kb. Virions conta
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precludes infection by the oral rou
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extracellular virions respectively.
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complex- specific and group- reacti
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cleavage at the NS1/2A site, but th
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dispersal of Flaviviruses could be
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threshold. The time interval betwee
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that, in susceptible vertebrate cel
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2.3.1RECOMBINATION OF GENETIC MATER
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., by capillary leakage, thrombocyt
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v »infected cells. Also, lysis or
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its first major epidemic of dengue
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sporadic outbreaks (CDC, 2001). In
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genotype 111, which had been presen
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immune responses by eliciting neutr
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hydrophilicity and antigenicity. Ho
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392.3.9 HOST GENETIC FACTORS THAT M
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2.3.12 TREATMENT OF DENGUE VIRUS IN
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heterogeneity among strains isolate
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45Dogs are susceptible to infection
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48where 22% of children and 61% of
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Experimental inoculation of pregnan
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sonicated prior to inoculation. The
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encoding the prM and E proteins wit
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56template yields full-length messe
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58TABLE 2: THE ECOLOGICAL ZONES IN
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3.3 SERUM SAMPLES COLLECTION:About
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3.4 SEROLOGYThe IgM capture ELlSA (
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aliquoted in lml amount in cryovial
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covered and incubated overnight at
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3.4.5.2 DILUTION METHODOne of these
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environment. Aedes aegypti has been
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3.5.5 VIRUS ISOLATION FROM FIELD-CA
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color was obtained. Flask that beca
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a) The extraction of RNA from the c
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3.6.2.3.3 Mixture of reactants for
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Condition of amplification:I Cycle
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3.6.3 REVERSE-TRANSCRIPTION POLYMER
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833.6.3.3 The procedure of RT-PCR f
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3.6.4 IDENTIFICATION OF AMPLIFICATI
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"r~-TABLE 7: TITRATION or ANTIGEN A
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TABLE 8: TITRATION OF ANTIGEN AND M
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4.2 PATTER."I OF DENGUE VIRUS INFEC
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TABLE 10: DENGUE VIRUS INFECTIONS I
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4.2.2 SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF DENG
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tD SEASON (SEPTTODECEMBER) --',19%H
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4.23 AGE DISTRIBUTION OF PATIENTS W
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4.2.4 GENDER DISTRIBUTION OF I'ATIE
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4.2.5 THE PREVALENCE OF DEN JgG ANT
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90 r-----------------------~-------
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4.3 IgM CAPTURE ELlSA FOR WEST NiLE
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10.90.80.7(/lW;:)...J~ 0.5ci 0.400.
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TABLE 18:SEASONAL PATTERN OF WNV Ig
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TABLE 19: MONTHLY DISTRIBUTION OF W
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TABLE 20: AGE DISTRIBUTION OF WNV I
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TABLE 21:GENDER DISTRIIlUTION OF WN
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TABLE 22: THE PREVALENCE OF WNV IgG
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4.4. THE PREVALENCE OF YELLOW FEVER
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COLD HARMATTANSEASON35%HOT DRY SEAS
Page 147 and 148: .._-~._--TABLE 24: SHOWING THE LEVr
Page 149 and 150: 1~74.7 DILUTION OF DEN POSITIVE IgM
Page 151 and 152: 4.8 VECTOlUAL STUDIES ON MOSQUITO V
Page 153 and 154: :.~. , ,, ,'\"i,,~;"'~'.,0,';i~! ,.
Page 155 and 156: --_._-~._,--_._-------TABLE 26: THE
Page 157 and 158: Figure 12: SEMI NESTED peR WITH AED
Page 159 and 160: 4.8.2.2 RT·PCR FOR WNV IN CULEX MO
Page 161 and 162: 139, '"i., ',"Figure 15:RT-PCR ON C
Page 163 and 164: "Figure 16; RT-rcn ON WNV POSITIVE
Page 165 and 166: CHAPTER FIVE5.0 DISCUSSION AND CONC
Page 167 and 168: antibody positive hy MAC-ELlSA on a
Page 169 and 170: elationship between the prevalence
Page 171 and 172: status (that is having previous den
Page 173 and 174: WNV RNA were C~ll[;htprcdomiuan.ly
Page 175 and 176: patient is not uncommon if it could
Page 177 and 178: eports (Gublcr 1997, 1998b), which
Page 179 and 180: detection is a serologic method tha
Page 181 and 182: November. This is because mosquito
Page 183 and 184: Ben-Nathan, D. and Feuerstein, G. (
Page 185 and 186: Cantilc, c. Di Guardo, G. E.; Leni,
Page 187 and 188: --~------.,Chomczynski, P. and Sacc
Page 189 and 190: Edelman, R.; Wasserman, S. S.; Bodi
Page 191 and 192: Gannendia, A.E.; Van kruningen, HJ.
Page 193 and 194: Gubler, D. Iand'Irent, D.W.(1994):
Page 195 and 196: Hammon , W. McD.( 1969): Observatio
Page 197: Innis., B.L.; Nisalak, A; Nimmannit
Page 201 and 202: 179Leitmeyer, K. C.; Vaughn, D. W.;
Page 203 and 204: Marberg, K; Goldblum, N.; Sterk, V.
Page 205 and 206: Monath T P (1994) Dengue: the risk
Page 207 and 208: Paradoa, Preze. M. 1.; TrujiIlo, Y.
Page 209 and 210: Rice, C. M.and Strauss, J. H. (1990
Page 211 and 212: Shi, P.Y.; Kanfman, E.B.; Ren, P.;
Page 213 and 214: Sumiyoshi, H.; Tignor, G. H. and Sh
Page 215 and 216: infection with some arboviruses. Tr
Page 217 and 218: Webster, L.T. (1993): Inherited and
Page 219 and 220: APPENDI X I:INOCULATION OF MICE WIT
Page 221 and 222: APPENDIX 2PREPARATION OF REAGENTS1.
Page 223 and 224: •17. Preparation of PrimersPrimer
Page 225: APPENDIX 4IgM EUSA RESULTS AFTER Ti
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