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Boonpucknavig"S.; Vuttivirojana, O. and Boonpucknavig, V. (1981). Infection ofyoung mice with dengue virus type 2. Transactions of the Royal Society ofTropical Medicille and Hygiene 75, M7-653.Brandt, W.E.; Cardiff, R.D.; Russel, P.K( 1970): Dengue virions and antigens inbrain and serum of infected mice..! Virol;6:500-506.Bravo, 1. R.; Guzman, M. G.; Kouri, G. P.( 1987):Why dengue hemorrhagic fever inCuba? 1. Individual risk factors for dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shocksyndrome. TrailS Roy Sac Trap Med Hyg; 81: 816-820.Bray, M. and Lai, C. .T.(1991a;): Dengue virus premembrane and membraneproteins elicit a protective immune response. Virology 185:505-508.Bray, M and. Lai, C.-]. (1991b;):Construction of intertypic climetic dengue virusesby substitution of structural protein genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA88:10342-10346Broom, AK.; Wallace, M . .T.; Mackenzie, .T.S.; Smith, D.W.; Hall, R.A. (2000,):Immunization with gamma globulin to Murray valley encephalitis virus andwith an inactivated .TE virus vaccine as prophilaxis against Australianencephalitis: evaluation in a mouse mode\. J. Med. Viral., 61, 259.Buletsa, B. A.; Turak, 1. A.; Korol, M.; et a\. (1989;): [Neurologic manifestations ofWest Nile in the Transcarpathain region]. Zh Nevropatol Psikhiatr 89:29-30.Burke, D. S.; Nisalak, A.; .Tohnson, D. E. A. (1988): Prospective study of dengueinfection in Bangkok. Am J. Trap. Mrd. Hyg .38: 172-180.Cahour, A; Pletnev, A.; Vazellc - falcoz, M.; Rosen, L. and Lai, C..T. (1995):Growth - restricted dengue virus mutants containing deletions in the 5' noncodingregion of the RNA genome. Viml. 207; 68 - 76.162
Cantilc, c. Di Guardo, G. E.; Leni, c., Arispici, M. (2000): Clinical andneuropathological features of west Nile virus encephalomyelitis ill Italy. Eq.Vet. J. 32; 31 - 35.Casals, J. (1957): The arthropod-borne group of animal viruses. Trans. NY. Acad.Sci. 19: 219-235Casal, J.and Brown, L. V. (1954):Hemagglutillation with arthropod-borne viruses.J Exp Med; 99:429-Cecilia, D. and Gould E.A. (1991): Nucleotide changes responsible for loss ofneuroinvasiveness in Japanese encephalitis virus neutralization -resistantmutants. Viral. 181; 70-77.Center for Disease Control (2002): CDC Travellers' Health Information on denguefever; The yellow hook; Health information for international travel. 2001 2002. 1 - 3.Center for Disease Control. (1999): Outbreak of west Nile - like viral encephalitis. New York, 1999. MMWR. Morb. Mortal. IVkly. ReI'. 48; 890 - 892Center for Disease Control - Division of vector - borne infectious diseases (2001).Dengue Fever. In; Dengue fever home; I - 4. Center for Disease Control.(2003): West Nile (WNV) in the USA ami mcxico: EIDWeekly Updates: Em. Reem.In]. Dis. :1-2.Chambers, T. 1.; Nestorowicz, A.; Amberg, S. M. and Rice, C. M. (1993):Mutagenesis the yellow fever virus NS2f3 protein: effects on proteolyticprocessing NS2B-NS3 complex formation and viral replication. J. Virol. 67:6797-6807.163i•
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UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN., THIS DISSERT
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DEDICATIONThis thesis is dedicated
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTI would like to expre
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Prof. 0 Tomori, the staff of WHO na
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KFDKUNLIMAC-ELISAMHCmRNAMAFMVENANKV
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Title of DissertationTABLE OF CONTE
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3.4.6 Enzyme immuno assay for the d
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xv4.3.3 Gender distribution of pati
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24 A table showing the level ofcros
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ABSTRACTDengue viruses (DENs) and W
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1.1 INTRODUCTIONCHAPTER ONEArboviru
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CHAPTER TWO2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW2.1
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TABLE 1: MEMBERS OF THE FLAVIVIRIDA
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approximately 1O.5kb. Virions conta
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precludes infection by the oral rou
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extracellular virions respectively.
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complex- specific and group- reacti
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cleavage at the NS1/2A site, but th
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dispersal of Flaviviruses could be
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threshold. The time interval betwee
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that, in susceptible vertebrate cel
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2.3.1RECOMBINATION OF GENETIC MATER
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., by capillary leakage, thrombocyt
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v »infected cells. Also, lysis or
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its first major epidemic of dengue
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sporadic outbreaks (CDC, 2001). In
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genotype 111, which had been presen
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immune responses by eliciting neutr
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hydrophilicity and antigenicity. Ho
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392.3.9 HOST GENETIC FACTORS THAT M
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2.3.12 TREATMENT OF DENGUE VIRUS IN
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heterogeneity among strains isolate
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45Dogs are susceptible to infection
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48where 22% of children and 61% of
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Experimental inoculation of pregnan
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sonicated prior to inoculation. The
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encoding the prM and E proteins wit
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56template yields full-length messe
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58TABLE 2: THE ECOLOGICAL ZONES IN
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3.3 SERUM SAMPLES COLLECTION:About
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3.4 SEROLOGYThe IgM capture ELlSA (
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aliquoted in lml amount in cryovial
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covered and incubated overnight at
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3.4.5.2 DILUTION METHODOne of these
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environment. Aedes aegypti has been
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3.5.5 VIRUS ISOLATION FROM FIELD-CA
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color was obtained. Flask that beca
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a) The extraction of RNA from the c
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3.6.2.3.3 Mixture of reactants for
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Condition of amplification:I Cycle
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3.6.3 REVERSE-TRANSCRIPTION POLYMER
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833.6.3.3 The procedure of RT-PCR f
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3.6.4 IDENTIFICATION OF AMPLIFICATI
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"r~-TABLE 7: TITRATION or ANTIGEN A
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TABLE 8: TITRATION OF ANTIGEN AND M
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4.2 PATTER."I OF DENGUE VIRUS INFEC
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TABLE 10: DENGUE VIRUS INFECTIONS I
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4.2.2 SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF DENG
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tD SEASON (SEPTTODECEMBER) --',19%H
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4.23 AGE DISTRIBUTION OF PATIENTS W
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4.2.4 GENDER DISTRIBUTION OF I'ATIE
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4.2.5 THE PREVALENCE OF DEN JgG ANT
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90 r-----------------------~-------
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4.3 IgM CAPTURE ELlSA FOR WEST NiLE
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10.90.80.7(/lW;:)...J~ 0.5ci 0.400.
Page 133 and 134: TABLE 18:SEASONAL PATTERN OF WNV Ig
Page 135 and 136: TABLE 19: MONTHLY DISTRIBUTION OF W
Page 137 and 138: TABLE 20: AGE DISTRIBUTION OF WNV I
Page 139 and 140: TABLE 21:GENDER DISTRIIlUTION OF WN
Page 141 and 142: TABLE 22: THE PREVALENCE OF WNV IgG
Page 143 and 144: 4.4. THE PREVALENCE OF YELLOW FEVER
Page 145 and 146: COLD HARMATTANSEASON35%HOT DRY SEAS
Page 147 and 148: .._-~._--TABLE 24: SHOWING THE LEVr
Page 149 and 150: 1~74.7 DILUTION OF DEN POSITIVE IgM
Page 151 and 152: 4.8 VECTOlUAL STUDIES ON MOSQUITO V
Page 153 and 154: :.~. , ,, ,'\"i,,~;"'~'.,0,';i~! ,.
Page 155 and 156: --_._-~._,--_._-------TABLE 26: THE
Page 157 and 158: Figure 12: SEMI NESTED peR WITH AED
Page 159 and 160: 4.8.2.2 RT·PCR FOR WNV IN CULEX MO
Page 161 and 162: 139, '"i., ',"Figure 15:RT-PCR ON C
Page 163 and 164: "Figure 16; RT-rcn ON WNV POSITIVE
Page 165 and 166: CHAPTER FIVE5.0 DISCUSSION AND CONC
Page 167 and 168: antibody positive hy MAC-ELlSA on a
Page 169 and 170: elationship between the prevalence
Page 171 and 172: status (that is having previous den
Page 173 and 174: WNV RNA were C~ll[;htprcdomiuan.ly
Page 175 and 176: patient is not uncommon if it could
Page 177 and 178: eports (Gublcr 1997, 1998b), which
Page 179 and 180: detection is a serologic method tha
Page 181 and 182: November. This is because mosquito
Page 183: Ben-Nathan, D. and Feuerstein, G. (
Page 187 and 188: --~------.,Chomczynski, P. and Sacc
Page 189 and 190: Edelman, R.; Wasserman, S. S.; Bodi
Page 191 and 192: Gannendia, A.E.; Van kruningen, HJ.
Page 193 and 194: Gubler, D. Iand'Irent, D.W.(1994):
Page 195 and 196: Hammon , W. McD.( 1969): Observatio
Page 197 and 198: Innis., B.L.; Nisalak, A; Nimmannit
Page 199 and 200: Koonin, E. V. (1993;): Computer-ass
Page 201 and 202: 179Leitmeyer, K. C.; Vaughn, D. W.;
Page 203 and 204: Marberg, K; Goldblum, N.; Sterk, V.
Page 205 and 206: Monath T P (1994) Dengue: the risk
Page 207 and 208: Paradoa, Preze. M. 1.; TrujiIlo, Y.
Page 209 and 210: Rice, C. M.and Strauss, J. H. (1990
Page 211 and 212: Shi, P.Y.; Kanfman, E.B.; Ren, P.;
Page 213 and 214: Sumiyoshi, H.; Tignor, G. H. and Sh
Page 215 and 216: infection with some arboviruses. Tr
Page 217 and 218: Webster, L.T. (1993): Inherited and
Page 219 and 220: APPENDI X I:INOCULATION OF MICE WIT
Page 221 and 222: APPENDIX 2PREPARATION OF REAGENTS1.
Page 223 and 224: •17. Preparation of PrimersPrimer
Page 225: APPENDIX 4IgM EUSA RESULTS AFTER Ti
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