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TABLE 13: AGE DISTRIBUTION OF PATIENTS WITH IgM TO DENVIRUSESAGE TOTAL NO. NO. POSITIVEGROUPS TESTED (%)0-9 228 4 (1.8)10 - 19 297 2 (0.7)20-29 687 8 (1.2)30- 39 682 4 (0.6)40-49 291 0(0)50- 59 74 0(0)>60 28 0(0)Not specified 634 0(0)TOTAL 2921 18 (0.6)100
4.2.4 GENDER DISTRIBUTION OF I'ATIENTS WITH IgM TO DENGUEVIRUSESThe distribution of patients with DEN IgM by gender is presented in Table 14.Similarly, the gender of patients with DEN IgM antibodies was not significantlydifferent (X 2=3.23, df=2 P=O.l989 16).101
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UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN., THIS DISSERT
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DEDICATIONThis thesis is dedicated
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTI would like to expre
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Prof. 0 Tomori, the staff of WHO na
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KFDKUNLIMAC-ELISAMHCmRNAMAFMVENANKV
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Title of DissertationTABLE OF CONTE
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3.4.6 Enzyme immuno assay for the d
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xv4.3.3 Gender distribution of pati
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24 A table showing the level ofcros
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ABSTRACTDengue viruses (DENs) and W
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1.1 INTRODUCTIONCHAPTER ONEArboviru
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CHAPTER TWO2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW2.1
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TABLE 1: MEMBERS OF THE FLAVIVIRIDA
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approximately 1O.5kb. Virions conta
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precludes infection by the oral rou
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extracellular virions respectively.
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complex- specific and group- reacti
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cleavage at the NS1/2A site, but th
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dispersal of Flaviviruses could be
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threshold. The time interval betwee
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that, in susceptible vertebrate cel
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2.3.1RECOMBINATION OF GENETIC MATER
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., by capillary leakage, thrombocyt
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v »infected cells. Also, lysis or
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its first major epidemic of dengue
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sporadic outbreaks (CDC, 2001). In
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genotype 111, which had been presen
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immune responses by eliciting neutr
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hydrophilicity and antigenicity. Ho
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392.3.9 HOST GENETIC FACTORS THAT M
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2.3.12 TREATMENT OF DENGUE VIRUS IN
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heterogeneity among strains isolate
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45Dogs are susceptible to infection
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48where 22% of children and 61% of
Page 71 and 72: Experimental inoculation of pregnan
Page 73 and 74: sonicated prior to inoculation. The
Page 75 and 76: encoding the prM and E proteins wit
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Page 79 and 80: 58TABLE 2: THE ECOLOGICAL ZONES IN
Page 81 and 82: 3.3 SERUM SAMPLES COLLECTION:About
Page 83 and 84: 3.4 SEROLOGYThe IgM capture ELlSA (
Page 85 and 86: aliquoted in lml amount in cryovial
Page 87 and 88: covered and incubated overnight at
Page 89 and 90: 3.4.5.2 DILUTION METHODOne of these
Page 91 and 92: environment. Aedes aegypti has been
Page 93 and 94: 3.5.5 VIRUS ISOLATION FROM FIELD-CA
Page 95 and 96: color was obtained. Flask that beca
Page 97 and 98: a) The extraction of RNA from the c
Page 99 and 100: 3.6.2.3.3 Mixture of reactants for
Page 101 and 102: Condition of amplification:I Cycle
Page 103 and 104: 3.6.3 REVERSE-TRANSCRIPTION POLYMER
Page 105 and 106: 833.6.3.3 The procedure of RT-PCR f
Page 107 and 108: 3.6.4 IDENTIFICATION OF AMPLIFICATI
Page 109 and 110: "r~-TABLE 7: TITRATION or ANTIGEN A
Page 111 and 112: TABLE 8: TITRATION OF ANTIGEN AND M
Page 113 and 114: 4.2 PATTER."I OF DENGUE VIRUS INFEC
Page 115 and 116: TABLE 10: DENGUE VIRUS INFECTIONS I
Page 117 and 118: 4.2.2 SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF DENG
Page 119 and 120: tD SEASON (SEPTTODECEMBER) --',19%H
Page 121: 4.23 AGE DISTRIBUTION OF PATIENTS W
Page 125 and 126: 4.2.5 THE PREVALENCE OF DEN JgG ANT
Page 127 and 128: 90 r-----------------------~-------
Page 129 and 130: 4.3 IgM CAPTURE ELlSA FOR WEST NiLE
Page 131 and 132: 10.90.80.7(/lW;:)...J~ 0.5ci 0.400.
Page 133 and 134: TABLE 18:SEASONAL PATTERN OF WNV Ig
Page 135 and 136: TABLE 19: MONTHLY DISTRIBUTION OF W
Page 137 and 138: TABLE 20: AGE DISTRIBUTION OF WNV I
Page 139 and 140: TABLE 21:GENDER DISTRIIlUTION OF WN
Page 141 and 142: TABLE 22: THE PREVALENCE OF WNV IgG
Page 143 and 144: 4.4. THE PREVALENCE OF YELLOW FEVER
Page 145 and 146: COLD HARMATTANSEASON35%HOT DRY SEAS
Page 147 and 148: .._-~._--TABLE 24: SHOWING THE LEVr
Page 149 and 150: 1~74.7 DILUTION OF DEN POSITIVE IgM
Page 151 and 152: 4.8 VECTOlUAL STUDIES ON MOSQUITO V
Page 153 and 154: :.~. , ,, ,'\"i,,~;"'~'.,0,';i~! ,.
Page 155 and 156: --_._-~._,--_._-------TABLE 26: THE
Page 157 and 158: Figure 12: SEMI NESTED peR WITH AED
Page 159 and 160: 4.8.2.2 RT·PCR FOR WNV IN CULEX MO
Page 161 and 162: 139, '"i., ',"Figure 15:RT-PCR ON C
Page 163 and 164: "Figure 16; RT-rcn ON WNV POSITIVE
Page 165 and 166: CHAPTER FIVE5.0 DISCUSSION AND CONC
Page 167 and 168: antibody positive hy MAC-ELlSA on a
Page 169 and 170: elationship between the prevalence
Page 171 and 172: status (that is having previous den
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WNV RNA were C~ll[;htprcdomiuan.ly
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patient is not uncommon if it could
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eports (Gublcr 1997, 1998b), which
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detection is a serologic method tha
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November. This is because mosquito
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Ben-Nathan, D. and Feuerstein, G. (
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Cantilc, c. Di Guardo, G. E.; Leni,
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--~------.,Chomczynski, P. and Sacc
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Edelman, R.; Wasserman, S. S.; Bodi
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Gannendia, A.E.; Van kruningen, HJ.
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Gubler, D. Iand'Irent, D.W.(1994):
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Hammon , W. McD.( 1969): Observatio
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Innis., B.L.; Nisalak, A; Nimmannit
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Koonin, E. V. (1993;): Computer-ass
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179Leitmeyer, K. C.; Vaughn, D. W.;
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Marberg, K; Goldblum, N.; Sterk, V.
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Monath T P (1994) Dengue: the risk
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Paradoa, Preze. M. 1.; TrujiIlo, Y.
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Rice, C. M.and Strauss, J. H. (1990
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Shi, P.Y.; Kanfman, E.B.; Ren, P.;
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Sumiyoshi, H.; Tignor, G. H. and Sh
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infection with some arboviruses. Tr
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Webster, L.T. (1993): Inherited and
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APPENDI X I:INOCULATION OF MICE WIT
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APPENDIX 2PREPARATION OF REAGENTS1.
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•17. Preparation of PrimersPrimer
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APPENDIX 4IgM EUSA RESULTS AFTER Ti
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